 Lab report 01

i) General MATLAB Commands:

a. MATLAB Command: X=[1:15]
Output:

Details: Simple matrix generation

Ans: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

b. MATLAB Command: X=[1:2:18]

Output:

Details: single row matrix generation. [start: step: End]

Ans: 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17

c. MATLAB Command: Y=linspace(2,16,5)

Output:
 Details: Single row matrix generation. Formation by [start, end, no of data]

d. MATLAB Command: T=2*pi*100

Output:

Details: for MATLAB, π = pi, T=2 πf

e. MATLAB Command: sin(60*pi/180)

Output:

Details: MATLAB angle values are in Radians. Radians to Degree conversion-

180
Degree = * Radian
π

f. MATLAB Command: 100*exp(-6)

 Output:

Details: ‘exp’ means exponential; 100e-6

g. MATLAB Command: 20e-10

Output:

Details: ‘e’ denoted power of 10; 20 ∗ 10-10

h. MATLAB Command: (log10(100))^10

Output:

Details: Logarithm Command on MATLAB- logBasePower; Example: log 1010;

log10 means= loge10 (default)

i. MATLAB Command: (log2(10))^5

 Output:

Details: 2 Base Logarithm

j. MATLAB Command: (log(100))^10

Output:

Details: e Base Logarithm

k. MATLAB Command:
X= 0:2:16; Y=2*X;
T=linspace(0,2*pi*100);
X=sin(T); Y=cos(T);
plot(X)
plot(Y)
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(X)
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(Y)
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(X,Y)
 Output:

Details: plotting X and Y respect to T. Formation of subplot (Row, column,

position). Subplot:

1,1 1,2 1,3

2,1 2,2 2,3
3,1 3,2 3,3

i) Matlab Commands for Matrix:

a. Simple Matrix: a=[1,2,3;10,12,14;-7,-8,-9]
Output:

b. Matrix Operation:
A=[1 10 30 ; -50 -40 -60 ; 90 70 80 ];
B=[15 18 21 ; -12 20 24 ; 2 4 6];
C=[3 4 5 ; 25 -30 18; 14 27 39];
i) A+B+C
ii) A+B-C
 iii) A+B-C-10
iv) A/C
v) A*B*C
vi) 2*A
vii) A^2
vii) A.^2
Output:

c. Matrix Generation:
Matrix Operation: zeros(2,2); ones(3,3); rand(2,3)
 Output:

d. Transpose, Determinant and Inverse Matrix:

Matrix Operation: S=[10 9 8; 6 -6 -5; 4 3 2]
i) S'
ii) det(S)
iii) inv(S)
Output:

Details: Here,
W’=Transpose Matrix
det(W)=Determinant of W
inv(W)= inverse matrix of W

e. For Loop:
Matrix Operation:
 for i = 1:4:20
x = i^4
end

Output:

Details: For index = expression Statement group x

End
The output of this code: x = 1,25,81,169,289

f. Nested For Loop:

Matrix Operation:
m=3;
n=5;
for i=1:m
for j=1:n
f(i,j)=i;
end
end
f
 Output:

g. Logical Operator:
Matrix Operation:
x=4; y=6;
if x<1 & y<1
z=0
elseif x>1 & y<1
z=1
elseif x>1 | y<1
z=2
end

Output:

Details: Logical Operators with IF Else Statement:

Symbol Meaning & AND, | OR, ~ NOT
The output of this code: z = 2
h. Solving Linear Equation:
Matrix Operation: 12x + 20y − 18z = 0
−2x + 4y − 15z = 9
3x - 3y − 3z = -6
 Method 1:
A=[12 20 -1;-2 1 -15; 1 1 -1];
b=[0;-9;-6];
x=inv(A)*b
x=A\b
Output:

 Method 2
syms x y z
[x,y,z]=solve([12*x+20*y-z==0,-2*x+y-15*z==-9,x+y-z==-6],[x,y,z])
Output:
Student Works:
1. Think about A and B are the last two digits of your ID-

B
a. sin(AB°) + cot(BA°) + tan-1 + Be-BA + A*10-A + (log10B)AB + (logeBA)A
A

Solution: As my ID is 222901002. Here, A=0 & B=2

Output:

