Table of Contents

SOIL INVESTIGATION REPORT

OF
SHERA RCC BRIDGE
INDRASAROBAR RURAL MUNICIPALITY, MAKWANPUR

Prepared For: Doric Villa Engineering Consultancy Pvt. Ltd.

Date: June 2023

Prepared By:
Traceable Measurements Pvt. Ltd.
Sanepa, Lalitpur-2
 Table of Contents

Table of Content

1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1

2. SCOPE OF INVESTIGATION ...................................................................................................... 1
3. FIELD INVESTIGATIONS ........................................................................................................... 1
3.1 Penetration Tests ...................................................................................................................... 1
3.2 Sampling................................................................................................................................... 2
3.3 Ground Water Table ................................................................................................................. 2
4. LABORATORY TESTS ................................................................................................................ 3
5. STANDARDIZATION OF SPT VALUE ...................................................................................... 3
6. GENERAL GEOLOGY OF THE SITE ......................................................................................... 4
7. SEISMICITY AND LIQUEFACTION .......................................................................................... 5
8. BEARING CAPACITY ANALYSIS ........................................................................................... 10
8.1 For Open foundation .............................................................................................................. 10
8.2 For bored cast in-situ concrete piles ....................................................................................... 13
9. SAMPLE CALCULATION ......................................................................................................... 15
10. RECOMMENDATION ............................................................................................................. 16

Annexes:
Bore Hole Logs
Laboratory Test Result
Figures and photographs
 Soil Investigation Report: Shera RCC Bridge,
Indrasarobar Rural Municipality, Makwanpur District

1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
This report is prepared as per the agreement between Indrasarobar Rural Municipality, Bagmati
Province, Makawanpur, Nepal and Doric Villa Engineering Consultancy Pvt. Ltd. to determine bearing
capacity and subsurface exploration for design of Shera khola RCC Bridge at Indrasarobar Rural
Municipality, Makwanpur District, Nepal. Traceable Measurements Pvt. Ltd., Sanepa, Lalitpur-2,
Nepal has taken responsibility for the soil investigation and preparation of report for this project.

2. SCOPE OF INVESTIGATION
The scope of work includes the following:
 Making 100 mm nominal diameter bore holes each of 16.0 m depth at two specified locations
using suitable approved method of boring.
 Conducting standard penetration tests in the bore holes at 1.50 m interval in depth & at every
change of strata, whichever is earlier.
 Collecting undisturbed soil samples from bore holes at 3.00 m interval in depth (if possible for
Undisturbed sampling) or at every change of strata, whichever is earlier.
 Collecting disturbed soil samples from bore holes at regular interval and at every identifiable
change of strata to supplement the boring records.
 Recording the depth of ground water table in all the bore holes if observed up to the depth of
exploration during boring work as per specifications.
 Conducting the laboratory tests on selected disturbed / undisturbed soil samples collected from
various bore holes.
 Preparation and submission of reports.

3. FIELD INVESTIGATIONS
3.1 Penetration Tests
Standard Penetration Tests: It consists of driving a Split Spoon sampler with an outside dia. of 50
mm into the soil at the base of borehole. Driving is accomplished by a
drop of hammer weighing 63.5 kg falling freely through a height of 750
mm onto the drive head. First of all the spoon is driven 150 mm into the
soil at the bottom of the borehole. It is then driven further 300 mm and
the number of blows (N values) required to drive this distance is
recorded. Standard Penetration Tests (SPT) were conducted in the
boreholes at 1.5 m intervals. The tests were conducted in accordance
with IS:2131-1981.

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Dynamic Cone Penetration Test (DCPT): It consists of driving a cone by blows of hammers. The
number of blows for driving the cone through a specified distance is a measure of the dynamic cone
resistance. Dynamic Cone Penetration test are performed by a 50 mm cone. The method for DCPT is
similar to that of SPT. First of all, the cone is driven 100 mm into the soil at the bottom of the bore
hole. It is then driven further 200 mm and the number of blows (Ncbr values) required to drive this
distance is recorded.

The result i.e., Nc values first corrected to the Standard Penetration Test (SPT) value (N) and that
provides and estimation of degree of compaction of soil strata, values of angles of internal friction ()
and allowable bearing capacity. The dynamic cone resistance is correlated with the SPT (N) as given
below.
Nc = 1.5 N for depth up to 3 m
= 1.75 N for depth 3 to 6 m
= 2 N for depth greater than 6 m

3.2 Sampling
(i) Disturbed Sample:
Disturbed samples were collected from the split spoon after conducting SPT. Before any sample was
taken, the borehole was cleaned up of loose disturbed soil deposited during boring operation. The
samples which were obtained from bailer and in the SPT tube were preserved as representative
disturbed samples for finding out index properties. The samples thus obtained were placed in airtight
double plastic bags, labeled properly for identification and later transported to the lab for analysis.

