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CORRECTION OF ATMOSPHERIC HAZE IN RESOURCESAT-1 LISS-4 MX DATA FOR

The paper discusses an Improved Dark Object Subtraction method for correcting atmospheric haze in Resourcesat-1 LISS-4 multispectral satellite images, particularly for urban analysis. It highlights the significance of accurately determining haze values across different spectral bands and demonstrates that the Improved method yields more realistic results compared to the Simple Dark Object Subtraction method. The study focuses on Raipur City, emphasizing the importance of atmospheric correction in urban land use mapping and change detection.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
6 views6 pages

CORRECTION OF ATMOSPHERIC HAZE IN RESOURCESAT-1 LISS-4 MX DATA FOR

The paper discusses an Improved Dark Object Subtraction method for correcting atmospheric haze in Resourcesat-1 LISS-4 multispectral satellite images, particularly for urban analysis. It highlights the significance of accurately determining haze values across different spectral bands and demonstrates that the Improved method yields more realistic results compared to the Simple Dark Object Subtraction method. The study focuses on Raipur City, emphasizing the importance of atmospheric correction in urban land use mapping and change detection.

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Correction of atmospheric haze in resourcesat-1 LISS-4 mx data for urban


analysis: An Improved Dark Object Subtraction approach

Article in The International Archives of the Photogrammetry Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences · September 2013
DOI: 10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-1-W3-283-2013

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International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XL-1/W3, 2013
SMPR 2013, 5 – 8 October 2013, Tehran, Iran

CORRECTION OF ATMOSPHERIC HAZE IN RESOURCESAT-1 LISS-4 MX DATA FOR


URBAN ANALYSIS: AN IMPROVED DARK OBJECT SUBTRACTION APPROACH

Sk. Mustak

Research Scholar (Ph.D.), School of Studies in Geography


Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India,
[email protected]

KEY WORDS: Atmospheric Haze, Multispectral, Dark Object, Urban Analysis.

ABSTRACT:

The correction of atmospheric effects is very essential because visible bands of shorter wavelength are highly affected by atmospheric
scattering especially of Rayleigh scattering. The objectives of the paper is to find out the haze values present in the all spectral bands and
to correct the haze values for urban analysis. In this paper, Improved Dark Object Subtraction method of P. Chavez (1988) is applied for
the correction of atmospheric haze in the Resoucesat-1 LISS-4 multispectral satellite image. Dark object Subtraction is a very simple
image-based method of atmospheric haze which assumes that there are at least a few pixels within an image which should be black
(% reflectance) and such black reflectance termed as dark object which are clear water body and shadows whose DN values zero (0) or
Close to zero in the image. Simple Dark Object Subtraction method is a first order atmospheric correction but Improved Dark Object
Subtraction method which tends to correct the Haze in terms of atmospheric scattering and path radiance based on the power law of
relative scattering effect of atmosphere. The haze values extracted using Simple Dark Object Subtraction method for Green band
(Band2), Red band (Band3) and NIR band (band4) are 40, 34 and 18 but the haze values extracted using Improved Dark Object
Subtraction method are 40, 18.02 and 11.80 for aforesaid bands. Here it is concluded that the haze values extracted by Improved Dark
Object Subtraction method provides more realistic results than Simple Dark Object Subtraction method.

