Chapter 7 – Trigonometry

Solutions to Pre-test
1 3
a cos 27° = 0.89 a The hypotenuse is b. The adjacent
is c and the opposite is a.
b tan 84° = 9.51
b The hypotenuse is a. The adjacent
c sin 15.7° = 0.27 is c and the opposite is b.

d 8 sin 24° = 3.25 c The hypotenuse is a. The adjacent

is b and the opposite is c.
2
e  2.37 4
cos 32.5°
opposite
a sin  
7 hypotenuse
f  7.75
tan 42.1°
adjacent
b cos  
2 hypotenuse
a x = 3 × cos 68° = 1.1
opposite
c tan  
x adjacent
b  sin 65°
4
x  4sin 65° 5
 3.6 2
a sin  
3
c x tan 22°  9
9 3
x b cos  
tan 22° 4
x  22.3
7
c tan  
d x sin 73°  5.2 8
5.2
x 6
sin 73°
a   sin-1  0.7   44.4°
 5.4

5 1
e  tan 33° b   tan-1    7.1°
x 8
5
x 3
tan 33° c   cos-1    53.1°
 7.7 5

1
3 d cos  
f  cos 52° 4
x
1
3   cos1    75.5°
x 4  
cos 52°
 2.8

© Cambridge University Press 2019 1

e tan   1.87 8
a (complementary
  tan 1 1.87  61.9°
angle)
f sin   0.42 (alternate angle)

  sin 1 0.42  24.8° b (alternate angle)

7 (complementary
a South is 180° clockwise from due north. angle)

b West is 270° clockwise from due north. c (complementary

angle)
c Northeast is 45° clockwise from due north. (alternate angle)

d Southwest is 225° clockwise from due

north.

© Cambridge University Press 2019 2

Solutions to Exercise 7A
1 37.5
a cos 37° = 0.799 f tan 71.6 
x
37.5
b sin 72° = 0.951 x
tan 71.6
c tan 50° = 1.192
 12.47
d cos 21.4° = 0.931
4
e sin 15.9° = 0.274 a
a  sin 35
f tan 85.1° = 11.664 2
a  2sin 35
g cos 78°43’ = 0.196  1.15
h sin 88°10’ = 0.999
b
2 b  cos 15
4
a Opposite and hypotenuse, so sin θ b  4cos 15
b Adjacent and hypotenuse, so cos θ  3.86
c Opposite and adjacent, so tan θ y
c  tan 70
3 5
x y  5tan 70
a  tan 31
3  13.74
x  3tan 31
 1.80 x
d  cos 65
12
x x  12cos 65
b  cos 54
5  5.07
x  5cos 54
 2.94 m
e  sin 22
6
x
c  sin 15.6 m  6sin 22
12.7
 2.25
x  12.7sin 15.6
 3.42 f
f  tan 33
2 4.3
d sin 57  f  4.3tan 33
x
2  2.79
x
sin 57°
b
 2.38 g  sin 15.21
7.5
10 b  7.5sin 15.21
e cos 63.4 
x  1.97
10
x
cos 63.4
 22.33

© Cambridge University Press 2019 3

 d 10
h  cos 42.73 d  sin 85
18.41 m
d  18.41cos 42.73 10
m
 13.52 sin 85
 10.04
x
i  tan 72.18
11.9 5.55
e  tan 45
x  11.9tan 72.18 x
 37.02 5.55
x
tan 45
a  5.55
j  sin 34.25
16.52
a  16.52sin 34.25 8.6
f  tan 80
 9.30 f
8.6
y f
k  cos 68.02 tan 80
27.18
 1.52
y  27.18cos 68.02°
 10.17 7
g  sin 18.23
x
x
l  tan 61.12 7
7.23 x
sin 18.23
x  7.23tan 61.12
 22.38
 13.11
5.6
5 h  tan 41.73
7 p
a  cos 35 5.6
a p
7 tan 41.73
a
cos 35  6.28
 8.55
0.05
i  cos 31.3
4 b
b  sin 70
t 0.05
b
4 cos 31.3
t
sin 70  0.06
 4.26
17.5
j  tan 55.3°
3.5 h
c  tan 15
c 17.5
h
3.5 tan 55.3°
c
tan 15  12.12
 13.06

© Cambridge University Press 2019 4

 8.3 9 Let the height of the tree be h.
k  cos 32.11
x h
 tan 55.2°
8.3 15.5
x
cos 32.11 h  15.5tan 55.2°  22.3 m
 9.80
10 Let the length of the steel beams be l.
10.2
l  sin 42.15° 5.6
x  sin  90  42 °
l
10.2
x 5.6
sin 42.15° l
sin 48°
 15.20
6  7.54 m
11 Let the length of the diagonal be l.
x
a  sin 30° 25
5  cos 28.6°
l
x  5sin 30°  2.5 cm
25
y l
 cos 30° cos 28.6°
5
 28.5 m
y  5cos 30°  4.33 cm
12 Let the length of the longest edge be l.
x 25
b  cos 26.5°  sin 71°
13.7 l
x  13.7cos 26.5°  12.26 cm 25
l
y sin 71°
 sin 26.5°
13.7  26.4 cm
y  13.7sin 26.5°  6.11 cm
13
x a
c  sin 62.2°
0.23
x  0.23sin 62.2°  0.20 m
y
 cos 62.2°
0.23
y  0.23cos 62.2°  0.11 m

7
AZ
a Let the vertical distance travelled be x.  sin 50°
x 3
 sin 21° AZ  3sin 50°  2.30 cm
350
x  350sin 21°  125 m XA
 cos 50°
3
b Let the horizontal distance travelled be y. XA  3cos 50°  1.93 cm
y AZ
 cos 21°  tan 42°
350 AY
y  350cos 21°  327 m 2.30
AY   2.55 cm
tan 42°
w
8  sin 30° XY  XA  AY  4.5 cm
3.7
w  3.7sin 30°  1.85 m

© Cambridge University Press 2019 5

b x
 tan 25°  0.466
10  y
x
 tan 50°  1.192
y
4.66  0.466 y  1.192 y
0.726 y  4.66
ZAX  64°
y  6.42
XZ
 tan 64° x  6.42tan 50°
10
XZ  10tan 64°  20.5 mm  7.7
16
XY  20.5  12  8.5 mm
a
a i  sin 
14 The student has rounded tan 65° to two c
decimal places before the division, a  c sin 
introducing a rounding error to their b
calculations. Even leaving one extra ii  cos 
c
decimal place (2.145) is enough to reach
the correct answer. b  c cos 
15 a
iii tan  
a b
c sin 
iv tan  
c cos 
sin 

cos 
v Answers may vary. One example:
a
AC sin  
 tan 45° c
5
b
AC  5tan 45°  5 cos  
c
5
 tan 30° a
5 x
sin   c  a
5    tan 
x  5  3.7 cos   b  b
tan 30° c
 
3 3
b x   6.5 a
tan 20° tan 60° b i  sin 
c
a  c sin 
c
b
ii  cos 
c
b  c cos 
iii c 2  a2  b2
iv c 2  a2  b2
c 2   c sin     c cos  
2 2

c 2  c 2  sin    c 2  cos  
2 2

1   sin     cos  
2 2

© Cambridge University Press 2019 6

 a
c sin θ 
c
b
cos θ 
c
b
sin (90  θ) 
c
a
cos (90  θ) 
c
 sin θ  cos (90  θ) and cos θ
 sin (90  θ)
another relationship is tan θ
1  a
  
tan (90  θ)  b 

© Cambridge University Press 2019 7

Solutions to Exercise 7B
1  2
If cos 60° = 0.5 then cos-1  0.5  60°. tan-1   52.12°
 1.1 
a e
 

1 1
b If sin 30° = then sin -1    30°.  27 
2 2 f tan -1    32.74°
 42 
c If tan 45° =1 then 5
1
2 a   sin-1    30°
2
 
a sin-1  0.4   23.58°
1
 = cos-1    60°
b cos-1  0.5  60°. 2

 1 
c tan-1  0.2  11.31°. b   sin-1    45°
 2
sin-1  0.1   5.74°  1 
d  = cos-1    45°
 2
e cos-1  0.9  25.84°.
c Sine, cosine or tangent could be used.

f tan-1 1   45°.

g sin-1  0.25  14.48°

h cos-1  0.85  31.79°. d Sine, cosine or tangent could be used.

