1.

Types of Structures and Loads

1. TYPES OF STRUCTURES AND LOADS

CIEN
CIEN 306
3144STRUCTURAL
STRUCTURALTHEORY
THEORY 1
Prepared by Engr. Melvin G. Singayan
 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 INTRODUCTION

Structure - a system of connected parts used to support a load.

Important examples: Important to account:

‣ Buildings ‣ Safety
‣ Bridges ‣ Esthetics
‣ Towers ‣ Serviceability
‣ Economic constraints
‣ Environmental
constraints

CIEN
CIEN 306
3144STRUCTURAL
STRUCTURALTHEORY
THEORY 1
Prepared by Engr. Melvin G. Singayan
 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES

Structural Elements

TIE RODS
- structural members subjected to tensile force

rod bar

angle channel

CIEN
CIEN 306
3144STRUCTURAL
STRUCTURALTHEORY
THEORY 1
Prepared by Engr. Melvin G. Singayan
 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES

Structural Elements

TIE RODS
- structural members subjected to tensile force

CIEN
CIEN 306
3144STRUCTURAL
STRUCTURALTHEORY
THEORY 1
Prepared by Engr. Melvin G. Singayan
 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES

Structural Elements

BEAMS
- usually straight horizontal members used primarily to carry vertical
loads

simply supported beam cantilever beam

fixed-supported beam continuous beam

CIEN
CIEN 306
3144STRUCTURAL
STRUCTURALTHEORY
THEORY 1
Prepared by Engr. Melvin G. Singayan
 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES

Structural Elements

BEAMS
- usually straight horizontal members used primarily to carry vertical
loads

CIEN
CIEN 306
3144STRUCTURAL
STRUCTURALTHEORY
THEORY 1
Prepared by Engr. Melvin G. Singayan
 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES

Structural Elements

COLUMNS
- members that are generally vertical and resist axial compressive
loads (and bending)

CIEN
CIEN 306
3144STRUCTURAL
STRUCTURALTHEORY
THEORY 1
Prepared by Engr. Melvin G. Singayan
 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES

Structural Elements

COLUMNS
- members that are generally vertical and resist axial compressive
loads (and bending)

CIEN
CIEN 306
3144STRUCTURAL
STRUCTURALTHEORY
THEORY 1
Prepared by Engr. Melvin G. Singayan
 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES

Types of Structures

TRUSS
- structures that consist of two-force members only, where the
members are organized so that the assemblage as a whole behaves
as a single object.

compression

tension

CIEN
CIEN 306
3144STRUCTURAL
STRUCTURALTHEORY
THEORY 1
Prepared by Engr. Melvin G. Singayan
 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES

Types of Structures

TRUSS
- structures that consist of two-force members only, where the
members are organized so that the assemblage as a whole behaves
as a single object.

CIEN
CIEN 306
3144STRUCTURAL
STRUCTURALTHEORY
THEORY 1
Prepared by Engr. Melvin G. Singayan
 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES

Types of Structures

CABLES
- structures that are usually flexible and carry their loads in tension.
Unlike tension ties, however, the external load is not applied along
the axis of the cable, and consequently the cable takes a form that
has a defined sag.

CIEN
CIEN 306
3144STRUCTURAL
STRUCTURALTHEORY
THEORY 1
Prepared by Engr. Melvin G. Singayan
 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES

Types of Structures

CABLES
- structures that are usually flexible and carry their loads in tension.
Unlike tension ties, however, the external load us not applied along
the axis of the cable, and consequently the cable takes a form that
has a defined sag.

CIEN
CIEN 306
3144STRUCTURAL
STRUCTURALTHEORY
THEORY 1
Prepared by Engr. Melvin G. Singayan
 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES

Types of Structures

ARCHES
- structures that achieve its strength in compression. Arches must be
rigid, however, in order to maintain their shape, and this results in
secondary loadings involving shear and moment.

CIEN
CIEN 306
3144STRUCTURAL
STRUCTURALTHEORY
THEORY 1
Prepared by Engr. Melvin G. Singayan
 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES

Types of Structures

ARCHES
- structures that achieve its strength in compression. Arches must be
rigid, however, in order to maintain their shape, and this results in
secondary loadings involving shear and moment.

CIEN
CIEN 306
3144STRUCTURAL
STRUCTURALTHEORY
THEORY 1
Prepared by Engr. Melvin G. Singayan
 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES

Types of Structures

FRAMES
- often used in buildings and re composed of beams and columns that
are either pin or fixed connected.

CIEN
CIEN 306
3144STRUCTURAL
STRUCTURALTHEORY
THEORY 1
Prepared by Engr. Melvin G. Singayan
 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES

Types of Structures

FRAMES
- often used in buildings and are composed of beams and columns
that are either pin or fixed connected.

CIEN
CIEN 306
3144STRUCTURAL
STRUCTURALTHEORY
THEORY 1
Prepared by Engr. Melvin G. Singayan
 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES

Types of Structures

SURFACE STRUCTURE
- made from a material having very small thickness compared to its
other dimensions.

