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The document outlines key concepts in structural engineering, including principal planes, elastic constants, and theories of bending. It discusses methods for analyzing beams, such as fixed end moments, shear force and bending moment diagrams, and various methods for determining deflection. Additionally, it covers failure theories, thermal stresses, and the conditions for unsymmetrical bending in beams.

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3 views8 pages

Document (5)

The document outlines key concepts in structural engineering, including principal planes, elastic constants, and theories of bending. It discusses methods for analyzing beams, such as fixed end moments, shear force and bending moment diagrams, and various methods for determining deflection. Additionally, it covers failure theories, thermal stresses, and the conditions for unsymmetrical bending in beams.

Uploaded by

vijayragavan2114
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1. Outline principal planes.

Principal planes are the planes on which the shear stress is zero and only normal stresses act.
These planes are oriented at a particular angle depending on the applied stress condition.
Principal stresses act on these planes.
They are important in failure analysis of materials.

2. Mention the relation between the elastic constants.

The relation is:


E = 2G(1 + μ) = 3K(1 – 2μ)
Where:
E = Young’s modulus, G = Shear modulus, K = Bulk modulus, μ = Poisson’s ratio.

3. List any four assumptions made in the theory of bending.

1. Material is homogeneous and isotropic.


2. Stresses are within the elastic limit.
3. Plane sections remain plane after bending.
4. Modulus of elasticity is same in tension and compression.

4. Comment on the shear force and bending moment diagrams for different
types of loading.

For point load: shear force is constant; bending moment is linear.


For UDL: shear force is linear; bending moment is parabolic.
For UVL: shear force is parabolic; bending moment is cubic.
Diagrams help in locating critical sections.
5. What is the slope at the ends of a simply supported beam carrying UDL
throughout the span?

The slope at the supports of such a beam is given by:


θ = (wL²)/(24EI)
It is maximum at the ends.
It decreases towards the centre of the beam.

6. List any four methods to determine deflection of beams.

1. Double integration method


2. Macaulay’s method
3. Moment-area method
4. Conjugate beam method

7. Recall fixed end moments.

Fixed end moments are the moments developed at supports of a fixed beam.
They resist the applied load without any rotation.
For UDL on full span: FEM = wL²/12
They are essential in indeterminate analysis.

8. What are indeterminate beams?

Indeterminate beams have more unknown reactions than available equilibrium equations.
Additional compatibility conditions are needed for analysis.
They are also called statically indeterminate beams.
Fixed and continuous beams are examples.

9. Define shear centre.

Shear centre is the point on the cross-section where a shear force can be applied without causing
any twisting.
It lies on the axis of symmetry for symmetric sections.
It is important in unsymmetrical bending.
For I-section, it lies at the centroid.
10. Mention any two applications of theories of failure.

1. Used in design of mechanical components like shafts, bolts, etc.


2. Helps in selecting appropriate material under complex stress conditions.
They predict failure under combined loading.
Essential in machine and structural design.

11. State limit state of proportionality.

It is the stress level up to which stress is directly proportional to strain.


Follows Hooke’s law.
Beyond this, material behavior becomes nonlinear.
It defines the end of elastic range.

12. Write the assumptions made in theory of pure bending.

1. Beam is initially straight.


2. Material is homogeneous and isotropic.
3. Section remains plane after bending.
4. Stress remains within elastic limit.

13. Establish the governing differential equation of beams.

The governing equation is:


EI (d⁴y/dx⁴) = q(x)
Where E = Young’s modulus, I = Moment of Inertia, q(x) = Load.
It assumes linear elastic behavior and small deflection.
Used in beam deflection problems.

14. Deduce the expressions for deflection by energy method.

Strain energy = ∫(M²/2EI) dx


Using Castigliano’s theorem:
Deflection = ∂U/∂P
This method is useful for complex loading.
15. What are degrees of redundancy in statically indeterminate beams?

It is the number of extra unknown reactions beyond equilibrium equations.


For example, a fixed beam has 2 degrees of redundancy.
They are determined by subtracting available equations from total unknowns.
Used in structural analysis.

16. A beam 8 m long is fixed at its ends. It carries UDL of 4500 N/m. Find
maximum BM.

For fixed beam with UDL:


Max BM = wL²/12 = (4500×8²)/12 = 24000 Nm
This occurs at midspan.
It is lower than simply supported case due to fixed ends.

17. Under what conditions does unsymmetrical bending occur in a beam?

Occurs when load does not act in plane of principal axes.


Also occurs in non-symmetric sections (like angle or channel).
Results in twisting of beam.
Shear centre doesn’t coincide with centroid.

18. State shear stress theory of failure.

This theory states that failure occurs when maximum shear stress in the material reaches the
shear stress at yield in simple tension.
Also called Tresca’s theory.
Used for ductile materials.
Safe for design of machine parts.

19. Write a few words on thermal stresses.

Thermal stresses develop when temperature changes and material expansion is restrained.
No stress if expansion is free.
Common in bridges, rails, and pipelines.
Can lead to cracking if not relieved.

20. How will you obtain shear stress distribution for unsymmetrical section?

Shear stress τ = VQ/It


Where V = shear force, Q = first moment of area, I = moment of inertia, t = thickness.
Must evaluate separately for each segment.
Stress is not symmetric due to geometry.

21. Write the theory of bending equation.

The equation is:


M/I = f/y = E/R
M = bending moment, I = moment of inertia, f = bending stress, y = distance from neutral axis, E
= modulus of elasticity, R = radius of curvature.

22. Define shear force and bending moment.

Shear Force is the force acting perpendicular to the cross-section of a beam.


Bending Moment is the moment causing the beam to bend about an axis.
Both vary along the length depending on load.
Used in structural design.

23. State moment area theorems.

1st Theorem: Change in slope = area under M/EI diagram.


2nd Theorem: Deflection = moment of area under M/EI diagram about the point.
Useful in beam deflection.
Applies for elastic bending.

24. State the theorem of three moment equation.

It relates bending moments at three consecutive supports of a continuous beam.


Equation:
M₁L₁ + 2M₂(L₁ + L₂) + M₃L₂ = -6[(A₁L₁/l₁) + (A₂L₂/l₂)]
Used in continuous beam analysis.
Assumes elastic behavior.

25. Write the advantages of Macaulay's method over integration method.

1. Efficient for beams with multiple loads.


2. Handles discontinuous loading easily.
3. Reduces integration steps.
4. Simple and systematic.

26. Define Unsymmetrical bending.

Occurs when load does not lie in the plane of symmetry.


Neutral axis is not aligned with centroidal axis.
Common in L, T, and channel sections.
Causes twisting and complex stress distribution.

27. State Hooke's Law.

Hooke's Law states that:


Stress ∝ Strain, or σ = E × ε
Valid within elastic limit.
E is the modulus of elasticity.

28. What are the assumptions in analysis of thin cylindrical shells?

1. Thickness is small compared to radius.


2. Stresses are uniform across thickness.
3. Material is elastic and isotropic.
4. Deformations are small.
29. Write the relation between the rate of loading, shear force, and bending
moment.

Rate of loading (w) = dV/dx


Shear force (V) = dM/dx
These are differential relationships.
Used in drawing shear and moment diagrams.

30. State the condition for no tension in section of a beam.

The entire cross-section should be under compression.


Neutral axis must lie at or above the topmost fiber.
Occurs in prestressed concrete beams.
Tension is zero when eccentricity is high.

31. State the two theorems in moment area method.

1. Slope between two points = Area under M/EI between them.


2. Vertical deflection at one point = Moment of M/EI about that point.
Used in elastic analysis.
Helps in deflection estimation.

32. Distinguish between actual beam and conjugate beam.

Actual beam has real loads and reactions.


Conjugate beam is imaginary, with M/EI as loading.
Slope in real beam = shear in conjugate beam.
Deflection = moment in conjugate beam.

33. General form of Clapeyron’s three moment equation.

M₁L₁ + 2M₂(L₁ + L₂) + M₃L₂ = -6[(A₁L₁/Span₁) + (A₂L₂/Span₂)]


Used in continuous beam analysis.
Accounts for varying spans and loads.
Applies to statically indeterminate beams.
34. Advantages and disadvantages of fixed beam.

Advantages: Less deflection and bending moment.


Disadvantages: High support moment, susceptible to thermal stress.
Needs rigid supports.
Difficult to construct perfectly.

35. Write the failure criteria of materials as per maximum principal strain
theory.

Failure occurs when maximum principal strain equals the strain at elastic limit in uniaxial
tension.
Used in ductile material analysis.
Considers Poisson’s effect.
Also called Saint-Venant’s theory.

36. List out the reasons for unsymmetrical bending.

1. Load not acting in principal axis.


2. Non-symmetric cross-sections.
3. Eccentric loading.
4. Absence of shear centre at centroid.

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