 12 
  sin-1    67.4°
3  13 
a Opposite and adjacent, so tangent.
 12 
 = cos-1    22.6°
b Adjacent and hypotenuse, so cosine.  13 

c Opposite and hypotenuse, so sine. e Sine, cosine or tangent could be used.

 15 
  sin-1    61.9°
4  17 
2
a cos-1    60°  15 
4  = cos-1    28.1°
 17 
5
b tan -1    45°  12 
5 f   cos-1    36.9°
 15 
 1.5   12 
c sin -1    48.59°
 = sin -1    53.1°
 2   15 

 1.5 
d sin -1    30°
 3 

© Cambridge University Press 2019 8

6 Let the two interior angles be θ and α. a The triangle is isosceles, so a line
 3.5  bisecting the 4 cm base will form a right
a   sin-1    44.4° angle with the base.
 5 
2
 3.5    cos-1    66.4°
 = cos-1    45.6° 5 
 5 
3.8 
 1.9  b 180     tan-1    65.9°
b   cos 
-1
  74.7°  1.7 
 7.2 
 = 114.1°
 1.9 
 = sin-1    15.3°
 7.2  1.8 
c  90    cos-1    58.0°
 3.4 
 0.21   = 32.0°
c   cos-1    58.3°
 0.4 
 0.21  11
 = sin-1    31.7° tan θ  m
 0.4 
tan 45  m
 2.3   m  1
d   tan-1    23.9° a
 5.2  tan θ  m
 5.2 
 = tan-1    66.1°  Rise 
 2.3  tan θ  1
 
 Run 
3

 0.04  b θ  30°
e   tan-1    7.1°
 0.32 
c
 0.32 
 = tan-1    82.9°
 0.04 

 5 
f   sin-1    42.4° d
 11 
 5 
 = cos-1    47.6°
 11 
12
7 Let the angle the ladder makes with the
 21 
ground be θ. a i AOC  tan -1    45°
 3 
 5.5 
  tan-1    70.02° 2
 2  ii BOC  tan-1    33.7°
3
8 Let the angle the tarpaulin makes with the b AOB  45  33.7  11.3°
ground be θ.
13
 1.5 
  sin-1    31.1° a The two acute interior angles sum
 2.9  to 90°, so once one is found the other can
be determined by subtracting the known
9 Let the angle of the cut with the front edge angle from 90°.
be θ.
 1.94 
  cos-1    47.1°
 2.85 
10

© Cambridge University Press 2019 9

 4 15
b  = tan-1    63.4°
2
  1
a   sin-1    30°
  90    26.6° 2
 

1
14 b   cos-1    60°
a 2
 

c Let the length of the unknown side be x.

x = 22  12  3

1
d i sin 30 
2
1
ii cos 60 
2
b The two shorter sides are the same length.
x 3
tan 45°   1 iii sin 60 
x 2
3
iv cos 30 
c Let the length of the hypotenuse be y. 2
y = x 2  x 2  2x 2  2x 1 3
v tan 30°  
x 1 3 3
d sin 45°  
2x 2 vi tan 60°  3
x 1
cos 45°    sin 45°
2x 2 e Label the point where the line dropped
from C meets AB as D.
3x
BD  x cos 30° 
2
x
AD  CD  x sin 30° 
2
 3 1 
AB  AD  BD   x
 2 
 

© Cambridge University Press 2019 10

Solutions to Exercise 7C
1 Let the horizontal distance from the 7
aeroplane to the runway be x.
500
tan 15° 
x
500
x  1866.03 m
tan 15°
56
2 Let the height of the communications mast tan x ° 
91
be x. 56
x x  tan-1  32°
 sin 60° 91
45
x = 45sin 60° = 39 m 8
3 Let the distance from the top of the tower
to the crocodile be x.
25
cos  90  62 ° 
x
25 a x  1.9sin 38°  1.17 m
x  28.31 m
cos 28°
b y  1.9cos 38°  1.50 m
4 Let the angle of depression be θ.
9

3.6
x  5.09 cm
sin 45°
Total distance  x  3.6  8.69 cm

10
x  40
tan 85° 
24.5
x  40  24.5tan 85°
x  320 m
x
6  sin 39.48°
470
x  470sin 39.48° = 299 m

11
430
tan 15.9° 
x
430
x  1509.53 m
tan 15.9°

© Cambridge University Press 2019 11

 45 c If the side length is n the distance between
a tan x °  parallel sides will be 2nsin 60° and the
1780
distance between opposing vertices will be
45
x  tan-1 = 1.45° 2n.
1780
15 First find the distance moved in two
45  62 minutes, then use this to calculate the
b tan y° 
1780 speed.
107 Let x be the distance moved in two
x  tan-1 = 3.44° minutes and v be the speed of the plane.
1780

c 3.44 – 1.45 = 1.99°

12 400
 sin 5°
y
400
y
sin 5
400 400
x 
sin 1.5° sin 5°
6.4 x  10.7 km
tan 29.5° 
x
v  30x  321 km/h
6.4
x  11.31 m
tan 29.5° 16
 there will be an interference problem. a i AEB  108  90  18°
ii EAB  90  18  72°
215   96  46  iii CAD  108  72  36°
13 sin 55°  iv ADC  90  36  54°
AP
215   96  46  b i AB  2.5sin 18° = 0.77 m
AP 
sin 55° ii BE  2.5cos 18° = 2.38 m
AP  89.12 m iii AC  2.5cos 36° = 2.02 m
iv CD  2.5sin 36° = 1.47 m
14
a BAC bisects the internal angle.
c Let the distance from a vertex to the centre
BAC  60° of its opposite side be d.
BC d  BE  DC  2.38  1.47  3.85 m
i sin 60° 
10
BC  10sin 60°  8.7 cm d Let the distance between two non-adjacent
AB
vertices be d.
ii cos 60°  d  2  AC  5cos 36°=4.05 m
10
AB  10cos 60°  5 cm
e Let the sides of the vegetable garden be x
b i The distance between two parallel m long, rather than 2.5 m and let the
sides is equal to twice BC, or 17.3 cm. distance from a vertex to the centre of its
ii The distance between two opposing opposite side be d.
vertices is equal to 10 cm plus BE  x cos 18°
twice AB, or 20 cm.
CD  x sin 36°
d  x cos 18° + x sin 36°  1.54 x m

© Cambridge University Press 2019 12

Solutions to Exercise 7D
1
iv WSW 247.5°
a The true bearing for N is 0°.

b The true bearing for NE is 45°.

c The true bearing for E is 90°.

d The true bearing for SE is 135°.

e The true bearing for S is 180°.

f The true bearing for SW is 225°.

g The true bearing for W is 270°.

h The true bearing for NW is 315°.