CIEN
CIEN 306
3144STRUCTURAL
STRUCTURALTHEORY
THEORY 1
Prepared by Engr. Melvin G. Singayan
 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 LOADS

Design Codes

National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) 2015

Volume I – Buildings, Towers, and Other Vertical Structures

National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP)

Volume II – Bridges

DPWH Design Guidelines, Criteria, and Standards 2015

Volume 5 – Bridge Design
Volume 6 – Public Buildings and Other Related Structures

CIEN
CIEN 306
3144STRUCTURAL
STRUCTURALTHEORY
THEORY 1
Prepared by Engr. Melvin G. Singayan
 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 LOADS

Dead Loads

Dead loads consists of the weights of the various structural members

and the weight of any objects that are permanently attached to the
structure.

CIEN
CIEN 306
3144STRUCTURAL
STRUCTURALTHEORY
THEORY 1
Prepared by Engr. Melvin G. Singayan
 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 LOADS

Dead Loads

CIEN
CIEN 306
3144STRUCTURAL
STRUCTURALTHEORY
THEORY 1
Prepared by Engr. Melvin G. Singayan
 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 LOADS

Dead Loads

CIEN
CIEN 306
3144STRUCTURAL
STRUCTURALTHEORY
THEORY 1
Prepared by Engr. Melvin G. Singayan
 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 LOADS

Sample Problem No. 1

A floor beam is used to support the 1.83 m width of a reinforced

concrete slab having a thickness of 102 mm. The slab serves as a
portion of the ceiling for the floor below, and therefore its bottom is
coated with plaster. Furthermore, a 2.44-m high, 305-mm thick
lightweight solid concrete block wall is directly over the top flange of
the beam. Determine the loading on the beam measured per meter
length of the beam.

CIEN
CIEN 306
3144STRUCTURAL
STRUCTURALTHEORY
THEORY 1
Prepared by Engr. Melvin G. Singayan
 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 LOADS

Sample Problem No. 1

Concrete slab:
305 mm
(23.6 kN/m3) (0.102m) (1.83m) = 4.405 kN/m

Plaster ceiling:
(0.24 kN/m2) (1.83m) = 0.439 kN/m
2.44 m
Block wall:
(16.5 kN/m3) (2.44m) (0.305m) = 12.28 kN/m
__________

102 mm Total Load = 17.124 kN/m

0.915 m
0.915 m

CIEN
CIEN 306
3144STRUCTURAL
STRUCTURALTHEORY
THEORY 1
Prepared by Engr. Melvin G. Singayan
 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 LOADS

Live Loads

Live loads can vary both in their magnitude and location. They may be
caused by the weight of objects temporarily placed on a structure,
moving vehicles, or natural forces.

CIEN
CIEN 306
3144STRUCTURAL
STRUCTURALTHEORY
THEORY 1
Prepared by Engr. Melvin G. Singayan
 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 LOADS

Wind Loads

When structures block the flow of wind, the wind’s kinetic energy is
converted into potential energy of pressure, which causes a wind
loading.

CIEN
CIEN 306
3144STRUCTURAL
STRUCTURALTHEORY
THEORY 1
Prepared by Engr. Melvin G. Singayan
 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 LOADS

Wind Loads

CIEN
CIEN 306
3144STRUCTURAL
STRUCTURALTHEORY
THEORY 1
Prepared by Engr. Melvin G. Singayan
 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 LOADS

Earthquake Loads

Earthquakes produce loadings on a structure through its interaction

with the ground and its response characteristics. These loadings result
from the structure’s distortion caused by the ground’s motion and the
lateral resistance of the structure.

CIEN
CIEN 306
3144STRUCTURAL
STRUCTURALTHEORY
THEORY 1
Prepared by Engr. Melvin G. Singayan
 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 LOADS

Earthquake Loads

CIEN
CIEN 306
3144STRUCTURAL
STRUCTURALTHEORY
THEORY 1
Prepared by Engr. Melvin G. Singayan
 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 LOADS

Hydrostatic and Soil Pressure

When structures are used to retain water, soil, or granular materials, the
pressure developed by these loadings becomes an important criterion
for their designs.

CIEN
CIEN 306
3144STRUCTURAL
STRUCTURALTHEORY
THEORY 1
Prepared by Engr. Melvin G. Singayan
 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 LOADS

Hydrostatic and Soil Pressure

When structures are used to retain water, soil, or granular materials, the
pressure developed by these loadings becomes an important criterion
for their designs.

CIEN
CIEN 306
3144STRUCTURAL
STRUCTURALTHEORY
THEORY 1
Prepared by Engr. Melvin G. Singayan
 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 LOADS

Other Natural Loads

Several other types of live loads may also have to be considered in the
design of a structure, depending on its location or use. These include
the effect of blast, temperature changes, and differential settlement of
the foundation.

CIEN
CIEN 306
3144STRUCTURAL
STRUCTURALTHEORY
THEORY 1
Prepared by Engr. Melvin G. Singayan
 1. Types of Structures and Loads

 STRUCTURAL DESIGN

Load Combinations

Whenever a structure is designed, it is important to give consideration

to both material and load uncertainties.

CIEN
CIEN 306
3144STRUCTURAL
STRUCTURALTHEORY
THEORY 1
Prepared by Engr. Melvin G. Singayan