1 INTRODUCTION function of relative scattering effects of atmosphere. Finally, all


predicted haze values should be adjusted with sensor calibration
The remotely sensed data is widely used in natural resource gain and offset parameters to get the realistic result. Here it is
management and planning. The correction of atmospheric effects concluded that the haze values extracted by Improved Dark
is very essential because visible bands of shorter wavelength are Object Subtraction method provides more realistic results than
highly affected by atmospheric scattering especially of Rayleigh Simple Dark Object Subtraction method. If the Simple Dark
scattering which is caused by suspended gases, water vapour and Object Subtraction method is applied for the correction of
aerosols. The atmospheric effects mostly found in the polluted atmospheric haze effects from the image then there shall be
urban area in the great extent, in this regards Raipur City is not chances of overcorrection of pixel values. Therefore, haze values
exceptional. In this paper, Improved Dark Object Subtraction extracted by Improved Dark Object Subtraction method are
method of P. Chavez (1988) is applied for the correction of subtracted from each spectral band using condition programme in
atmospheric haze in the high resolution (GSD 5.8 m) Resoucesat- modeler tool of Erdas imagine image processing software.
1 LISS-4 multispectral satellite for Urban Land use mapping and
Change Detection analysis. Dark object Subtraction is a very
simple image-based method of atmospheric haze which assumes 2 OBJECTIVES
that there are at least a few pixels within an image which should
be black (% reflectance) and such black reflectance termed as The study is based on following objectives-
dark object which are clear water body and shadows whose DN 1. To find out the haze values present in the all spectral
values zero (0) or Close to zero in the image. Simple Dark Object bands of the image.
Subtraction method is a first order atmospheric correction which 2. To correct the haze values from the image using
is better than no-correction at all. In this method, constant haze Improve Dark Object Subtraction method to get quality
value (DN) of each individual spectral bands are selected using result.
minimum DN value in the histogram from the entire scene is
attributed to the effect of the atmosphere and is subtracted from
each spectral bands. But Improved Dark Object Subtraction 3 STUDY AREA
method which tends to correct the Haze in terms of atmospheric
scattering and path radiance based on the power law of relative The Raipur City is situated in Raipur Tehsil and in some parts of
scattering effect of atmosphere. In this method, Starting haze Avanpur tehsil of Raipur district is selected as a study area which
Value is selected from constant haze value of shorter wavelength extends in between 20055'N to 21024'N latitudes and 81030'E to
band and then calculated the predicted haze values for next 81052'E longitudes covering an area of about 188 Sq.km. with
another spectral band based on the principles of power low average 298.15 metres height above mean sea level. The city

This contribution has been peer-reviewed. The peer-review was conducted on the basis of the abstract. 283
International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XL-1/W3, 2013
SMPR 2013, 5 – 8 October 2013, Tehran, Iran

occupies the north-western part of Raipur district and located in classification and change detection application (Spanner et al.,
the eastern part of the fertile plain of Mahanadi Basin. The river 1990). Simple Dark Object Subtraction (SDOS) method is a first
Kharun and Mahanadi is the principal rivers of this city. The order atmospheric correction which is better than no-correction at
climate of this region is characteristics by hot and dry summer all (Chavez, 1988). In this method, constant haze value (DN) of
and well distributed rains in the monsoon seasons. The each individual spectral bands are selected using minimum DN
temperature is 460C in summer and fall to 80C in winter having an value in the histogram from the entire scene is thus attributed to
average rainfall of 1400 mm. The atmospheric conditions during the effect of the atmosphere and is subtracted from each spectral
satellite data acquisition was very clear. The city is a fast bands (Chavez, 1989). Improved Dark Object Subtraction (IDOS)
developing important industrial centre and well connected with method which tends to correct the Haze in terms of atmospheric
various major cities of India by road, rail and air transporting scattering and path radiance based on the power law of relative
systems. The Raipur city is situated along the Mumbai-Nagpur- scattering effect of atmosphere (Lillesand and Kiefer, 2000). The
Hawrah mainline. Improved Dark Object Subtraction (IDOS) method is the
improvement over the Simple Dark Object Subtraction (SDOS)
method to minimize the chances of overcorrection of pixel value
4 DATABASE (DN) in the scene.
Improved Dark Object Subtraction (IDOS) method is based on
The study is based on primary data as Resourcesat-1 LISS-4
two sub-model, e.g.-
multispectral high resolution satellite image which is collected
from the National Data Centre (NDC), National Remote Sensing
Centre (NRSC), Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), 5.1. Histogram Method
Balanagar, Hyderabad, Andra Pradesh, India. The climatic data is
This method is used to select the Haze values such as Starting
collected from Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur,
Chhattisgarh, India. The study of climatic data is used to find out Haze Value (SHV) in the image and visible band 2 (Green) is
the climatic conditions during satellite data acquisition and is used to select the Starting Haze Value as 40 (Table 3).
suggested that the study area was very clear atmospheric
conditions during satellite data acquisition. The details of satellite Bands Haze Values (DN)
data are given in Table 1&2 and Figure 1.
Green SHV= 40
Date of
acquisitio Satellite Sensor Path/Raw GSD Red 34
n NIR 18
22/03/200 LISS-4 Table 3. Selection of Haze Values using Histogram Method.
Resourcesat-1 102-37 5.8 m
9 MX
5.2. Relative Scattering Model (RSM)
Table 1. Satellite data use for correction of atmospheric Haze
(Source: NDC, India). This model is based on two important relative scattering models
as Rayleigh (particle size less than wavelength) and Mie
Lmax Lmin Scattering (particle size same as wavelength) models (Slater et.al.,
Spectral Range 1983). These two models are based on power law as for Rayleigh
Bands Radiometry mW cm-2 ster-1
(µm) scattering effects of atmosphere which acts with the wavelength
µm-1 in imaging systems as inversely proportional to the fourth power
of wavelength (λ-4) which means that shorter wavelength of the
Band 2=0.52-0.59 Green 27.17 0.00 spectrum are scatter much more than longer wavelengths. This
7 Bits type of scattering is caused by gas molecules which are much
Band 3=0.62-0.68 Red 23.06 0.00 smaller than the wavelength of light. The Mie Scattering effects
(0-127)
of atmosphere which acts with the wavelength in imaging systems
Band 4=0.77-0.86 NIR 36.77 0.00
as inversely proportional to the wavelength which vary from λ-0
to λ-4 , and λ-1 for moderate atmosphere and λ-0 for completely
Table 2. Radiometric details of Satellite data use for correction of cloud cover. But the relative scattering that usually occurs in a
atmospheric Haze (Source: NDC, India). real atmosphere is clearly seems to follow more of a λ-2 to λ-0.4
relationship and not a Rayleigh or Mie (Curcio, 1961; Slater et al.,
1983). Using this information, the relative scattering that occurs
in a hazy atmosphere can be approximated as λ-0.7 to λ-0.5 , if
5 METHODOLOGY similar power law relationships are used. The critical aspect of the
method proposed in this paper is that the haze correction DN
Dark object Subtraction is a very simple image-based method of value used by dark object subtraction techniques be computed
atmospheric correction which assumes that there are at least a few using a relative scattering model to ensure that the haze values do
pixels within an image which should be black (% reflectance) and represent, or better approximate, true atmospheric possibilities.
such black reflectance termed as dark object which are clear water Using the information supplied by Curcio(1961) and Slater et al.
body and shadows whose DN values zero (0) or Close to zero in (1983), and extrapolating to very clear and very Hazy
the image (Chavez, 1988). This method is widely used for

This contribution has been peer-reviewed. The peer-review was conducted on the basis of the abstract. 284
International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XL-1/W3, 2013
SMPR 2013, 5 – 8 October 2013, Tehran, Iran

atmospheres, one possible set of relative scattering models


are(Chavez, 1988):

Atmospheric Conditions Relative Scattering Model (RSM)

Very clear λ-4

Clear λ-2

Moderate λ-1

Hazy λ-0.7

Very hazy λ-0.5

Table 4. Principle of Relative Scattering Models of Atmospheric effects (Source: Chavez, 1988).

Very Clear Clear Moderate Hazy Very hazy


Bands λaverage
λ-4 % λ-2 % λ-1 % λ-0.7 % λ-0.5 %

2 0.555 10.54 56.82 3.25 43.28 1.80 34.68 1.51 31.99 1.34 29.98

3 0.650 5.60 30.19 2.37 31.55 1.54 29.67 1.35 28.60 1.24 27.74

4 0.815 2.27 12.24 1.51 20.11 1.23 23.70 1.15 24.37 1.11 24.83

Total - 18.55 100 7.51 100 5.19 100 4.72 100 4.47 100

Table 5. Principle of Relative Scattering Models as percent (%) contributed for each spectral band.

The principles of Relative Scattering Model are used to Predict The Predicted Haze Value for different spectral bands is
computed based on following formula as:
Haze Values (PHV) for each spectral band based on Starting Haze
Value in the specific atmospheric condition. The study area was Predicted Haze Values (DN) =IPHV1 of bandi* Multiplicative
belonging to very clear atmospheric conditions during satellite Factors of next
data acquisition and hence the correction of atmospheric haze bands. (1)
based on the principle of very Clear relative scattering models.
Where,
The computation of Predicted Haze Values for different spectral 1
Initial Predicted Haze Value (IPHV) is
bands has been calculated from Starting Haze Value (SHV) of calculated by subtracting the SHV from
selected band based on the Normalized value of relative scattering Offset Value, the gain and offset value
showing in Table 7.
models as termed as multiplicative factors showing in following
Table 6. In this paper, the Starting Haze Value is 40 for band 2 and the
Initial Predicted Haze Value is 40 (SHV- 0) for this band but the
Very Very Predicted Haze Values for next spectral bands such as for band 3
Clear Moderate Hazy
Bands Clear hazy is 21.20 (40*0.53) and band 4 is 8.80 (40*0.22) showing in
Table 8.
λ-4 λ-2 λ-1 λ-0.7 λ-0.5 The haze values computed using relative scattering models are not
the correct haze values to remove the haze effects from the image.
2 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 To compute the correct or Final Predicted Haze Values (FPHV),
the different gain (Lmax) and offset (Lmin) values in the imaging
3 0.53 0.73 0.86 0.89 0.93 systems has to be adjusted with Predicted Haze Values by means
of the addition of offset value and multiplication of normalized
4 0.22 0.46 0.68 0.76 0.83 gain values. The calculation of normalized gain values along with
Table 6. Multiplication factors of Relative Scattering Models are the offset values are showing in Table 7.
used to Predict Haze Values for other
bands and Band 2 is selected as SHV is 40.