2 5
a The true bearing for A is 050°. a Let the distance point A is west of O be x.
x
 cos 65°
b The true bearing for A is 90 – 30 = 060°. 4
x  4cos 65°  1.7 km
c The true bearing for A is 90 + 49 = 139°.
b Let the distance point A is south of O be x.
d The true bearing for A is 180 – 18 = 162°. x
 sin 65°
4
e The true bearing for A is 270 – 43 = 227°.
x  4sin 65°  3.6 km
f The true bearing for A is 360 – 71 = 289°. c Angle to O from A =
Bearing =
3 An opposite bearing to a given bearing is
180°different. 6
a 020 + 180 = 200° a Let the bearing of point A from O be θ.
6
b 262 – 180 = 082°   90  tan-1
10
 90  30.96
c 155 + 180 = 335°
 121°
d 344 – 180 = 164°
b Let the bearing of point A from O be θ.
4 6
  270  tan-1  301°
a (Map will look something like the one 10
below) 7

b Angles between compass point vary

22½°
i NNE 022.5°
ii NNW 337.5°
iii SSE 157.5°

© Cambridge University Press 2019 13

a x  5cos 40°  3.83 km 11

b y  3  5sin 40°  6.21 km

8
a Let the distance B is east of A be x. a Let the distance point B is east of point A
x  15cos 10°  14.77 cm be x.
x  2.7cos 53°  1.62 km
b Let the distance B is south of A be y.
y  15sin 10°  2.6 cm b Let the distance point C is east of point A
be y.
9 y  1.62  4.3  5.92 km

c Let the distance point C is south of point A

be z.
z  2.7sin 53°  2.16 km

12

a Let the bearing of the drop-off point from

the base be θ.
83
  180  sin-1  217°
138
BC  13.5sin 48°  10.032 km
b Let the bearing of the base from the drop-
off point be θ. 13
83 a Let the unknown bearing be θ.
  90  cos-1  37°
138 2
i   tan-1  45°
10 2
2
ii   270  tan-1  236.3°
3
2
iii   tan-1  26.6°
4
4
iv   270  tan-1  315°
4
a Let the distance the base camp is west of
the waterhole be x. b Let the unknown bearing be θ.
x  2cos 45°  1.414 km 1
i   270  tan-1  296.6°
2
b Let the distance the base camp is north of 1
the waterhole be x. ii   90  tan-1  116.6°
2
x  2sin 45°  1.414 km
-1 1
iii   90  tan  101.3°
5
c Let the distance the base camp is north of 7
the resting place be x. iv   180  tan-1  246.8°
x  1.5  1.414  2.914 km 3

© Cambridge University Press 2019 14

14 DE  DB  BE
a Let the unknown distance be x.  10.1sin 25°  6.2cos 20°
i x  5cos 60°  2.5 km
 10.09 km
ii x  3cos 20°  2.82 km
AF  AD  EC
iii x = 2.5 + 2.82 = 5.32 km
 10.1cos 25  6.2sin 20
b Let the unknown distance be x.  7.03 km
i x  5sin 60°  4.33 km
AC  10.092  7.032  12.3 km
ii x  3sin 20°  1.03 km
10.09
iii x = 4.33 + 1.03 = 5.36 km   tan-1  55.1°
7.03
c Let the unknown bearing be θ.
5.36 16
i   tan-1  45.2°
5.32
ii AC  5.322  5.362
 57.032
 7.6 km

15
a Let the bearing of C from A be θ.
a CD  235sin 65°  212.98 m

b i AC  235cos 65°  99.32 m

212.98
ii BC   69.20 m
tan 72°

212.98
c AB  235cos 65°   30.11 m
tan 72°
FC  DB  EC
 12sin 75°  9sin 15° 17
 13.92 km
AF  AD  BE
 12cos 75°  9cos 15°
 11.80 km
AC  13.922  11.802  18.2 km
13.92
  180  tan-1  229.7°
11.80

b Let the bearing of C from A be θ. a AG  50cos 40°  38.30 km

b DF  135  45  BG
 90  50sin 40°
 57.86 km

c Let the bearing of D from C be θ.

38.30
  tan-1  33.50°
57.86

© Cambridge University Press 2019 15

18

a AF  AE  BD
 2.82cos 25.2°  1.99cos 25.9°
= 4.34 km

b FC  EB  DC
 2.82sin 25.2°  1.99sin 25.9°
= 2.07 km

c AC  4.342  2.072  4.81 km

© Cambridge University Press 2019 16

Solutions to Exercise 7E
1 a CD  28tan 64°  57.409 m

 
2
a AD  22  2 2  12  2 3
57.409
b CAD  tan-1  57.91°
36

5
a

5
i BAF  tan-1  26.57°
2 10
c DAC  sin -1  35.3°
2 3 ii AF  52  102  125  11.18 cm

d CAB  45° 2
b GAF  tan-1  10.14°
11.18
2 Let the angle of elevation be θ.
11
  tan-1  61.4°
6

6
2.5
a BF   7.31 m
sin 20°

2.5
b BD   6.87 m
tan 20°
a CD  43sin 61°  37.609 m
7 Let the side length be l and the perimeter
37.609 be P.
b CBD  tan -1
 45.47°
37
4

© Cambridge University Press 2019 17

 EG  30 m 358
b CR   609.07 m
30 sin 36°
GF   17.32 m
tan 60°
l  2  GF  34.64 m 11
a AB  10tan 29°  5.5 m
P  4l  138.6 m
5.5
8 b   tan-1  34.5°
8

10tan 29°
c   tan-1  34.7°
8

d 34.7 – 34.5 = 0.2°

12
a BAC  45°
2.1
a i AD   2.25 m
tan 43° b AC  2  1.41 units
2.1
ii BD   2.59 m xxx
tan 39° 1
c CAG  tan-1 = 35.26°
2
2.25
b ABD  tan-1  40.98°
2.59 d AC 
2
2  12  3  1.73 units

c AB  2.252  2.592  3.43 m 13

a i 6sin 15°  1.55
9 ii 3sin 25°  1.27
iii 1.55 + 1.27 = 2.82

2.82
b A  sin -1  34.34°
5
a i AE  1.35tan 44.6°  1.331 km
14
ii CF  1.04tan 58.2°  1.677 km

b 1.677– 1.331 = 0.346 km

10 Let the position of the rocket be R.

a The closest camera will be the one
pointing most directly upwards, or camera
C. To test using trigonometry:
358
AR   762.56 m BD  10sin 20°
sin 28°
CE  17sin 55°
358
BR   675.57 m CF  10sin 20°  17sin 55°  10.50 mm
sin 32°
10.50
358 CBF  sin -1  22°
CR   609.07 m 28
sin 36°

© Cambridge University Press 2019 18

15
a

c OT is the height of the tower. By constructing a right-angle triangle with AOB with a
hypotenuse of 100 m, we have the following:
AB = 100 m

© Cambridge University Press 2019 19

Solutions to Exercise 7F
1 g tan 50° = 1.19, tan 130° = -1.19
a
h tan 70° = 2.75, tan 110° = -2.75

i tan 12° = 0.21, tan 168° = -0.21

4
1
a sin 45° 
2

1
b cos 45° 
2

b sin 135° ≈ 0.7, cos 135° ≈ -0.7 1

c tan 45°  1
1
c sin 160° ≈ 0.35, cos 160° ≈ - 0.95
3
d sin 135° = 0.707, cos 135° = -0.707, d cos 30° 
2
sin 160° = 0.342, cos 160° = -0.940
1
2 e sin 30° 
2
a 180 – 31 = 149°
1
b 180 – 52 = 128° f tan 30° 
3
c 180 – 45 = 135°
3
g tan 60°   3
d 180 – 87 = 93° 1

e 180 – 139 = 41° 1

h cos 60° 
2
f 180 – 124 = 56°
3
g 180 – 151 = 29° i sin 60° 
2
h 180 – 111 = 69° 5
a sin 40° = sin 140°
3
a sin 20° = 0.34, sin 160° = 0.34 b sin 20° = sin 160°

b sin 80° = 0.98, sin 100° = 0.98 c sin 65° = sin 115°

c sin 39° = 0.63, sin 141° = 0.63 d cos 25° = -cos 155°

d cos 40° = 0.77, cos 140° = -0.77 e cos 42° = -cos 138°

e cos 25° = 0.91, cos 155° = -0.91 f cos 81° = -cos 99°

f cos 65° = 0.42, cos 115° = -0.42 g tan 37° = -tan 143°

h tan 56° = -tan 124°

© Cambridge University Press 2019 20

 3
i tan 8° = -tan 172° e cos 150°  -
2
6 f tan 120°  - 3
a sin 150° = sin 30°
1 2
b sin 125° = sin 55° g sin 135°  
2 2
c sin 94° = sin 86°
1 2
h cos 135°  - -
d -cos 110° = cos 70° 2 2

