Subject Code & Name: EE 3012 – Electrical Drives

PART – A (10 x 2 = 20 Marks)

Q.No. Questions CO BTL
1 What is an Electric drive? And what are the three modes of operation for electric drive? 1 1
2 Sketch the block diagram representation of a closed loop electric drive system 1 2
Sketch the equivalent model of the motor load system and write the expression for its 1
3 2
fundamental torque equation.
4 Mention different components of load torque. 1 1
5 Give the condition to be satisfied to operate a motor in regenerative braking mode. 1 2

6 Define time ratio control and classify the time ratio control. 2 1

7 Compare CCM and DCM of dc drives. 2 2

8 What are the speed control methods of DC motor? 2 1

9 What are the drawbacks of rectifier fed DC drives? 2 1

Why does the armature voltage control if not preferred for the speeds above the rated value 2
10 2
in DC motors?
PART – B (4x 10 =40 Marks)
Q.No. Questions CO BTL
1
11 (a) Explain in detail the multi quadrant of operation an electric drive system. 2

OR
11(b) Explain the classification of motor duty cycles considering load and thermal variations. 1 2
12(a) Derive the mathematical condition to obtain the steady state stability of equilibrium point. 1 2
OR
(i)Explain in detail speed torque characteristics of different types of loads. (7) 1
12(b) 2
(ii)What are the factors governing the selection of electric drives? (3)
Analyze the steady state analysis of the single phase fully Controlled converter fed 2
13(a) separately excited DC motor Drive for continuous current mode. Also explain its Operation 4
in motoring and regenerative braking mode.
OR
Analyze the steady state analysis of three phase Converter fed DC motor drive for 2
13(b) 4
continuous mode of Conduction.
Organize the operation of four quadrant operation of chopper fed DC Separately excited 2
14(a) 3
motor drive with necessary diagram.
OR
Construct the operation of chopper fed DC Separately excited motor drive with necessary 2
14(b) 3
diagram.

BTL Bloom’s Taxonomy levels CO-Course Outcomes

1 A A E Evaluat C Creat
RE Remember 2 UN Understand 3 Apply 4 Analyze 5 6
P N V e R e
 Subject Code & Name: EE 3012 – Electrical Drives

Answer Key
PART – A
1. Electrical drives
Systems employed for motion control are called drives and they employ any of the primemovers such as
diesel or petrol engines, gas or steam turbines, hydraulic motors and electric motors for supplying
mathematical energy for motion control. Drives employing electric motion are called electric drives.
Modes of operation of electric drives
• Steady state
• Acceleration including starting
• Deceleration including starting
2. Block diagram representation of a closed loop electric drive system

3. Equivalent model of the motor load system

Expression for its fundamental torque equation.

T=T1 +J d/dt (ωm)

J = Moment of inertia of motor load system referred to the motor shaft kg / m2 ωm = Instantaneous angular
velocity of motor shaft, rad/sec.
T = Instantaneous value of developed motor torque, N-m
Tl = Instantaneous value of load torque, referred to the motor shaft N-m
4. Components of load torque
Various load torques can be classified into broad categories.
a) Active load torques
b) Passive load torques
 Load torques which has the potential to drive the motor under equilibrium conditions are called
active load torques.
 Load torques which always oppose the motion and change their sign on the reversal of motion are
called passive load torques.
The load torque T1 can be further divided in to following components
(i) Friction Torque (TF )
(ii) Windage Torque (Tw )
Friction Torque (TF )
Friction will be present at the motor shaft and also in various parts of the load. TF is the equivalent value
of various friction torques referred to the motor shaft.
Windage Torque (Tw )
When motor runs, wind generates a torque opposing the motion. This is known as windage torque.
5. Condition to be satisfied to operate a motor in regenerative braking mode
Regenerative braking occurs when the motor speed exceeds the synchronous speed. In this case the IM runs as
the induction machine is converting the mechanical power into electrical power which is delivered back to the
electrical system. This method of braking is known as regenerative braking.
6. Time ratio control
• The SCR can be turned ON and turned OFF with the help of triggering and commutating circuits respectively.
• If TON and TOFF are the ON time and OFF time respectively for the chopper
1. The supply voltage (Vs)
2. The duty cycle of the chopper (D)

