ZERAKI ACHIEVERS’ EXAMINATIONS 13.

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Term 2 - 2024
GEOGRAPHY PP1 MARKING SCHEME
FORM FOUR (4)

Name: …………………………………………………………. Adm No: ……………….

School: ……………………………………………………….. Class: …………………..
Signature: …………………………………………………….. Date: …………………...

1. (a) Define the term rock.

 This is an aggregate of mineral particles forming part of the earth’s crust. 1×2 = 2 marks
(b) Give three ways in which rocks are classified.
 Igneous
 Sedimentary
 Metamorphic 3×1 = 3 marks
2. (a) Name two examples of prevailing winds in the northern hemisphere.
 North east trade winds
 South west westerlies
 North east polar winds/north easterlies 2×1 = 2 marks
(b) State three factors that influence the amount of solar radiation reaching the earth’s surface.

 The intensity of the sun’s radiation in the space

 The transparency of the atmosphere
 The position of the earth on its orbit which produces different seasons.
 The inclination or angle of the earth’s surface on which the sun’s rays fall.
 The area/ nature of the surface on which the rays fall. 3×1 = 3 marks
3. (a) What is a volcano?
 This is a mountain or hill formed by eruption of magma through a central vent or pipe
1×2 = 2 marks
(b) State three ways through which volcanic mountains influence the drainage of an area.
 Some mountains are sources of rivers
 Some mountains have craters on their tops forming crater lakes
 Rivers formed on mountain slopes form parallel/radial drainage patterns
 Some mountain tops have glacial lakes
3×1 = 3 marks
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4. (a) The diagram below shows a type of delta formed in the lower course of a river.

(i) Identify the type of delta shown in the diagram.

 Arcuate delta 1×1 = 1 mark
(ii) Name the parts marked A and B.
 A – Lagoon lake
 B – Alluvium/alluvial deposits 2×1 = 2 marks
(b) State three conditions that contribute to the formation of deltas.

 River must have a large load of sediments to be deposited at the mouth.

 River should be flowing slowly on entering the mouth to facilitate deposition
 River’s load should be deposited faster than it can be removed by ocean currents and
tides.
 Absence of obstacles (lakes, swamps) in the river’s course which would filter sediments.
 Calm sea/absence of strong waves that would carry deposited materials further into the
sea
 Shallow continental shelf/shore. 3×1 = 3 marks

5. State four ways in which human activities contribute to soil erosion.

 Cultivation on steep slopes/river banks increases rate of river erosion
 Shifting cultivation/bush fallowing leave the land bare
 Cutting down trees exposes the soil to agents of erosion
 Continuous ploughing weakens the soil structure hence easily eroded
 Overgrazing removes the protective grass cover exposing the soil to agents of erosion
 Overstocking leads to animals trampling on the top soil thus loosening the particles
4×1 = 4 marks

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6. Study the map of Mumias Sheet 101/2 (1:50,000) provided and answer the following questions.
(a) (i) Give the longitudinal extent of the area covered by the map.
'
4.7 ×5
 18.5cm ≈ 5’ → 4.7cm =? = 1.27’
18.5
 34019’E to 34030’E 1×2 = 2 marks
(ii) What is the approximate altitude of Bumala dam?
 1240m 1×2 = 2 marks
(iii) Identify three human features found in grid square 5640.
 Huts
 Buildings
 All weather road – loose surface/C 528/2
 Motorable/main track
 Other tracks/foot path 3×1 = 3 marks
(b) (i) What is the magnetic variation of the map?
 20 19’ 1×1 = 1 mark
(ii) Measure the length in kilometres of the road C532 from the bridge to Musanda.
 7.8±0.1km 1×2 = 2 marks
(iii) Give three drainage features found in the area covered by the map.
 Rivers
 Dams
 Seasonal swamps
 Papyrus swamp 3×1 = 3 marks
(c) Describe the distribution of vegetation in the area covered by the map.
 There is woodland vegetation in the western part of Mumias
 There are riverine trees in the north western part of the map
 The south eastern part is dominated by scattered trees
 There is papyrus vegetation in the south eastern part.
 There is scrub vegetation in the northern part. 3×2 = 6 marks
(d) Citing evidence from the map, identify three social services offered in Mumias area.
 Education – several schools/teacher training school
 Medical services – Mill Hill Mission hospital/dispensary
 Religion – convent
 Residential – houses/buildings 3×2 = 6 marks

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7. (a) (i) Define the term folding.
 This is the process through which crustal rocks bend upwards or downwards due to
compressional forces. 1×2 = 2 marks
(ii) Give three types of folds.
 Simple symmetrical folds
 Asymmetrical/monoclinal folds
 Overfold
 Recumbent folds
 Nappe/overthrust fold
 Isoclinal folds
 Anticlinorium and synclinorium complex 3×1 = 3 marks
(b) The following map shows the distribution of some the fold mountains of the world.