e -cos 135° = cos 45° 3

i sin 120° 
2
f -cos 171° = cos 9°

g -tan 159° = tan 21° 1 3

j tan 150°  - -
3 3
h -tan 102° = tan 78°
1
i -tan 143° = tan 37° k cos 120°  -
2
7 1
a sin 153° will be positive. l sin 150° 
2
b tan 37° will be positive.
m tan 135°  -1
c cos 84° will be positive.
n sin 90°  1
d cos 171° will be negative.
o cos 90°  0
e tan 136° will be negative.
p tan 90° is undefined.
f sin 18° will be positive.
9
g tan 91° will be negative.
a θ = 30°, θ = 150°
h cos 124° will be negative.
b θ = 45°, θ = 135°
8
c θ = 60°, θ = 120°
3
a cos 30° 
2 10
a θ = 120°
1 2
b sin 45°   b θ = 135°
2 2
c θ = 150°
3
c tan 60°   3
1 d θ = 120°

1 2 e θ = 135°
d cos 45°  
2 2
f θ = 150°

© Cambridge University Press 2019 21

11 5
iii tan  
2 x 12
a sin 45°  
2 6  5 
 13  5
x 3 2 c tan     
 12  12
2 3  13 
b cos 45°    
2 x
6 15
x 3 2
2  1 
 
10  1
a tan    
3 x  3  3
c tan 30°    
3 20  10 
20 3
x
3  2 
 
11  2 2 7
1 7 b tan     
d cos 60°    7  7 7
2 x  
x  14  11 

15 2
e tan 60°  3  5
x 2 2 21
c tan      
15  21  21 21
x 5 3  
3  5 
1 1.5
f sin 30°   16
2 x  5 
x 3  
34  5
a tan    -
12  3  3
a θ = 45° - 
 34 

b θ = 30°
 20 
 
c θ = 60°  6  20 5
b tan   - -
 2 4 2
13 -3 
 
a x  22  12  3

 1 
b x  12  12  2  
5 2 1
c tan    -
 7  7
14 - 
 5 2
a Let the hypotenuse be x.
x  52  122  169  13 17
a i sin 10° = 0.17
5 ii cos 80° = 0.17
b i sin  
13 iii sin 36° = 0.59
12 iv cos 54° = 0.59
ii cos   v cos 7° = 0.99
13
vi sin 83° = 0.99

© Cambridge University Press 2019 22

 vii cos 68° = 0.37 e i A  90°  
viii sin 22° = 0.37 b
b If two angles a and b sum to 90° then ii sin  
c
sin a = cos b. b
iii cos  90    
c
c i cos   sin(90   )
ii sin   cos(90   ) b 2
f cos  90     
c 3
d i θ = 90 – 20 = 70°
b  2, c  3
ii θ = 90 – 85 = 5°
iii θ = 90 – 71 = 19° a  32  22  5
iv θ = 90 – 52 = 38°
b 2 2 5
tan    
a 5 5

© Cambridge University Press 2019 23

Solutions to Exercise 7G
1 1.2 1.8
a b c c 
a   sin  sin 47°
sin A sin B sin C 1.2sin 47°
sin  
b 1.8
 1.2sin 47° 
  sin-1  
2  1.8 
a 2  29.2°
a 
sin 47° sin 51° 4
2sin 47° 10 x
a a 
sin 51° sin 84° sin 52°
 1.9 10sin 52°
x
sin 84°
b 7
b   7.9
sin 31° sin 84°
7sin 31° 22 x
a b 
sin 84° sin 57° sin 39°
 3.6 22sin 39°
x
sin 57°
5 c
c   16.5
sin 63° sin 27°
5sin 27° 15 x
c c 
sin 63° sin 48° sin 71°
 2.5 15sin 71°
x
sin 48°
3
4 5  19.1
a 
sin 38° sin  12.7 x
d 
5sin 38° sin 95° sin 46°
sin  
4 12.7sin 46°
 5sin 38°  x
  sin-1  sin 95°
4 
   9.2
 50.3°
12 x
11 9 e 
b  sin 67° sin 40°
sin 51° sin 
12sin 40°
9sin 51° x
sin   sin 67°
11
 8.4
 9sin 51° 
  sin-1  
 11  30.2 x
f 
 39.5° sin 110° sin 45°
30.2sin 45°
x
sin 110°
 22.7

© Cambridge University Press 2019 24

5 5.1 6.8
f 
5 8 sin  sin 83°
a 
sin  sin 100° 5.1sin 83°
sin  
5sin 100° 6.8
sin  
8  5.1sin 83° 
  sin-1  
 5sin 100°   6.8 
  sin -1  
 8   48.1°
 38.0°
10 12 6
b  2 AB
sin  sin 70° a 
sin 67° sin 39°
10sin 70°
sin   2sin 39°
12 AB 
 10sin 70°  sin 67°
  sin-1    1.367 km
 12 
 51.5° b AB = 180 – 67 – 39 = 74°

10 18 2 AC
c  c 
sin  sin 120° sin 67° sin 74°
10sin 120° 2sin 74°
sin   AB 
18 sin 67°
 10sin 120°   2.089 km
  sin-1  
 18 
 28.8° 6 13
7 
sin  sin 80°
20 28 6sin 80°
d  sin  
sin  sin 78° 13
20sin 78°  6sin 80° 
sin     sin-1  
28  13 
 20sin 78°   27.0°
  sin-1  
 28 
 44.3° 300 BH
8 
sin 31° sin 13°
8 9
e  300sin 13°
sin  sin 56° BH 
sin 31°
8sin 56°
sin    131.0 m
9 9
 8sin 56° 
  sin-1  
 9 
 47.5°

© Cambridge University Press 2019 25

a ABC  320  270  180  90  60  16 12
b 
 80° sin  sin 47°
ACB  180  80  60 16sin 47°
sin  
 40° 12
 16sin 47° 
  sin-1  
150 BC AC  12 
b  
sin 40° sin 60° sin 80°  102.8°
150sin 60°
BC   202.09 km 52 36
sin 40° c 
sin  sin 34°
150sin 80°
AC   229.81 km 52sin 34°
sin 40° sin  
36
AB  BC  AC  122 km
 52sin 34° 
The aeroplane flew an extra 122 km as a   sin-1  
result of the diversion.  36 
10  126.1°
a ABC  180  100  80°
28.2 22.6
d 
b CAB  60° (alternate angles) sin  sin 52°
ACB = 180  60  80  40° 28.2sin 52°
sin  
40 AC 22.6

sin 40° sin 80°  28.2sin 52° 
  sin-1  
40sin 80°  22.6 
AC 
sin 40°  100.5°
 61.3 km
4.7 3
e 
40 BC sin  sin 32°
c 
sin 40° sin 60° 4.7sin 32°
sin  
40sin 60° 3
AC 
sin 40°  4.7sin 32° 
  sin-1  
 53.9 km  3 
 123.9°
11
9 6
a  8.5 3.9
sin  sin 21° f 
sin  sin 18°
9sin 21°
sin   8.5sin 18°
6 sin  
3.9
 9sin 21° 
  sin-1    8.5sin 18° 
 6    sin-1  
 3.9 
 147.5°
 137.7°

25 10
12 
sin  sin 30°
25sin 30°
sin    1.25
10
But sin   1, so this triangle cannot exist.

© Cambridge University Press 2019 26

13 b

13 9

sin B sin 25°
6 10
13sin 25° c 
sin B  sin C sin 120°
9
6sin 120°
 13sin 25°  sin C 
B  sin-1   10
 9   6sin 120° 
 37.6°, or 142.4° C  sin-1  
 10 
 31.3°
14
a d As the angles in a triangle sum to 180°,
there can be at most one obtuse angle
in a triangle. Since ∠B is obtuse,
∠C must be acute.

15
3 2
a 
sin C sin 35°
3sin 35°
sin C 
2
 3sin 35° 
C  sin-1  
 2 
 59.4°, or 120.6°

© Cambridge University Press 2019 27

Solutions to Exercise 7H
1 3
a c  a  b  2ab cos C
2 2 2
a c 2  112  72  2  11  7  cos 125°
c 2  32  42  2  3  4  cos 105°  170  154cos 125°
 258.33
b c  16.07 cm

the 7 is opposite the  b c 2  82  72  2  8  7  cos 72°

 subtract the 7 2
 113  112cos 72°
ie a = 7  78.39
c  8.85 m
52  9 2  7 2
cos θ 
2 5 9 c c 2  192  242  2  19  24  cos 38°
 937  912cos 38°
2
a c 2  42  72  2  4  7  cos 120°  218.33
 65  56cos 120° c  14.78 cm
 93
d c 2  10.62  7.22  2  10.6  7.2  cos 20°
c  9.6
 164.2  152.64cos 20°
b c 2  1.52  1.12  2  1.5  1.1  cos 70°  20.77
 3.46  3.3cos 70° c  4.56 m
 2.33 e c 2  1.82  2.12  2  1.8  2.1  cos 94°
c  1.5  7.65  7.56cos 94°
 8.18
c 102  72  62  2  7  6  cos 
c  2.86 km
100  85  84cos 
84cos  -15 f c 2  9.12  12.42  2  9.1  12.4  cos 41°
15  236.57  225.68cos 41°
cos  -
84  66.25
 15  c  8.14 m
  cos-1  - 
 84 
 100.3° 4
a 82  52  72  2  5  7  cos 
d 182  212  302  2  21  30  cos  64  74  70cos 
324  1341  1260cos  70cos  10
1260cos  1017 1
cos 
1017 7
cos 
1260 1
  cos-1  
 1017   7
  cos-1  
 1260   81.79°
 36.2°

© Cambridge University Press 2019 28

b 82  42  62  2  4  6  cos  5 c 2  3202  1702  2  320  170  cos 71°
64  52  48cos   131300  108 800cos 71°
48cos  -12  95 878.18
12 1 c  310 m
cos  - -
48 4
 1 6 Use the cosine rule to find one angle (A),
  cos-1  -  the sine rule to find the second (B) and
 4 finally use the angle sum of a triangle
 104.48° to find the third (C).
c 132  142  92  2  14  9  cos  132  102  72  2  10  7  cos A
169  277  252cos  169  149  140cos A
252cos  108 140cos A  -20
108 3 20 1
cos   cos A  - -
252 7 140 7
3  1
  cos-1   A  cos-1  - 
7  7
 64.62°  98.2°
13 10
d 5.72  6.42  4.12  2  6.4  4.1  cos  
sin 98.2 sin B
32.49  57.77  52.48cos 
10sin 98.2
52.48cos  25.28 sin B 
13
25.28
cos   10sin 98.2 
52.48 B  sin-1  
 13 
 25.28 
  cos-1    49.6°
 52.48 
C  180  49.6  98.2  32.2°
 61.20° The angles of the triangle are 98.2°, 49.6°
and 32.2°.
e 23.22  122  19.42  2  12  19.4  cos 
538.24  520.36  465.6cos  7
465.6cos  -17.88 a 9.52  152  82  2  15  8  cos B
17.88 90.25  289  240cos B
cos  -
465.6 240cos B  198.75
 17.88  198.75
  cos-1  -  cos B 
 465.6  240
 92.20°  198.75 
B  cos-1  
 240 
f 8.22  11.12  8.92  2  11.1  8.9  cos   34.09°
67.24  202.42  197.58cos  The bearing from B to C is 180 – 34.09 = 145.1°
197.58cos  135.18
135.18
cos 
197.58
 135.18 
  cos-1  
 197.58 
 46.83°

© Cambridge University Press 2019 29

 9.5 15 c A known angle corresponds to a known
b  side. Sine rule.
sin 34.09 sin C
x 14
sin C 
15sin 34.09 
9.5 sin 43 sin 105
 15sin 34.09  x
14 sin 43
C  sin -1   9.9 cm
 9.5  sin 105
 117.75°
The bearing from C to A is d No known angle corresponds to a known
360 – 117.75 – 34.09 = 208.2° side. Cosine rule.

8
x = 1.4 km

e A known angle corresponds to a known

side. Sine rule.
x 1.4

sin118 sin 24
14 sin 118
x  30.4 m
sin 24
AC 2  1252  1372  2  125  137  cos 55°
 34 394  34 250cos 55° f No known angle corresponds to a known
side. Cosine rule.
 14 749.01
c  121 km
The total journey was x = 2.44 km
121 + 125 + 137 = 383 km
11 The cosine of an angle greater than 90° is
9 x 2  252  232  2  25  23  cos 18° negative, so this angle is greater than 90°
 1154  1150cos 18° and the triangle is obtuse.
 60.285
12
c  7.76 m a

10
a No known angle corresponds to a known
side. Cosine rule.

32  62  82
b cos C 
x = 19.7 cm 2 3 6
-19
cos C 
b A known angle corresponds to a known 36
side. Sine rule.  19 
C  cos-1  - 
 36 
 121.9°
10 sin 84
x  12.8 cm
sin 51

© Cambridge University Press 2019 30

13
c 2   b  x   h2
2
a c

Since , it is not possible for any d a2  x 2  h2

angle to be larger, in the triangle. h2  a2  x 2
 c 2   b  x   a2  x 2
2

12 20
b   b2  2bx  x 2  a2  x 2
sin  sin106.19
12sin106.19  a2  b2  2bx
sin   
20 e

x
f cos C 
a
14  x  a cos C
a AP = b – x c 2  a2  b2  2bx
 a2  b2  2ab cos C
b a2  x 2  h2

© Cambridge University Press 2019 31

Solutions to Exercise 7I
1 1
c  2.1  1.6  sin 32°  0.9 km2
1 2
a  3  4  sin 34°  3.7
2
1
d  4  7.1  sin 105°  13.7 m2
1 2
b  6  10  sin 74°  28.8
2
1
e  24  32  sin 124°  318.4 m2
1 2
c  15  7  sin 114°  48.0
2
1
f  20.1  10.2  sin 48°  76.2 cm2
2 2
a α
5
b θ 1
a  5  7  sin 43°  11.9 cm2
2
c β
1
3 b  12  18  sin 78°  105.6 m2
1 2
a 10   4  6  sin C
2
1
10 5 c  1.6  2.1  sin 112°  1.6 km2
sin C   2
12 6 6
5 1
C  sin-1    56.44° a 22   12  x  sin 40°
6 2
22
1  x sin 40°
b 25   7  10  sin C 6
2 22
25 5 x
sin C   6sin 40°
35 7  5.7 mm
5
C  sin-1    45.58°
7 1
b 14   5  x  sin 45°
2
1 28
c 42   11  9  sin C  x sin 45°
2 5
42 84 28
sin C   x
45.5 99 5sin 45°
 84   7.9 cm
C  sin-1    58.05°
 99 
1
c 90   20  x  sin 100°
4 2
1 90
a  3  5  sin 36°  4.4 cm2  x sin 100°
2 10
9
1 x
b  6  9  sin 78°  26.4 m2 sin 100°
2
 9.1 m

© Cambridge University Press 2019 32

 1 13 x
d 128   15  x  sin 70° a 
2 sin 80° sin 75°
256 13sin 75°
 x sin 70° x
15 sin 80°
256  12.75 cm
x
15sin 70° 1
 18.2 cm Area   12.75  13  sin 180  75  80  °
2
 82.88sin 25°
1
e 45   9.4  x  sin 65°  35.03 cm2
2
90
 x sin 65° 8 x
9.4 b 
sin 33° sin 62°
90
x 8sin 62°
9.4sin 65° x
sin 33°
 10.6 m
 12.97 m
1 1
f 0.23   1.8  x  sin 11° Area   12.97  8  sin 180  62  33 °
2 2
0.46  51.88sin 85°
 x sin 11°
1.8  51.68 m2
0.46
x
1.8sin 11° x 3
c 
 1.3 km sin 112° sin 180  42  112 °
3sin 112°
7 x
sin 26°
1 
a Area  2    10  6  sin 100°   6.35 km
2 
1
 60sin 100° Area   6.35  3  sin 42°
2
 59.09 cm2  9.52sin 42°
1  6.37 km2
b Area   1.9  1.9  sin 60°
2
9
 1.805sin 60°
a 662  512  382  2  51  38  cos
 1.56 mm 2
2  51  38  cos  512  382  662
1   512  382  662 
c Area  2    21  21  sin 180  125 °    cos-1  
2   2  51  38 
 441sin 55°  94.60°
 361.25 km 2
1
Area   38  51  sin 94.60°
2
8 Let the length of the unknown side  965.88 m2
opposite the second known angle be x.

© Cambridge University Press 2019 33

b 362  162  282  2  16  28  cos
2  16  28  cos  162  282  362
 162  282  362 
  cos-1  
 2  16  28 
 106.60°
1
Area   16  28  sin 106.60°
2
 214.66 m2

c 1.42  1.32  1.22  2  1.3  1.2  cos Area BCDE  62  36 cm2

2  1.3  1.2  cos  1.32  1.22  1.42  42  7.22  62 

A  cos-1  
 1.32  1.22  1.42   2  4  7.2 
  cos-1    56.44°
 2  1.3  1.2 
1
 67.98° Area AED   4  7.2  sin 56.44°
2
1
Area   1.3  1.2  sin 67.98°  12 cm2
2
 0.72 km2 Area ABCD  36  12  48 cm2

c
10
a

Area ABCD  ABC  ADC

1 1
Area ABD   5  6  sin 65 ABC   22  18  sin 58°
2 2
 13.59 m2  167.91 km2
BD2  52  62  2  5  6  cos 65° 1
ADC   12  8  sin 116°
 61  60cos 65° 2
 35.64  43.14 km2
BD  5.97 m Area ABCD  167.91  43.14
 42  2.52  5.972   124.8 km2
C  cos -1

 2  4  2.5  11
 132.03° 1
a Area  2   a  b  sin 
1 2
Area BCD   4  2.5  sin 132.03°
2  ab sin 
 3.71 m2
1
Area ABCD  3.71  13.59  17.3 m2 b Area   a  a  sin 60°
2
b 3 2
 a
4

© Cambridge University Press 2019 34

 1 1
c Area   a  a  sin 180  2  iii AED   5  5  sin 108°
2 2
1 2  11.89 cm2
 a sin  2 
2 iv AD2  52  52  2  5  5  cos 108°
 50  50cos 108°
12
 65.45
1
a i Area   20  15  sin 60° AD  8.09 cm
2
 129.9 cm2  180  108 
v ADC  108   
1  2 
ii Area   20  15  sin 120°
2  108  36
 129.9 cm2  72°
DAC  108  2  36
b The triangles have equal areas, since  36°
sin 60° = sin 120° and the provided sides
1
are of equal length. vi ADC   5  8.09  sin 72°
2
c Any triangle with the same side lengths  19.24 cm2
(1.7 m and 1.2 m) and the included angle vii 19.24  2  11.89  43.0 cm2
140° is acceptable.
b

13
1
a 40   11  8  sin 
2
 80  Angle sum  180 6  2  720°
  sin-1  
 88  Interior angles 
720
 120°
 65.4°, or 114.6° 6
1
ABF   5  5  sin 120°
b 2
 10.825 cm2
BF 2  52  52  2  5  5  cos 120°
 50  50cos 120°
 75
14
a i 180 5  2  540° BF  8.660 cm
540 Area  2  10.825  8.660  5  65.0 cm2
ii  108°
5
c Answers will vary.

© Cambridge University Press 2019 35

Solutions to Exercise 7J
1 l tan 337° = -0.424
a Quadrant 1 5
a Quadrant 2, sin θ positive,
b Quadrant 3 cos θ negative, tan θ negative

c Quadrant 4 b Quadrant 4, sin θ negative,

cos θ positive, tan θ negative
d Quadrant 2
c Quadrant 3, sin θ negative,
2 cos θ negative, tan θ positive
a Quadrants 1 and 2
d Quadrant 1, sin θ positive,
b Quadrants 2 and 4 cos θ positive, tan θ positive

c Quadrants 2 and 3 e Quadrant 4, sin θ negative,

cos θ positive, tan θ negative
d Quadrants 1 and 4
f Quadrant 2, sin θ positive,
e Quadrants 1 and 3 cos θ negative, tan θ negative

f Quadrants 3 and 4 g Quadrant 3, sin θ negative,

cos θ negative, tan θ positive
3
θ 0° 90° 180° 270° 360° h Quadrant 3, sin θ negative,
sin θ 0 1 0 -1 0 cos θ negative, tan θ positive
cos 1 0 -1 0 1
θ
tan θ 0 undefined 0 undefined 0 i Quadrant 3, sin θ negative,
cos θ negative, tan θ positive
4
a sin 172° = 0.139 j Quadrant 1, sin θ positive,
cos θ positive, tan θ positive
b sin 84° = 0.995
k Quadrant 4, sin θ negative,
c sin 212° = -0.530 cos θ positive, tan θ negative

d sin 325° = -0.574 l Quadrant 2, sin θ positive,

cos θ negative, tan θ negative
e cos 143° = -0.799
6
f cos 255° = -0.259 a sin 280° = -sin 80°

g cos 321° = 0.777 b cos 300° = cos 60°

h cos 95° = -0.087 c tan 220° = tan 40°

i tan 222° = 0.900 d sin 140° = sin 40°

j tan 134° = -1.036 e cos 125° = -cos 55°

k tan 42° = 0.900 f tan 315° = -tan 45°

© Cambridge University Press 2019 36

g sin 345° = -sin 15°
d 180° < θ < 270°
h cos 238° = -cos 58° 10
Function sin θ cos θ sin θ tan θ cos θ tan θ
i tan 227° = tan 47° 1 30° 45° 190° 15° 125° 320°

2 150° 315° 350° 195° 235° 140°

j sin 112° = sin 68°
Function cos θ sin θ tan θ
k cos 294° = cos 66°
1 260° 145° 235°
l tan 123 = -tan 57° 2 100° 35° 55°

7 11
a sin 150° = sin 30° a Quadrant 4
b sin 240° = -sin 60° b Quadrant 1
c sin 336° = -sin 24° c Quadrant 2
d cos 220° = -cos 40° d Quadrant 2
e cos 109° = -cos 71° e Quadrant 1
f cos 284° = cos 76° f Quadrant 3
g tan 310° = -tan 50°
12
a 225 – 180 = 45°
h tan 155° = -tan 25°
2
i tan 278° = -tan 82° b i sin225°  -
2
8 2
ii cos225°  -
a 180 – 138 = 42° 2
iii tan225°  1
b 227 – 180 = 47°
c 360 – 330 = 30°
c 360 – 326 = 34°
1
d 189 – 180 = 9° d i sin330°  -
2
213 – 180 = 33° 3
e ii cos330° 
2
f 360 – 298 = 62° 3
iii tan330°  -
3
g 194 – 180 = 14°
e 180 – 120 = 60°
h 360 – 302 = 58°
3
9 f i sin120° 
a 0° < θ < 90° 2
1
ii cos120°  -
b 90° < θ < 180° 2
iii tan120°  - 3
c 270° < θ < 360°