2. Solve the following equation-

a. 17x1+2x2+1x3+5x4=4

5x1+6x2+7x3+1x4=-1

9x1-10x2+11x3+12x4=10

13x1+14x2+15x3-9x4= 6
Output:

Report Questions:
1
1. sin(225°) + cot(30°) + tan-1( ) + 10e-10 + 9*10-2 + (log1010)3 + (loge10)5
2

Output:

2. Try the following commands for the matrix W

10 −12 30
W = 55 95 200
−70 5 2

A=W(3,2)
B=W(1,1)

C=W(3,3)

D=W(2,2)

E=A+B

F = √ ln ⁡∨C−D∨¿ ¿ + sin (B)

Output:

 Lab report 02
clc;
clear all;
close all;
% Continuous-Time Step Signal
t = -5:0.01:5; % Time vector (continuous domain)
u_t = t >= 0; % Unit step function
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t, u_t, 'b', 'LineWidth', 2);
xlabel('Time (t)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Continuous-Time Unit Step Signal');
grid on;
axis([-5 5 -0.2 1 2]);

% Discrete-Time Step Signal

n = -5:5; % Discrete time vector (integer values)
u_n = n >= 0; % Unit step function (discrete)
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(n, u_n, 'b', 'LineWidth', 2);
xlabel('n (Discrete Time)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Discrete-Time Unit Step Signal');
grid on;
axis([-5 5 -0.2 1 2]);

% Continuous-Time Ramp Signal

t = -0.3:0.1:0.3; % Time vector (continuous domain)
r_t = t .* (t >= 0); % Ramp function: r(t) = t for t >= 0, 0 for t < 0
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t, r_t, 'b', 'LineWidth', 2); % Blue line with width 2
xlabel('Time (t)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Continuous-Time Ramp Signal');
grid on;
axis([-5 5 -0.2 1 2]);

% Discrete-Time Ramp Signal

t = -5:10; % Time vector (discrete domain)
r_t = t .* (t >= 0); % Ramp function: r(t) = t for t >= 0, 0 for t < 0
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(t, r_t, 'b', 'LineWidth', 2); % Blue line with width 2
xlabel('Time (t)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Discrete-Time Ramp Signal');
grid on;
axis([-5 5 -0.2 1 2]);

% Continuous-Time Impulse Signal

t = -5:0.01:5; % Time vector (continuous domain)
i_t = (t == 0); % Impulse at t = 0, approximated as 1 at t=0 and 0
elsewhere
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t, i_t, 'r', 'LineWidth', 2); % Red line with width 2
xlabel('Time (t)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Continuous-Time Impulse Signal');
grid on;
axis([-5 5 -0.2 1 2]);

% Discrete Pulse Signal

t = -0.5:0.1:0.5; % Time vector (discrete domain)
i_t = (t == 0); % Impulse at t = 0, approximated as 1 at t=0 and 0
elsewhere
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(t, i_t, 'r', 'LineWidth', 2); % Red line with width 2
xlabel('Time (t)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Discrete-Time Impulse Signal');
grid on;
axis([-5 5 -0.2 1 2]);

 Lab report 03
%signal addition

n = 0:5;
x1 = [1 2 3 4 5 6];
x2 = [6 5 4 3 2 1];
y = x1 + x2;
stem(n, y);

%multiplication of two discrete signal

n = 0:5;
x1 = [1 2 3 4 5 6];
x2 = [6 5 4 3 2 1];
y = x1 ./ x2;
stem(n, y);

%multiplication by scalar value discrete signal

n = 0:5;
x1 = [1 2 3 4 5 6];
dsp = 2;
y = dsp * x1;
stem(n, y);

%time shifting

n = 0:5;
x1 = [1 2 3 4 5 6];
shift = 2;
n_shifted = n + shift;
stem(n_shifted, x1);

%folding

n = 0:5;
x1 = [1 2 3 4 5 6];
n_folding = -n;
stem(n_folding, x1);
xlabel('n'); ylabel('Amplitude'); title('Folding of sequence');
grid on;

%Sample Summation

x = [1 2 3 4 5 6];
sum_x = sum(x);
disp(['Summation of samples: ', num2str(sum_x)]);