(i) Identify the mountains marked C, D and E.

 C – Rockies
 D – Appalachians
 E – Himalayas 3×1 = 3 marks
(ii) Give the orogenies of Cape ranges and Atlas Mountains.
 Cape Ranges – Hercynian orogeny
 Atlas Mountains – Alpine orogeny 2×1 = 2 marks

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 (c) Describe how fold mountains were formed through the following theories;
(i) Convectional currents theory
 Convectional currents in the mantle cause frictional drag with the crust
 The crust moves along with the currents
 The crustal rocks are pulled towards each other, the sediments between them are squeezed to
form fold mountains. 4×1 = 4 marks
(ii) Plate tectonics theory
 Two tectonic plates meet at a compressional boundary
 Heavy oceanic plate sinks and is destroyed by hot magma
 The continental plate is wrinkled to form fold mountains 3×1 = 3 marks
(d) Explain four significance folding to human activities.
 Resultant features of folding such as fold mountains/intermontane plateaus attract tourists
thus earning foreign exchange to the country.
 Fold mountains receive heavy rainfall on their windward sides which supports dense
forest which provide valuable timber for making furniture/building
 Folding can result in rock metamorphism which can lead to the formation of valuable
minerals such as coal, petroleum.
 Folding can also expose deeply seated minerals (Gold, tin) making their mining easy.
 Rivers originating from fold mountains are a source of water for domestic, farming and
industrial purposes.
 Heavy rainfall on windward slopes of fold mountains encourages agriculture and
settlement 4×2 = 8 marks

8. (a) (i) Give three human activities that influence climate.

 Afforestation
 Construction of dams
 Development of settlements
 Industrialization
 Agriculture
 Clearing of forests 3×1 = 3 marks

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 (ii) Identify two features that have modified climate in Kenya.
 Lake Victoria
 Indian Ocean
 Kenya highlands 2×1 = 2 marks

(b) Describe the characteristics of equatorial climate.

 High temperatures throughout the year
 Small annual temperature range
 Small diurnal temperature range
 Thick cloud cover
 High annual rainfall
 Double maxima of rainfall
 Rainfall throughout the year
 Rainfall is mainly convectional
 High humidity 5×1 = 5 marks
(c) (i) What is climate change?
 Variations in the average conditions of weather over a long period of time.
1×2 = 2 marks
(ii) Explain four effects of climate change.
 Global warming will lead to melting of mountain glaciers in the tropical and temperate
latitudes
 Melting of ice in high latitude and polar areas during global warming is expected to release
the carbon (IV) oxide trapped inside the ice contributing to greenhouse effect.
 Rise in the sea temperatures as well as the release of more melt water from the glaciers as a
result of global warming will lead to flooding of low-lying coastal regions and islands.
 Increased rainfall in the already wetter areas while semi-arid areas become drier.
 Shifting of crop growing areas as some areas once cool become hot e.g. wheat growing areas
in Russia, Canada would shift towards the North Pole.
 City/urban environments would become hotter due to concentration of more carbons in the
immediate atmosphere (Urban heat islands)
 Changes in the natural ecosystems as more animals become extinct.
 Increased carbon (IV) oxide levels would result in most plants growing faster and bigger.
 Weeds would become a menace as they grow faster since carbon (IV) oxide is a natural
fertilizer.
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  Increased ultraviolet rays will affect human, animal and plant life in many ways such as
increased sunburn, slow blindness, skin cancer
4×2 = 8 marks

(d) Members of your class carried out a field study on a nearby weather station.
(i) Give three reasons why you prepared a working schedule.
 To remain within the scope of the study.
 To give the entire estimate of time required for the study.
 It gives room for assessing the field study whilst in progress.
 It ensures completion of the field study within the stipulated times.
 It ensures no activity is forgotten during the field study 3×1 = 3 marks
(ii) State two problems that may have hindered accurate data collection during the study.
 Use of defective weather instruments which are mainly improvised.
 Human error in setting up and reading the values from the instruments.
 Interference/ tampering of instruments by students.
 Poor siting of the weather station. 2×1 = 2 marks

9. (a) (i) Give two sources of underground water.