This contribution has been peer-reviewed. The peer-review was conducted on the basis of the abstract. 285
International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XL-1/W3, 2013
SMPR 2013, 5 – 8 October 2013, Tehran, Iran

Subtraction method are quite difference and the unrealistic haze


Band correction should be occurred if Simple Dark Object Subtraction
Gain Offset Gain Normalization ( NORi)
s method is used without considering the principle of relative
scattering of atmosphere.
2 27.17 0.00 1.00

3 23.06 0.00 0.85

4 36.77 0.00 1.35


Table 7. Gain, Offset, and Gain Normalization factors.

The calculation of Final Predicted Haze Values (FPHV) is done


using following formula:

Final Predicted Haze Value (DN) =NORi*Predicted Haze


Value+Offset (2)

The Final Predicted Haze Values (FPHV) along with the haze
values of individual bands and Predicted Haze Value (PHV) are
showing in table-8. The Final Predicted Haze Values (FPHV) is
subtracted from each spectral bands and then whole haze
corrected bands of satellite image are stacked to prepare a False
Color Composite Image (Figure 2.) in Erdas Imagine modeler.
The whole work of atmospheric correction is done in Erdas
Imagine 9.2 version.

Figure 1. Original Uncorrected Resourcesat-1 LISS-4


6 RESULTS multispectral satellites image, acquired on 22th March 2009.
The Haze Values (HV) selected by histogram method for Green
band (Band2) , Red band (Band3) and NIR band (band4) are 40,
34, 18 which is used for the corrections of haze effects using
Simple Dark Object Subtraction method (SDOS). But the
Predicted Haze Values (PHV) for Green band (Band2), Red band
(Band3) and NIR band (band4) are 40, 21.20 and 8.80 and Final
Predicted Haze Value (FPHV) for these bands are 40, 18.02 and
11.80 which is used for the corrections of haze effects using
Improved Dark Object Subtraction Method (IDOS) showing in
table 8 & figure 2.

Improved Dark Object Subtraction


SDOS
Method
Bands
Haze Predicted Haze Final Predicted
Values Values Haze Values

2 40 40.00 40.00

3 34 21.20 18.02

4 18 8.80 11.88
Table 8. Final Predict Haze Values of Very Clear Relative
Scattering Model. Figure 1. Atmospheric Corrected FCC Resourcesat-1 LISS-4
satellite Image multispectral

There are quite dramatic changes among the Haze Values used in
Simple Dark Object Subtraction method and Predicted Haze
Values and Final Predicted Haze Values used in Improved Dark
Object Subtraction Method. Therefore, the result of Simple Dark
Object Subtraction method and Improved Dark Object

This contribution has been peer-reviewed. The peer-review was conducted on the basis of the abstract. 286
International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XL-1/W3, 2013
SMPR 2013, 5 – 8 October 2013, Tehran, Iran

7 CONCLUSION
Spanner, M. A. et al. 1990. Remote sensing of temperate
Improved Dark Object Subtraction method is used to compute coniferous forest leaf area index-The influence of canopy closure,
predicted haze values which are wavelength dependent and highly understory vegetation and background reflectance, International
correlated to each other and generates realistic results with proper Journal of Remote Sensing, II, pp.95-111.
gain and offset normalization. The correction of atmospheric haze
is applied to original data in DN counts of the imaging systems. Tyagi, Priti and Udhav Bhosle, 2011. Atmospheric Correction of
Because normalizing the predicted haze Values for gain and offset Remotely Sensed Images in Spatial and Transform domain,
allows the corrections to be applied without having to convert International journal of Image Processing, 5(5), pp.564-579.
entire image’s DNs into radiance values (Chavez, 1988).
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