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Physics

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2 views3 pages

Physics

Uploaded by

ronaloumacarubbo21
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Units and Measurements

Fundamental Quantities

●​ There are seven fundamental quantities in physics: mass (kilogram), electric current
(ampere), time (second), temperature (Kelvin), amount of substance (mole), length
(meter), and luminous intensity (candela).
●​ Each quantity has a specific SI unit that is universally accepted for scientific
communication.
●​ Understanding these units is crucial for accurate measurements and calculations in
physics.
●​ Example: The mass of an object is measured in kilograms, which is essential for
calculating weight and force.
●​ Historical context: The SI system was established in 1960 and has become the standard
for scientific measurements worldwide.

Significant Figures

●​ Significant figures are important in reporting measurements accurately, reflecting the


precision of the measurement.
●​ Rules include: all non-zero numbers are significant, zeros between non-zero digits are
significant, leading zeros are not significant, and trailing zeros in decimal numbers are
significant.
●​ Example: The number 0.0140 has three significant figures, while 140 has only two if no
decimal is present.
●​ Understanding significant figures helps in maintaining precision in calculations and
results.

Measurement Conversions

●​ Converting between units is essential for solving physics problems, such as converting
miles to meters or kilometers per hour to meters per second.
●​ Example: 1 mile is equivalent to 1609 meters, so 55 mph converts to approximately 25
m/s.
●​ Familiarity with common conversions can save time and reduce errors in calculations.

Vectors
Definition and Examples
●​ Vectors are quantities that have both magnitude and direction, such as velocity and
force.
●​ Scalars are quantities that have only magnitude, such as mass and temperature.
●​ Example: A car traveling at 60 km/h north is a vector, while 60 km/h is a scalar.

Vector Calculations

●​ Understanding how to add and subtract vectors is crucial for solving problems in physics.
●​ Example: If a plane is flying at 100 km/h and the wind is blowing in the same direction,
the resultant speed is the sum of both speeds.
●​ Graphical representation of vectors can aid in visualizing problems.

Kinematics in One Dimension


Average Speed and Velocity

●​ Average speed is defined as the total distance traveled divided by the total time taken.
●​ Average velocity is the displacement divided by the time taken, which can differ from
average speed if the direction changes.
●​ Example: A car travels 100 km east in 2 hours; its average speed is 50 km/h, but its
average velocity is also 50 km/h east.

Acceleration

●​ Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity over time, and it can be positive (speeding
up) or negative (slowing down).
●​ Example: A motorcycle accelerating from rest exhibits positive acceleration, while a train
coming to a stop shows negative acceleration.
●​ Understanding acceleration is key to analyzing motion in physics.

Newton's Laws of Motion


First Law of Motion

●​ An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon
by an unbalanced force.
●​ This law explains the concept of inertia, which is the resistance of any physical object to
any change in its velocity.
●​ Example: A hockey puck sliding on ice will continue to slide until friction or another force
stops it.
Second Law of Motion

●​ The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and
inversely proportional to its mass (F=ma).
●​ This law quantifies the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration, allowing for
calculations of motion under various forces.
●​ Example: A 10 kg object subjected to a force of 20 N will accelerate at 2 m/s².

Third Law of Motion

●​ For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction, meaning forces always occur
in pairs.
●​ Example: When a swimmer pushes against the water, the water pushes back with an
equal force, propelling the swimmer forward.
●​ This law is fundamental in understanding interactions between objects.

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