%Sample Multiplication

x = [1 2 3 4 5 6];
prod_x = prod(x);
disp(['Multiplication of samples: ', num2str(prod_x)]);

 Lab report 04
Converting a Continuous Time Signal into a Discrete Time Signal:

Input Code:

clc;
clear all;

fm = 10;%Signal Frequency(Hz)
fs_good = 40;%Proper Sampling(fs>2*fm)
fs_bad = 15;%Undwesampling(fs<2*fm)
t = 0:0.001:0.5;%Continuous time
x = cos(2*pi*fm*t);%Original signal

%Sampling at Nyquist Rate

n1 = 0:1/fs_good:0.5;
x1 = cos(2*pi*fm*n1);

%Undersampling(Aliasing)
n2 = 0:1/fs_bad:0.5;
x2 = cos(2*pi*fm*n2);
%Plot Results
figure;
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t, x, 'b'); title('Original Continuous-Time Signal'); xlabel('Time'); ylabel('Amplitude'); grid
on;
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(n1, x1, 'r', 'filled'); title('Proper Sampling(fs>2fm)'); xlabel('Time'); ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(n2, x2, 'g','filled'); title('Alising(fs<2fm)'); xlabel('Time'); ylabel('Amplitude'); grid on;

Output:

Converting that Discrete Time Signal to Continuous Time Signal:

Input Code:

clc;
clear all;

fm = 10;%Original Signal Frequency(Hz)

fs = 40;%Sampling frequency(fs>2*fm to satisfy Nyquist theorem)
t = 0:0.001:0.5;%Continuous time
x = cos(2*pi*fm*t);%Original continuous time signal

%Sampling
n = 0:1/fs:1;%Sampled points
x_sampled=cos(2*pi*fm*n);%sampled signal

%Reconstruction using Sinc Interpolation

t_interp = linspace(0,1,1000);%High-resolution time vector
x_recon = sinc_interpolation(n, x_sampled, t_interp, fs);%Reconstructed signal

%Plot Results
figure;
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t, x, 'b'); title('Original Continuous-Time Signal'); xlabel('Time'); ylabel('Amplitude'); grid
on;
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(n, x_sampled, 'r', 'filled'); title('Sampled Signal(Discrete Time)'); xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude'); grid on;
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t_interp, x_recon, 'g'); title('Reconstructed Signal using Sins Interpolation'); xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude'); grid on;

%Function for Sinc Interpolation

function y = sinc_interpolation(n, x, t, fs)
y = zeros(size(t)); %Initialize output signal
for i = 1:length(n)
y = y + x(i) * sinc((t - n(i))*fs); %Apply sinc function
end
end

Output:
Student Works:

Consider an analog signal xa(t) = sin(20πt), 0 ≤ t ≤ 1. It is sampled at Ts = 0.01, 0.03, 0.05

and 0.1 sec intervals to obtain x(n). For each Ts plot x(n). Reconstruct the analog signal
ya(t) from the samples x(n) using the sinc interpolation (use ∆t = 0.001) and determine the
frequency in ya(t) from your plot. Comment on your results.

Input code:

clc;
clear all;

fm = 10; % Original Signal Frequency

fs = 40; % Sampling frequency (fs > 2*fm)
t = 0:0.001:1;
x = sin(2*pi*fm*t); % Original continuous-time signal

% Sampling
n = 0:1/fs:1;
x_sampled = sin(2*pi*fm*n); % Sampled signal (discrete-time)

% Reconstruction using Sinc Interpolation

t_interp = linspace(0, 1, 1000);
x_recon = sinc_interpolation(n, x_sampled, t_interp, fs);
% Plot Results
figure;

subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t, x, 'b');
title('Original Continuous-Time Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;

subplot(3,1,2);
stem(n, x_sampled, 'r', 'filled');
title('Sampled Signal (Discrete Time)');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;

subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t_interp, x_recon, 'g');
title('Reconstructed Signal using Sinc Interpolation');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;

% Function for Sinc Interpolation

function y = sinc_interpolation(n, x, t, fs)
y = zeros(size(t));
for i = 1:length(n)
y = y + x(i) * sinc((t - n(i)) * fs);
end
end

Output: