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The document outlines key concepts in AI, including definitions and applications of AI, machine learning (ML), and various algorithms like BFS, DFS, and CART. It covers topics such as heuristic functions, clustering, and Bayesian networks, highlighting their roles in decision-making, medical diagnosis, and information retrieval. Additionally, it discusses the types of environments AI operates in and the importance of FOL for knowledge representation.

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3 views6 pages

2m

The document outlines key concepts in AI, including definitions and applications of AI, machine learning (ML), and various algorithms like BFS, DFS, and CART. It covers topics such as heuristic functions, clustering, and Bayesian networks, highlighting their roles in decision-making, medical diagnosis, and information retrieval. Additionally, it discusses the types of environments AI operates in and the importance of FOL for knowledge representation.

Uploaded by

aparnadevi0704
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

AI:

Definition: AI is the ability of a machine to mimic intelligent human behavior.

It helps machines perform tasks like learning, reasoning, and self-correction.

It powers applications like robots, smart assistants, and automated systems.

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2. BFS vs DFS:

Definition: BFS and DFS are graph search algorithms.

BFS explores neighbors level by level using a queue.

DFS explores as far as possible down one path using a stack.

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3. Types of Environment:

Definition: Environment refers to the world that an agent interacts with.

Classified as deterministic/stochastic, episodic/sequential, static/dynamic,


discrete/continuous.
Environment type affects how an AI agent plans and acts.

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4. Heuristic Function:

Definition: A heuristic function estimates the cost to reach the goal from a node.

Helps guide search algorithms like A* by selecting promising paths.

Reduces the time and effort needed to find optimal solutions.

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5. Applications of AI:

Definition: AI applications solve real-world problems using machine intelligence.

Used in healthcare for diagnosis and robotic surgery.

Used in autonomous vehicles and smart city traffic systems.

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6. FOL Conversion:

Definition: FOL (First-Order Logic) represents objects, relations, and rules formally.

Converts natural language into logical formulas using quantifiers and predicates.

Useful for AI reasoning and knowledge representation.

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7. Applications of ML in Modern Business:

Definition: ML improves business decision-making using data-driven insights.

Used in marketing for customer segmentation and predictive analysis.

Used in finance for fraud detection and risk assessment.

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9. CART:

Definition: CART stands for Classification and Regression Trees in ML.

It creates decision trees to predict output variables (classification or regression).

Works by repeatedly splitting data into subgroups based on features.


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10. Clustering:

Definition: Clustering groups similar data points without prior labeling.

Helps in customer segmentation, document organization, and anomaly detection.

Common algorithms include K-Means, DBSCAN, and Hierarchical clustering.

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11. Medical Diagnosis:

Definition: AI/ML supports medical diagnosis by analyzing healthcare data.

AI assists in detecting diseases from medical images (like X-rays, MRIs).

ML models help predict patient health risks and personalize treatments.

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12. N-gram Model:


Definition: An N-gram model predicts the next word based on previous words.

Used in language models for tasks like text generation and auto-correction.

Higher-order N-grams (like bigrams, trigrams) capture more context.

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13. Self-Organizing Map (SOM):

Definition: SOM is a neural network for unsupervised learning and visualization.

Reduces high-dimensional data into 2D maps, preserving topological properties.

Useful in pattern recognition and clustering tasks.

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14. Information Retrieval:

Definition: It is the process of finding relevant documents based on user queries.

Forms the basis of search engines like Google and recommendation systems.

Techniques include keyword matching, indexing, and ranking algorithms.


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15. Bayesian Network:

Definition: A Bayesian Network models probabilistic relationships among variables.

Represents variables as nodes and dependencies as directed edges in a DAG.

Useful in medical diagnosis, decision support systems, and AI reasoning.

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