University of California, Merced

Fall Semester 2019

ENGR. 45, Introduction to Materials

Lab section 02L 03L 04L 05L 06L 07L

• There are six problems, each worth the same number of points. Attempt all of them.
• All work should be completed on the question page. You may not use your own paper.
• Do not remove the staple, and do not separate the pages.
• Remember to show your work, write clearly, and legibly.
• Notes, or other study aids, are not allowed.
• Be sure to circle the final answer when these are numerical.
• Turn off all personal electronic devices; you can use only a calculator.
• You may not acquire materials, supplies, or equipment from another student during the
exam.
• Please remain seated and do not leave before the end of the exam.
• Write your name on the bottom of this cover sheet.

Good luck!!!

Name
 Formulas

𝐴0 − 𝐴𝑓 −(𝑥𝐴 − 𝑥𝐵 )2
%𝑅𝐴 = ∙ 100% %𝐼𝐶 = (1 − 𝑒 ) ∙ 100%
𝐴0 4

𝑄 𝐶 (𝑥,𝑡 )−𝐶0
𝐷 = 𝐷0 𝑒𝑥𝑝 (− ) , 𝑥 = 2√𝐷𝑡 , =1−
𝑅𝑇 𝐶𝑠 −𝐶0
𝑥
erf ( )
2√𝐷𝑡

F V  𝜀𝑙
= , = , = , 𝜈=−
A A Lo 𝜀

E
 = E  = G G=
, ,
2 (1 +  )

 Q 
 = K n exp  − L = T (20 + log t r )
 RT  ,
 Problem 1

Consider the binary alloy that has the composition 30 wt.% Sn – 70 wt.% Pb on the
accompanying phase diagram.

(i) Calculate the total amount of a and β in the alloy at 182°C.

Prove that the minimum cation-to-anion radius ratio for a coordination number of 8 in a
ceramic oxide material is approximately equal to 0.732. Assume corner atoms are the anions
and in the middle is the cation. Also, anions are connected along the edge of the cube.
 Problem 3

For each of the following statements, indicate whether the statement is true of false. Justify
(explain) your answer in each case. (Restatement of the question is not an explanation.)

(i) Specific volume is the same as mass per unit volume.

(ii) Plastic deformation of a polycrystalline metal does not increase the density of the
metal.

(iii) The concept of a critical stress for crack propagation is applicable to both brittle
and ductile materials.

(iv) Pearlite and bainite are examples of phases that can be formed by austenite if
the cooling rate is controlled appropriately.

(v) The transformation of austenite to pearlite does not require diffusion.

(vi) When austenite containing 1.2 percent carbon by weight (and no significant
amounts of any other alloying elements) is cooled slowly, hypereutectoid Fe3C
will form above 727°C.
 Problem 4

(i) Explain why residual thermal stresses are introduced into a glass piece when it is
cooled.

(ii) Briefly explain how annealing of an undeformed material influences the tensile
modulus of a semicrystalline polymer and why.

(iii) Briefly explain how annealing of a drawn material influences the tensile modulus of
a semicrystalline polymer and why.

(iv) What is the difference between annealing and tempering in the heat treatment of
glass?
 Problem 5

(i) Rank the following iron-carbon alloys and associated microstructures from the
highest to the lowest ductility. Justify (explain) your answer in each case.
a. 0.25 wt%C with spheroidite
b. 0.25 wt%C with coarse pearlite
c. 0.6 wt%C with fine pearlite
d. 0.6 wt%C with coarse pearlite.

(ii) How would you expect a decrease in austenite grain size to affect the hardenability
of a 1080 steel? Explain.
 Problem 6

Small specimens of 1076 steel are fully austenitized and them subjected to the
following time-temperature treatments. In each case:

• Neatly and clearly mark the thermal history of the sample on the transformation
diagram provided; (there are 2 copies, use them wisely)
• State which microconstituents are present at the end of the treatments; and
• State the approximate percentages of those microconstituents.

(i) Cool rapidly to 300°C, hold for 20s, and then quench to room temperature.
(ii) Cool rapidly to 350°C, hold for 150s, and then quench to room temperature.
(iii)Cool rapidly to 575°C, hold for 15s, cool rapidly to 350°C, hold for 100s, and then
quench to room temperature.
(iv) Cool rapidly to 600°C, hold for 4s, cool rapidly to 450°C, hold for 10s, and then
quench to room temperature.
(v) Reheat the specimen in part (iv) to 700°C for 20h.
(vi) Cool rapidly to 680°C, hold for 10s, cool rapidly to 450°C, hold for 100s, and then
quench to room temperature.