© Cambridge University Press 2019 37

 sin 
15 tan   , and cos θ = 0 at 90° and
cos
13 270° so at these points tan θ is undefined.
2
a sin135  sin 45 
2 16
a sin10  cos10
b tan180  0 0.17  0.98
True
3
c cos150°  -cos30°  -
2 b sin50  tan50
0.77  1.19
3 True
d sin240  -sin60  -
2
c cos80  sin80
e tan315  - tan 45  -1 0.17  0.98
False
3
f cos210°  -cos30  -
2 d cos90  sin0
00
1
g sin330  -sin30  - True
2
e tan180°  sin180°
h tan120  -tan60  - 3
00
True
2
i cos225  -cos 45  -
2 f cos170°  sin170°
-0.98  0.17
j sin270  -1
False.
3 sin120  tan120
k tan330  - tan30  - g
3
0.87  -1.73
1 True
l cos300  cos60 
2 h sin90°  cos180°
m sin180  0 1  -1
False
n tan270 is undefined.
i tan230°  cos230
o tan225  tan 45  1 1.19  -0.64
False
p cos180  -1
j cos350  sin85°
sin 
14 tan   , and both sin θ and cos θ are 0.98  1.00
cos
True
negative over this range so tan θ is positive
in the third quadrant. k sin260  cos110
-0.98  -0.34
True

© Cambridge University Press 2019 38

l tan270  cos180
undefined  -1
False
17
a i AB 2  OB 2  12
 sin    cos 
2 2
1
sin2   cos2   1
ii sin2 30°  cos2 30°  0.25  0.75  1
sin2 145°  cos2 145°  0.33  0.67  1
sin2 262°  cos2 262°  0.98  0.02  1
sin2 313°  cos2 313°  0.53  0.47  1

b i  sin60°, cos30°   0.87, 0.87 

 sin80°, cos10°   0.98, 0.98 
 sin110°, cos  -20°    0.94, 0.94 
 sin195°, cos  -105°     -0.26, -0.26 
ii The values in each pair are identical.
iii The two different values of θ sum to 90°.
iv sin θ = cos(90 – θ)
v sin 40°  0.64, cos50°  0.64
sin155°  0.42, cos  -65°   0.42
sin210°  -0.5, cos  -120°   -0.5
sin236°  -0.83, cos  -146°   -0.83

c This is an extensive student-driven

extension activity. Teachers should work
with individual students to explore these
angles.

© Cambridge University Press 2019 39

Solutions to Exercise 7K
1 c i cos θ < 0 over the range 90° < θ < 270°
a ii sin θ < 0 over the range 180° < θ < 360°
θ 0° 30° 60° 90° 120°
sin θ 0 0.5 0.87 1 0.87 4 Estimate from the graph.
a i cos θ = 0.82
θ 150° 180° 210° 240° ii cos θ = -0.98
sin θ 0.5 0 -0.5 -0.87 iii cos θ = 0.87
iv cos θ = -0.77
θ 270° 300° 330° 360° v cos θ = -0.17
sin θ -1 -0.87 -0.5 0
vi cos θ = 0.26
vii cos θ = -0.42
b
viii cos θ = 0.57

b i θ = 37°, 323°
ii θ = 53°, 307°
iii θ = 73°, 287°
iv θ = 84°, 276°
v θ = 114°, 246°
vi θ = 102°, 258°
vii θ = 143°, 217°
viii θ = 127°, 233°
2 5 Estimate from the graph.
a a i sin θ = 0.42
θ 0° 30° 60° 90° 120° ii sin θ = 0.91
cos θ 1 0.87 0.5 0 -0.5 iii sin θ = -0.64
iv sin θ = -0.77
θ 150° 180° 210° 240°
v sin θ = 0.34
cos θ -0.87 -1 -0.87 -0.5
vi sin θ = -0.82
θ 270° 300° 330° 360° vii sin θ = -0.64
cos θ 0 0.5 0.87 1 viii sin θ = 0.94

b b i θ = 37°, 143°
ii θ = 12°, 168°
iii θ = 17°, 163°
iv θ = 64°, 116°
v θ = 204°, 336°
vi θ = 233°, 307°
vii θ = 224°, 316°
viii θ = 186°, 354°
c

3
a i Maximum = 1, minimum = -1
ii sin θ = 0 at 0°, 180° and 360°
Note the graph simply repeats every 360°. This
b i Maximum = 1, minimum = -1 is known as the period or phase of the sine
ii cos θ = 0 at 90° and 270° curve

© Cambridge University Press 2019 40

6 Draw the two graphs and compare. 8
a cos 80° = cos 280°

b cos 10° = cos 350°

c cos 165° = cos 195°

d cos 285° = cos 75°

e cos 224° = cos 136°

a True f cos 147° = cos 213°

b False: sin 100° > sin 300° g cos 336° = cos 24°

c False: sin 135° > sin 10° h cos 199° = cos 161°

d True 9
a 180 – 150 = 30°
e False: cos 70° > cos 125°
b 180 – 120 = 60°
f True
c 195 – 180 = 15°
g True
d 360 – 290 = 70°
h True
e 235 – 180 = 55°
i True
f 260 – 180 = 80°
j False cos 180° < sin 180°
g 180 – 125 = 55°
k True
h 205 – 180 = 25°
l True
i 360 – 324 = 36°
7
a sin 70° = sin 110° j 252 – 180 = 72°

b sin 120° = sin 60° k 180 – 117 = 63°

c sin 190° = sin 350° l 360 – 346 = 14°

d sin 280° = sin 260°

e sin 153° = sin 27° 10

a
f sin 214° = sin 326° θ 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°
sin θ 0 1
g sin 307° = sin 233° cos θ 1 0

h sin 183° = sin 357° 1

b i sin150° 
2

© Cambridge University Press 2019 41

 1 1
ii cos120°  - e cos  -
2 2
2   120°, 240°
iii cos225°  -
2
iv sin180°  0 3
1 f cos  -
v cos300°  2
2   150°, 210°
3
vi sin240°  -
2 12
vii cos270°  0 a sin   0.3

viii sin135° 
2   17.5°, 162.5°
2
3 b sin   0.7
ix cos210°  -
2   44.4°, 135.6°
1
x sin330°  -
2 c cos  0.6
2   53.1°, 306.9°
xi sin315°  -
2
1 d cos  0.8
xii cos240°  -
2   36.9°, 323.1°
2
xiii sin225°  -
2 e sin   -0.2
3   191.5°, 348.5°
xiv sin120° 
2
3 f sin   -0.8
xv cos150°  -   233.1°, 306.9°
2
3
xvi cos330°  g cos  -0.4
2
  113.6°, 246.4°
11
2 h cos  0.65
a cos 
2   49.5°, 310.5°
  45°, 315°
i sin   0.48
3   28.7°, 151.3°
b sin   13
2
a No values satisfy sin θ = 2, as the
  60°, 120°
maximum value of sin θ is 1.

1 b No values satisfy cos θ = -4, as the

c sin  
2 minimum value of cos θ is -1.
  30°, 150°

1
d sin   -
2
  210°, 330°

© Cambridge University Press 2019 42

14 d i ii iii
a i ii

The graph is dilated and constricted from

The graph is reflected in the x-axis. the y-axis.

b i ii e i ii iii

The graph is reflected in the x-axis. The graph is translated up and down from
the x-axis.
c i ii iii
f i ii iii

The graph is dilated and constricted from

the x-axis. The graph is translated left and right from
the y-axis.

