3/13/2015

Capacitors and Inductors

• Introduction
• Capacitors
Capacitors and Inductors • Series and Parallel Capacitors
• Inductors
• Series and Parallel Inductors

1. Introduction Michael Faraday (1971-1867)

• Resistor: a passive element which dissipates

energy only
• Two important passive linear circuit elements:
1) Capacitor
2) Inductor
• Capacitor and inductor can store energy only
and they can neither generate nor dissipate
energy.

3 4

2. Capacitors

• A capacitor consists of two conducting plates C

εA
separated by an insulator (or dielectric). d
• Three factors affecting the value of capacitance:
1. Area: the larger the area, the greater the
C
εA
d
capacitance.
   r 0
 0  8.854 10 12 (F/m)
2. Spacing between the plates: the smaller the
spacing, the greater the capacitance.
3. Material permittivity: the higher the permittivity,
the greater the capacitance.

5 6

1
 3/13/2015

Fig 1 Fig 2

Variable capacitors

(a) Polyester capacitor, (b) Ceramic capacitor, (c) Electrolytic capacitor

7 8

Fig 3 Fig 2

9 10

Charge in Capacitors Voltage Limit on a Capacitor

• The relation between the charge in plates and the voltage • Since q=Cv, the plate charge increases as the voltage
across a capacitor is given below. increases. The electric field intensity between two plates
q  Cv increases. If the voltage across the capacitor is so large that
the field intensity is large enough to break down the
q
insulation of the dielectric, the capacitor is out of work.
1F  1 C/V
Linear
Nonlinear Hence, every practical capacitor has a maximum limit on its
operating voltage.
v

11 12

2
 3/13/2015

I-V Relation of Capacitor Physical Meaning

+ i
dv
dq dv iC
q  Cv, i  C v C
+ i dt
C
dt dt -
v

- • when v is a constant voltage, then i=0; a constant voltage

across a capacitor creates no current through the capacitor,
the capacitor in this case is the same as an open circuit.
• If v is abruptly changed, then the current will have an infinite
value that is practically impossible. Hence, a capacitor is
impossible to have an abrupt change in its voltage except an
infinite current is applied.

13 14

Fig 7
dv 1 t +

C 
 v()  0 
i
• A capacitor is an open circuit to dc. iC v(t )  idt
• The voltage on a capacitor cannot change abruptly. dt v C

v(t ) 
1 t
C to
idt  v(to )  v(to)  q(to) / C  -

• The charge on a capacitor is an integration of

current through the capacitor. Hence, the memory
effect counts.

Abrupt change
15 16

Energy Storing in Capacitor Model of Practical Capacitor

dv
p  vi  Cv
dt
t t dv v (t ) 1
w   pdt  C  v dt  C v (  ) vdv  Cv 2 v (t )
v (  )
dt 2
1
w (t )  Cv 2
(t ) ( v (  )  0 ) + i
2 C
v

q 2 (t )
w (t )  -
2C

17 18

3
 3/13/2015

Example 1 Example 1

(a) Calculate the charge stored on a 3-pF capacitor with 20V Solution:
across it. (a) Since
q  Cv,
(b) Find the energy stored in the capacitor.
q  3  10 12  20  60pC
(b) The energy stored is

1
w  Cv 2
2
1
  3  10 12  400
2
 600pJ
19 20

Example 2 Example 3
• Determine the voltage across a 2-F capacitor if the
• The voltage across a 5- F capacitor is current through it is
v(t )  10 cos 6000t V
Calculate the current through it.
i (t )  6 e 3000 t mA
Solution: Assume that the initial capacitor voltage is zero.
• By definition, the current is Solution:
• Since v  1 t idt  v (0) and v(0)  0,
dv d C
0
iC  5  10 6 dt (10 cos 6000 t )
6e 3000t dt  10 3  3  10 e 3000t t
1 t 3
dt v 6 0
 5  10 6  6000 10 sin 6000 t  0.3 sin 6000 t A 2  10  3000 0

3000t
 (1  e )V
21 22

Example 4 Example 4

• Determine the current through a 200- F capacitor whose voltage is Solution:

shown in Fig 9. • The voltage waveform can be described mathematically as

 50t V 0  t 1
 100  50t V 1 t  3
v(t )  
 200  50t V 3t  4

 0 otherwise

23 24

4
 3/13/2015

Example 4 Example 4

• Since i = C dv/dt and C = 200 F, we take the derivative of to obtain

 50 0  t  1  10mA 0  t 1
6  50 1  t  3  10mA 1 t  3
i (t )  200  10   
50 3  t  4  10mA 3t  4
 
 0 otherwise  0 otherwise
• Thus the current waveform is shown in Fig 10.