(ii) Undisturbed Sample:

Undisturbed Sample are extracted by means of thin wall tube (Shelby tube). The tubes are pushed into
the ground and the samples are recovered mechanically. The tube are sealed with wax and wrapped
with airtight polythene sheets and then bound by adhesive tapes and properly labelled. The tubes were
properly packed in a wooden box so as to minimize the disturbances during transportation to the
laboratory and avoided the changes of moisture content of sample. These sample are used for the
determination of strength and consolidation parameters.

3.3 Ground Water Table

Prediction of depth of ground water table needs the installation of piezometers and regular monitoring
of those for at least a year. Since, the time frame and the installation are beyond the scope of the work,
visual examination was performed to find the depth. Ground Water Table (GWT) was monitored as
mentioned in each bore log sheets during the drilling.

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 Soil Investigation Report: Shera RCC Bridge,
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4. LABORATORY TESTS
The laboratory tests were conducted on selected representative disturbed and undisturbed samples
collected in core boxes, were transported to lab in Kathmandu, Nepal. All of the tests were conducted
confirming to the specifications as per IS codes. The following tests were conducted:
SN Type of Test IS Code Referred Remarks
1 Bulk and dry density By Calculations
2 Moisture content IS:2720 (Part-2)-1992
3 Grain size/ Hydrometer analysis IS:2720 (Part-4)-1992
4 Specific Gravity IS:2720 (Part-3)-1992
5 Drained Direct shear test IS:2720 (Part-13)-1986
The results of laboratory tests have been presented in the annex section of this report.

5. STANDARDIZATION OF SPT VALUE

The recorded SPT values are converted to standardized energy N60 as per Skempton (1986):
N rec η H η B ηS η R
N 60 =
60
N60 = SPT N value corrected for field procedure
Nrec = measured penetration number
ηH = hammer efficiency (%) = 0.55 for hand drop hammer
ηB = correction for borehole diameter = 1.0 for 65 mm to 115 mm dia. Borehole
ηS = sampler correction =1.0 for standard sampler
ηR = correction for rod length = 0.7 for rod length 0.0 – 3.0 m
= 0.75 for rod length 3.0 – 4.0 m
= 0.85 for rod length 4.0 – 6.0 m
= 0.95 for rod length 6.0 – 10.0 m
= 1.0 for rod length greater than 10.0 m
Correction for Overburden:
In granular soils, the value of N is affected by the effective overburden pressure. For that reason, the
value of N60 obtained from field exploration under different effective overburden pressures should be
changed to correspond to a standard value. That is, (N1)60 = CNN60
100
where, C N = as per Liao and Whitman 1987
σz '

Dilatancy Correction (for fine sand and silts below water table)
Terzaghi and Peck (1976) gave correction for water pressure as,
If Nrec ≤ 15, then Ncorr =Nrec

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Nrec ≥ Ncorr = ½(Nrec-15)

Measured Correction for

Depth (N1)60
SPT Hammer Rod Borehole Sampler
(m) Overburden
BH1 BH2 efficiency Length diameter Type BH1 BH2
1.5 m 28 41 1.70 0.75 1 0.75 1 27.20 23.80
3.0 m 42 49 1.70 0.75 1 0.75 1 40.80 32.30
4.5 m 50 50 1.70 0.75 1 0.85 1 54.40 45.90
6.0 m 50 50 1.55 0.75 1 0.85 1 49.73 49.73
7.5 m 50 50 1.38 0.75 1 0.95 1 49.68 49.68
9.0 m 50 50 1.26 0.75 1 0.95 1 45.36 45.36
10.5 m 50 50 1.17 0.75 1 1 1 44.32 44.32
12.0 m 50 50 1.09 0.75 1 1 1 41.46 41.46
13.5 m 50 50 1.03 0.75 1 1 1 39.09 39.09
16.0 m 50 50 0.98 0.75 1 1 1 37.08 37.08

6. GENERAL GEOLOGY OF THE SITE

Figure 1: Geological map of Nepal showing the site location lying on the Lesser Himalaya Zone.
(modified from Dahal, 2006)

The propose site lies in IndraSarobar Rural Municipality, Makwanpur District. Geologically, the
proposed site area for the Geotechnical investigation lies in the Lesser Himalayan Zone. The proposed
site primarily lies in Lesser Himalaya zone between the Sub-Himalaya (Siwaliks) in the south and
Higher Himalaya zone in the north. The Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) separates Siwaliks at the south
and Main Central thrust separates Higher Himalaya at the north and west. The Siwalik rocks are
basically consisting of sedimentary rocks (mudstone, sandstone, and conglomerate), while the Lesser

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Himalayan rocks are basically the low grade metamorphic rocks (e.g., slate, phyllite, schists, garnet-
schists, metasandstone and quartzite). Generally, the range exhibits very rugged terrain with deeply
dissected gullies and steep slopes.