 Rain water
 Melt water
 Lake or sea
 Magmatic or plutonic water 2×1 = 2 marks
(ii) State ways in which vegetation cover influence occurrence of underground water.
 Vegetation cover increases the rate of infiltration
 Vegetation reduces the speed of surface run-off allowing for infiltration
 Presence of vegetation increases the retention of ground water by providing shade
 Regions with little vegetation cover experience more surface run-off reducing infiltration
2×1 = 2 marks
(b) Explain four importance of underground water.
 Springs are sources of many rivers e.g. Yala that provides water for domestic/industrial/
irrigation

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  Wells/boreholes/oases also provide water for domestic/industrial uses
 A line of springs at the foot of an escarpment can attract settlements.
 At the mouth of hot springs, valuable minerals salts may be deposited and mined to earn
income/create employment opportunities
 In areas under volcanic influence, underground water is heated to form geysers and hot
springs that are sources of geothermal power/tourists’ attraction. 4×2 = 8 marks

(c) (i) Apart from stalagmites, give two other underground features formed in limestone areas.
 Stalactites
 Caves/caverns
 Limestone pillars
 Underground streams 2×1 = 2 marks
(ii) With the aid of a diagram, describe how a stalagmite is formed.
 Rainwater dissolves CO2 in the atmosphere forming weak carbonic acid
 The weak carbonic percolates through the limestone rocks dissolving calcium carbonate
 Calcium hydrogen carbonate drips to the floor of the cave
 Some of the water and CO2 are released leaving behind deposits of calcium carbonate
 Calcium carbonate deposits build upwards from the floor of the cave to form projections
called stalagmites.

Text – 5 marks Diagram – 3 marks

(d) Give three reasons why there are few settlements in karst landscape.
 The areas are rocky/ have a rugged surface.

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  They have thin soils
 There is inadequate water supply/lack adequate water supply 3×1 = 3 marks

10. (a) (i) What is glaciation?

 This is the process by which moving ice erodes, transports and deposits materials on the
earth’s surface 1×2 = 2 marks
(ii) Give three types of glaciers.
 Valley glacier
 Cirque glacier
 Piedmont glacier
 Ice sheets/ice caps 3×1 = 3 marks
(b) Explain three factors that influence movement of ice.
 Gradient of the land; ice moves faster on steep slopes compared to on gentle slopes
because the effect of gravity is greater on steep slopes.
 Season. Movement of ice is faster during summer than in winter since thawing that
facilitates movement is more frequent in summer.
 Friction between the ice and ground surface. The centre parts of a glacier tend to move
faster compared to the sides and bottom since there is greater resistance due to friction
with the rocks at the bottom and sides.
 Thickness and weight of ice. Thick masses of ice exert great pressure on the layers below,
inducing slight melting and therefore faster movement/Thick and heavy glaciers are likely
to move faster 3×2 = 6 marks
(c) The diagram below shows some features formed by glacial erosion in highlands.

(i) Identify the features labeled J, K and L.

 J – tarn/Corrie Lake
 K – aretes
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  L – pyramidal peak/horn 3×1 = 3 marks
(ii) Describe how a cirque is formed.
 Snow accumulates in a shallow pre-existing depression on a mountain slope
 Snow gets compacted into ice to form cirque glacier
 Freeze-thaw action erodes the depression and enlarges it
 Plucking erodes the sides of the depression widening it and making its sides steep
 Abrasion at the bottom deepens the depression
 A deep arm-chair shaped depression known as a cirque is formed. 5×1 = 5 marks

(d) Explain three positive effects of glaciation in lowland areas.

 Outwash plains and tills are at times very fertile thus leading to the development of
agriculture
 Sand for building and construction can be harvested from outwash plains/ kames and eskers
 Glacial lakes found in lowland areas can be exploited for fishing /transportation
 Glacial features such as drumlins/eskers are tourist attractions
 Glaciated lowlands have gentle slopes ideal for settlement 3×2 = 6 marks

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