25 26

Example 5 Example 5

• Obtain the energy stored in each capacitor in Fig. 12(a) under dc Solution:
condition. • Under dc condition, we replace each capacitor with an open circuit.
By current division,
3
i (6mA)  2mA
3 2 4
 v1  2000 i  4 V, v 2  4000i  8 V
1 1
 w1  C1v12  (2  10 3 )(4) 2  16mJ
2 2
1 1
w2  C2 v2  (4  10 3 )(8) 2  128mJ
2

2 2
27 28

Fig 14 3 Series and Parallel Capacitors

i  i1  i2  i3  ...  iN
dv dv dv dv
i  C1  C2  C3  ...  C N
dt dt dt dt
   C K   Ceq
N
dv dv
Ceq  C1  C 2  C3  ....  C N  k 1  dt dt
Ceq  C1  C2  C3  ....  C N

• The equivalent capacitance of N parallel-connected capacitors is the

sum of the individual capacitance.

29 30

5
 3/13/2015

Fig 15 Series Capacitors

v(t )  v1 (t )  v2 (t )  ...  v N (t )
1 t 1 1 1 1 t
Ceq  id  ( C

1
 
C 2 C3
 ... 
C N 
) id

q (t ) q (t ) q (t ) q (t )
  
Ceq C1 C2 CN
1

1

1

Ceq C1 C2 C3
1
 ... 
1
CN
• The equivalent capacitance of series-connected capacitors is the
reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the individual capacitances.

1 1 1 C1C2
  Ceq 
Ceq C1 C2 C1  C2

31 32

Summary Example 6

• These results enable us to look the capacitor in this • Find the equivalent capacitance seen between terminals a and b of
the circuit in Fig 16.
way: 1/C has the equivalent effect as the
resistance. The equivalent capacitor of capacitors
connected in parallel or series can be obtained via
this point of view, so is the Y-△ connection and its
transformation

33 34

Example 6 Example 7
Solution:

 20  F and 5  F capacitors are in series: • For the circuit in Fig 18, find the voltage across each capacitor.

20  5
  4 F
20  5
 4  F capacitor is in parallel with the 6  F
and 20  F capacitors:
 4  6  20  30 F
 30  F capacitor is in series with
the 60  F capacitor.
30  60
Ceq  F  20 F
30  60
35 36

6
 3/13/2015

Example 7 Example 7
Solution:
• Two parallel capacitors:
1
 Ceq  1 1 1 mF  10mF
 
• Total charge
60 30 20

q  Ceq v  10  10 3  30  0.3 C
• This is the charge on the 20-mF and 30-mF
capacitors, because they are in series with the 30-v
source. ( A crude way to see this is to imagine that
charge acts like current, since i = dq/dt)

37 38

Example 7 Joseph Henry (1979-1878)

• Therefore, q 0 .3
v1    15 V,
C1 20  10 3
q 0 .3
v2    10 V
C2 30  10 3

• Having determined v1 and v2, we now use KVL to determine

v3 by
v3  30  v1  v2  5V
• Alternatively, since the 40-mF and 20-mF capacitors are in
parallel, they have the same voltage v3 and their combined
capacitance is 40+20=60mF.
q 0 .3
 v3    5V
60mF 60  10 3 39 40

4 Inductors
Fig 22 N 2 A
L
• An inductor is made of a coil of conducting wire l
   r 0
 0  4  10 7 (H/m)
N 2 A
L N : number of turns.
l
l : length.
A:cross  sectional area.
 : permeability of the core

41 42

7
 3/13/2015

Fig 23 Flux in Inductors

• The relation between the flux in inductor and the
current through the inductor is given below.

(a)air-core   Li
(b) iron-core ψ Linear
(c) variable 1H  1 Weber/A Nonlinear

iron-core
i

43 44

I-V Relation of Inductors

Energy Storage Form
• An inductor consists of a i

• An inductor is a passive element designed to store coil of conducting wire. +

energy in the magnetic field while a capacitor d di

stores energy in the electric field. v L v
L
dt dt
-

45 46

Physical Meaning
• An inductor are like a short circuit to dc.
d di
v L • The current through an inductor cannot change
dt dt instantaneously.

• When the current through an inductor is a constant, Fig 25

then the voltage across the inductor is zero, same as a
short circuit.
• No abrupt change of the current through an inductor
is possible except an infinite voltage across the
inductor is applied.
• The inductor can be used to generate a high voltage,
for example, used as an igniting element.
47 48

8
 3/13/2015

Energy Stored in an Inductor

1 1 t
di 
L
vdt i
L 

v ( t ) dt
+
 di 
P  vi   L  i +
 dt 

w   pdt    L idt

v v
1 t di

L t t L
i v (t ) dt  i (to )
L to
-  dt  -
i (t ) 1 1
 L i (  ) i di  Li 2 (t )  Li 2 () i ()  0,
The inductor has memory. 2 2
• The energy stored in an inductor
1 2
w(t )  Li (t )
2
49 50