• Since the supply voltage is constant, the load voltage is governed by the duty cycle of the chopper.
• In other words the load voltage is dependent on two factors TON and TOFF.
So the average load voltage can be controlled by varying the values of the TON and TOFF in the following
two ways.
7. Comparison between CCM and DCM of dc drives.
A dc motor is fed from a phase controlled converter, when armature current continuous in the operation is
known as continuous mode. When armature current discontinuous in the operation is known as discontinuous
mode.
8. Speed control methods of DC motor.
DC motor speed can be controlled by manipulating either the armature voltage or the field flux (or a
combination of both). Common methods include armature voltage control, armature resistance control,
and field control (also known as flux control).
9. Drawbacks of rectifier fed DC drives.
• Distortion of supply.
• Low power factor.
• Ripple in motor current
10. Armature voltage control is generally not preferred for speeds above the rated value in DC motors because
increasing the armature voltage beyond the rated value can damage the motor's insulation and windings.
Instead, field flux control is used for speeds above the rated value.
PART – B
11. (a) Multi quadrant of operation an electric drive system
let us consider operation of hoist in four quadrants as shown in the figure. Direction of motor and
load torques and direction of speed are marked by arrows.
A hoist consists of a rope wound on a drum coupled to the motor shaft one end of the rope is tied
to a cage which is used to transport man or material from one level to another level . Other end of the rope
has a counter weight. Weight of the counter weight is chosen to be higher than the weight of empty
cage but lower than of a fully loaded cage.
This torque is the difference of torques due to counter weight and the empty hoist. Its sigh
is negative because the counter weight is always higher than that of an empty cage. The quadrant I
operation of a hoist requires movement of cage upward, which corresponds to the positive motor speed
which is in counter clockwise direction here. This motion will be obtained if the motor products positive
torque in CCW direction equal to the magnitude of load torque TL1.
Since developed power is positive, this is forward motoring operation. Quadrant IV is
obtained when a loaded cage is lowered. Since the weight of the loaded cage is higher than that of the
counter weight.It is able to overcome due to gravity itself.
In order to limit the cage within a safe value, motor must produce a positive torque T equal to
TL2 in anticlockwise direction. As both power and speed are negative, drive is operating in reverse
braking operation. Operation in quadrant II is obtained when an empty cage is moved up. Since a counter
weigh is heavier than an empty cage, its able to pull it up.
In order to limit the speed within a safe value, motor must produce a braking
torque equal to TL2 in clockwise direction. Since speed is positive and developed power is negative,
it’s forward braking operation.
 Operation of hoist in four quadrants

Operation in quadrant III is obtained when an empty cage is lowered. Since an empty cage has a
lesser weight than a counter weight, the motor should produce a torque in CW direction. Since speed is
negative and developed power is positive, this is reverse motoring operation. During transient condition,
electrical motor can be assumed to be in electrical equilibrium implying that steady state speed torque curves
are also applicable to the transient state operation.

11.(b) Classification of motor duty cycles considering load and thermal variations
12.(a) Mathematical condition to obtain the steady state stability of equilibrium point.
12.(b) (i) Explain in detail speed torque characteristics of different types of loads
 One of the essential requirements in the section of a particular type of motor for driving a machine is the
matching of speed-torque characteristics of the given drive unit and that of the motor.
 Therefore the knowledge of how the load torque varies with speed of the driven machine is necessary.
 Different types of loads exhibit different speed torque characteristics. However, most of the industrial
loads can be classified into the following four categories.

Constant torque type load

1. Torque proportional to speed (Generator Type load)
2. Torque proportional to square of the speed (Fan type load)
3. Torque inversely proportional to speed (Constant power type load)

Constant Torque characteristics:

 Most of the working machines that have mechanical nature of work like shaping, cutting, grinding or
shearing, require constant torque irrespective of speed.
 Similarly cranes during the hoisting and conveyors handling constant weight of material per unit time
also exhibit this type of Characteristics

Torque Proportional to speed:

 Separately excited dc generators connected to a constant resistance load, eddy current brakes have speed
torque characteristics given by
T=k
 Torque Proportional to speed
Torque proportional to square of the speed:

Torque Proportional to square of the speed

 Another type of load met in practice is the one in which load torque is proportional to the square of the
speed.

Examples:
 Fans rotary pumps,
 Compressors
 Ship propellers

Torque Inversely proportional to speed:

 Certain types of lathes, boring machines, milling machines, steel mill coiler and electric traction load
exhibit hyperbolic speed-torque characteristics
 Torque Inversely proportional to speed

12. (b) (ii) Factors governing the selection of electric drives

13. (a) Steady state analysis of the single phase fully Controlled converter fed separately excited DC motor Drive for
continuous current mode. Also explain its Operation in motoring and regenerative braking mode.
14. (b) Analyze the steady state analysis of three phase Converter fed DC motor drive for continuous mode of
Conduction.
15.
14. (a) Four quadrant operation of chopper fed DC Separately excited motor drive with necessary diagram
14. (b) Chopper fed DC Separately excited motor drive