© Cambridge University Press 2019 43

Solutions to Investigations
Single solutions (0° ≤ θ ≤ 90°) d i sin   -0.9
1   sin-1  -0.9
a sin  
2
  -64.16°  295.84°
1
  sin-1 ii sin 360     sin 180   
2
  30° sin 295.84°  sin 244.16°
  244.16°, 295.84°
3
b cos 
6 Harder trigonometric equations
1 a i 5sin   1  0
  cos-1 5sin   1
2
  60° sin   0.2
  sin-1 0.2
6
c tan     11.54°, 168.46°
7
ii 2cos  3  0
6
  tan -1
2cos  -3
7
  40.60° 3
cos  -
2
Two solutions (0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°) -1  cos  1, so no answer is possible.
a i sin   0.5 1
sin  2  
  sin-1 0.5 b i
2
  30° 1
2  sin-1
ii sin 180     sin  2
sin30°  sin150° 2  30°, 150°
 = 30°, 150°   15°, 75°
ii cos  2   0.3
b i cos  0.2
2  cos-1 0.3
  cos 0.2 -1
2  72.54°, 287.46°
  78.46°   36.27°, 143.73°
ii cos 360     cos
cos 78.46°  cos 281.54° Building a dynamic unit circle
 = 78.46°, 281.54° a Any angle is acceptable.

c i cos  -0.8
  cos-1  -0.8 
  143.13°
ii cos 360     cos
cos 143.13°  cos 216.87°
 = 143.13°, 216.87°

© Cambridge University Press 2019 44

 to 1 at 225° and approaching infinity
b The coordinates of P are (cos θ, sin θ). as θ approaches 270°.
From 270° to 360° tan θ moves from negative
c cos θ starts at 1 at 0°and decreases infinity to -1 at 315°, then to 0 at 360°.
to 0 at 90° and to -1 at 180°. tan θ is undefined at 90° and 270°.
cos θ then increase to 0 at 270°
and to 1 at 360°. b
sin θ starts at 0 at 0° and increases
to 1 at 90° before decreasing to 0 at 180° and
-1 at 270°.
Finally, sin θ increases to 0 at 360°.

Extension
a At 0° sin θ = 0 and so tan θ = 0.
As θ approaches 90° cos θ drops from 1 to 0
and sin θ increases from 0 to 1, so tan θ
increases slowly from 0 to 1 at 45° and rapidly
until it approaches infinity as θ approaches
90°.
From 90° to 270° tan θ moves from negative
infinity to -1 at 135°, then to 0 at 180°,

© Cambridge University Press 2019 45

Solutions to Challenges
1 4
a

AD  10 cm, CD  6 cm, AC  14 cm ADB  140°

 102  62  142  ABD = 20°
ADC  cos-1   ABD is isoceles
 2  10  6 
BD  AD  800 m
 1
 cos-1  -  BC 800
 2  (sine rule)
sin 40° sin90°
 120°
800sin 40°
The internal angles are 120° and 60°. BC 
sin90°
 800sin 40°
b BD2  102  62  2  10  6  cos 60°
 514 m
 136  120cos 60°
 76 5
BD  8.7 cm Let the time elapsed since the groups set
out be t.
2

BC 2  5t    8t   2  5t  8t  cos60°
2 2
a
 89t 2  80t 2 cos60°
 t 2  89  80cos60° 
AOB  25  90   90  65
 t 2  49
 140°
BC  7t
OAB  OBA  20°
1
OAC  25° When BC  15, t  2  2 hours 9 minutes
7
Bearing  180  25  20  225°
7t 5t
3 By the cosine rule b 
sin60° sin ABC
l 2  r 2  r 2  2  r  r  cos 7 5

 2r 2  2r 2 cos sin60° sin ABC
 2r 2 1  cos   5sin60° 
ABC  sin-1  
 7 
l  2r 2 1  cos 
 38.2°
Bearing  270  38  308°

© Cambridge University Press 2019 46

6

BCA  67°
40sin67°
AB   94.234 m
sin23°
BD  94.2342  802  123.613 m
 40 
BDC  tan-1    17.93°
 123.613 

© Cambridge University Press 2019 47

Solutions to multiple-choice questions
x Answer: A
1 cos40° 
12
6 180 – 35 = 145°
x  12cos40°
Answer: B
Answer: D
18 x
5 7 
2   sin-1    33.7° sin65° sin 42°
 9
18sin 42°
Answer: B x  13.3
sin65°
3 Vertical distance  13 m Answer: C
 13 
Horizontal distance     40 m  192  132  82 
 tan18°  8   cos-1    19.4°
Answer: E  2  19  13 
Answer: A
4 196 – 180 = 16
Answer: D 1
9 a   12.2  5.1  sin54°
2
AC  62  82  10 Answer: D
5
 4
  tan-1    21.8° 10 tan 130° = -1.19
 10  Answer: C

© Cambridge University Press 2019 48

Solutions to short-answer questions
1 a AC  120cos35°  98.3 km
a x  18cos35°  14.74
b OA  CB  160  120sin35°
7  228.8 km
b x  13.17
tan28°
 98.3 
10.2 c CBO  tan-1    23.2°
c x  11.55  228.8 
sin62°
10.2 360  23.2  336.8°
y  5.42
tan62° 7
a Height  18sin59°  15.43 m
2
 10 
a   sin-1    45.6°  15.43 
 14  b B  tan -1    52°
 12 
 6.8 
b   tan-1    64.8° 8
 3.2  25sin38°
a i x  15.5 cm
3 sin 98°
x 1 1 25sin38°
a  sin30°  ii A   25   sin 44°
8 2 2 sin 98°
x 4  194.28sin 44°
 135.0 cm2
x
b  tan60°  3
5 18sin 180  72  56  °
b i x  14.9 cm
x 5 3 sin72°
1 18sin52°
ii A   18   sin56°
x 2 sin72°
4  sin16°
22  111.3 cm2
x  22sin16° = 6.1 m
1
5 9 275   20  x  sin78°
a A = 90 + 25 = 115° 2
275
b B = 360 – 45 = 315° x
10sin78
c C = 180 + 70 = 250°  28.1 m

d D = 90 – 60 = 30° 10
10 15
6 a 
sin32° sin 
 15sin32° 
  sin-1  
 10 
 52.6°

© Cambridge University Press 2019 49

 11.4 26 13
b 
sin25° sin  a i sin 130° = 0.77
ii sin 255° = -0.97
 26sin25° 
  sin-1  
 11.4  b i sin   0.8
 180  74.6  105.4°   53°, 127°
11
ii sin   -0.3
a x  72  92  2  7  9  cos102°
  197°, 343°
 130  26.197 iii sin   1.5
 12.5  does not exist, as sin   1.

b 92  52  122  2  5  12  cos c i True

5  12  9
2 2 2 ii True
cos  iii False: sin 220° > sin 250°
2  5  12
 52  122  92 
  cos-1  
 2  5  12 
 42.8°

12
a i sin 120° = sin 60°
ii cos 210° = -cos 30°
iii tan 315° = -tan 45°
iv sin 225° = -sin 45°

3
b i sin120° 
2
3
ii cos210°  -
2
iii tan315°  -1
2
iv sin225°  -
2
c i Quadrant 2, so negative
ii Quadrant 3, so positive
iii Quadrant 4, so negative
iv Quadrant 4, so positive

© Cambridge University Press 2019 50

Solutions to extended-response questions
1 2
a a 1022  1552  742  2  155  74  cos A
1552  742  1022
cos A 
2  155  74
 1552  742  1022 
A  cos-1  
 2  155  74 
 33.646°

1
b Area   155  74  sin33.646°
2
b BE  5sin35°  2.9 km west  3177.54 m2

c AC 2  32  52  2  3  5  cos145 CD
c sin A 
 34  30cos145° 74
 58.6 CD  74  sin33.646°
AC  7.7 km  41.00 m

d i DC  35tan32° AD
d cos A 
 21.9 m 74
 21.9  AD  74  cos33.646°
ii CBD  tan-1  
 28   61.60 m
 38.0°
45 74
e i 
sin33.646° sin ADC
 74sin33.646° 
ADC  sin-1  
 45 
AD  65.66°, 114.34°
ii ACD  32.01°, 80.69°
AD2  742  452  2  74  45  cos ACD
 7501  6660cos ACD
 1853.62, 6423.57
AD  43.1 m, 80.2 m

© Cambridge University Press 2019 51