Model of a Practical Inductor Example 8

• The current through a 0.1-H inductor is i(t) = 10te-5t A.
Find the voltage across the inductor and the energy
stored in it.
Solution:
di
Since v  L and L  0.1H,
dt
d
v  0.1 (10te 5t )  e 5t  t (5)e 5t  e 5t (1  5t )V
dt
The energy stored is
1 1
w  Li 2  (0.1)100t 2 e 10t  5t 2 e 10t J
2 2
51 52

Example 9 Example 9
• Find the current through a 5-H inductor if the voltage The power p  vi  60t 5 , and the energy stored is then
across it is
30t 2 , t  0 5 t6 5
v(t )   w   pdt  0 60t 5 dt  60  156.25 kJ
 0, t0 60
Alternatively, we can obtain the energy stored using
• Also find the energy stored within 0 < t < 5s. Assume
i(0)=0. Eq.(13), by writing
Solution: 1 1
w(5)  w(0)  Li 2 (5)  Li (0)
1 t 2 2
Since i   v(t )dt  i(t0 ) and L  5H. 1
Lt 0
 (5)(2  5 )  0  156.25 kJ
3 2

1 t t3 2
i  0 30t 2 dt  0  6   2t 3 A as obtained before.
5 3
53 54

9
 3/13/2015

Example 10 Example 10
• Consider the circuit in Fig Solution:
(a). Under dc conditions, Under dc condition : capacitor  open circuit
find: inductor  short circuit
(a )
(a) i, vC, and iL. 12
i  iL   2 A, vc  5i  10 V
(b) the energy stored in 1 5
the capacitor and inductor.
(b ) 1 1
wc  Cvc  (1)(10 2 )  50J,
2

2 2
1 2 1
wL  Li  (2)(2 2 )  4J
2 2
55 56

Inductors in Series Inductors in Parallel

Leq  L1  L2  L3  ...  LN 1 1 1
  
Leq L1 L2
1
LN

57 58

5 Series and Parallel Inductors Parallel Inductors

• Using KCL, i  i1  i2  i3  ...  iN
• Applying KVL to the loop,
v  v1  v2  v3  ...  vN • But 1 t
ik  t vdt  ik (t0 )
Lk o

• Substituting vk = Lk di/dt results in 1 1 1 t

t vdt  i1 (t0 )  L t vdt  is (t0 )  ...  L t vdt  iN (t0 )
t t
di di di di i 
v  L1  L2  L3  ...  LN Lk 0 0 0
2 N

dt dt dt dt 1 1 1 t
di     ...   t vdt  i1 (t0 )  i2 (t0 )  ...  iN (t0 )
 ( L1  L2  L3  ...  LN )  L1 L2 LN  0

dt
   LK   Leq
N
di di N 1t N
1 t
    t vdt   ik (t0 )   vdt  i(t0 )
 K 1  dt dt  k 1 k 
L 0
k 1 Leq t 0

Leq  L1  L2  L3  ...  LN
59 60

10
 3/13/2015

Table 1

• The inductor in various connection has the same

effect as the resistor. Hence, the Y-Δ transformation
of inductors can be similarly derived.

61 62

Example 11 Example 11
• Find the equivalent inductance of the circuit shown • Solution:
in Fig. 31.
Series : 20H, 12H, 10H
 42H
7  42
Parallel :  6H
7  42
 Leq  4  6  8  18H

63 64

Practice Problem 11 Example 12

10t
• Find the circuit in Fig. 33, i (t )  4( 2  e )mA.
If i2 (0)  1 mA, find : (a) i1 (0)
(b) v(t ), v1 (t ), and v2 (t ); (c) i1 (t ) and i2 (t )

65 66

11
 3/13/2015

Example 12 Example 12
1 t
Solution: (c) i  0 v(t ) dt  i (0) 
L
(a ) i (t )  4(2  e 10t )mA  i (0)  4(2  1)  4mA. 1 t 120 t 10t
 i1 (0)  i (0)  i2 (0)  4  (1)  5mA i1 (t )  0 v2 dt  i1 (0)   e dt  5 mA
4 4 0
(b) The equivalent inductance is t
 3e 10t  5 mA  3e 10t  3  5  8  3e 10t mA
Leq  2  4 || 12  2  3  5H 0
1 t 120 t 10t
di i2 (t )  0 v2 dt  i2 (0)   e dt  1mA
 v(t )  Leq  5(4)(1)(10)e 10t mV  200e 10t mV 12 12 0
dt t
di
v1 (t )  2  2(4)(10)e 10t mV  80e 10t mV  e 10t  1mA  e 10t  1  1  e 10t mA
0
dt
 v2 (t )  v(t )  v1(t )  120e 10t mV Note that i1 (t )  i2 (t )  i (t )
67 68

12