7. SEISMICITY AND LIQUEFACTION

Ground motion can be simply quantified by peak values of expectable acceleration, velocity and/or
displacement. Empirical relationships, called attenuation equations, can be derived from the
interpretation of available strong motion records and relate peak ground motion parameters to
magnitude and distance from the source of energy release. Attenuation equations are sensitive to the
estimates of distance and magnitude, especially in the near-field. Peak ground acceleration (PGA) often
represents the main seismic evaluation parameter for simplified analysis purposes. The peak ground
acceleration (usually as a fraction of the peak) is the earthquake ground motion parameter usually used
in the seismic coefficient method of analysis. Attenuation model of Young’s et al (1997) for subduction
zones for bed rock was used in development of seismic hazard map of Nepal.

When fine or medium, saturated, loose sand deposit is subjected to a sudden shock (generated by an
earthquake) the mass will densify and consolidate or temporarily liquefy. This phenomenon is termed
'Liquefaction'. Pore-water pressures within such layers increase as the soils are cyclically loaded,
resulting in a decrease in vertical effective stress and shear strength. If the shear strength drops below
the applied cyclic shear loadings, the layer is expected to transition to a semi fluid state until the excess
pore-water pressure dissipates. When liquefaction takes place in a particular soil then the bearing
capacity of the soil disappears and the structure built on it gets tilts or even sinks. The past big
earthquakes, have shown that saturated sandy soils in a loose to medium dense condition were liquefied

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 Soil Investigation Report: Shera RCC Bridge,
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during earthquakes varying in magnitude from 5.5 to 8.5 (Richter scale) and epicenter distance from
several miles to hundreds of miles.
Analysis of Liquefaction
The stress-based approach for evaluating the potential for liquefaction triggering, initiated by Seed and
Idriss (1967), compares the earthquake-induced cyclic stress ratios (CSR) with the cyclic resistance
ratios (CRR) of the soil. The soil's CRR is usually correlated to an in-situ parameter SPT blow count.
Factor of safety is evaluated as,
𝐶𝑅𝑅7.5
𝐹𝑂𝑆 =
𝐶𝑆𝑅7.5,𝜎
where, CRR7.5 = Cyclic Resistance Ratio for earthquake of magnitude 7.5
CSR7.5,σ = normalized cyclic stress ratio for earthquakes of magnitude 7.5 and effective
overburden pressure of 100kPa.
𝜎𝑣 𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑟𝑑 1
𝐶𝑆𝑅7.5,𝜎 = 0.65
𝜎′𝑣 𝑔 𝑀𝑆𝐹 𝐾𝜎
where, σv = the total vertical sress at depth z
σ’v = the effective vertical sress at depth z
amax/g = maximum horizontal acceleration (as fraction of gravity) at ground surface,
rd = shear stress reduction factor that accounts for the dynamic response of the soil.
𝑟𝑑 = 𝑒𝑥𝑝[𝛼(𝑧) + 𝛽(𝑧). 𝑀]
𝑧
𝛼(𝑧) = −1.012 − 1.126𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( + 5.133)
11.73
𝑧
𝛽(𝑧) = 0.106 + 0.118𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( + 5.142)
11.28
−𝑀
MSF= magnitude scaling factor = 6.9𝑒𝑥𝑝 ( ) − 0.058 ≤ 1.8 for sands
4
−𝑀
= 1.12𝑒𝑥𝑝 ( ) + .828 ≤ 1.13 for clays
4
𝜎′
Kσ = overburden correction factor = 1 − 𝐶𝜎 𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑃 𝑣 ) ≤ 1.1
𝑎

1
𝐶𝜎 = ≤ 0.3
18.9 − 2.55√(𝑁1)60𝑐𝑠 )
(𝑁1)60𝑐𝑠 = (𝑁1)60 + ∆(𝑁1)60
2
9.7 15.7
∆(𝑁1)60 = 𝑒𝑥𝑝 (1.63 + −( ) )
𝐹𝐶 + 0.01 𝐹𝐶 + 0.01
Cyclic resistance ratio (CRR), the capacity of soil to resist liquefaction, can be obtained from
the corrected blow count and soil’s fine content.
𝐶𝑅𝑅7.5,1𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 𝑓[(𝑁1)60 ), 𝐹𝐶]

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2 3 4
(𝑁1)60𝑐𝑠 (𝑁1)60𝑐𝑠 (𝑁1)60𝑐𝑠 (𝑁1)60𝑐𝑠
𝐶𝑅𝑅7.5,1𝑎𝑡𝑚 = exp ( +( ) −( ) +( ) − 2.8)
14.1 126 23.6 25.4

Liquefaction potential index (LPI) is a single-valued parameter to evaluate regional liquefaction

potential. Although, Factor of Safety (FS) shows the liquefaction potential of a soil layer at a particular
depth in the subsurface, it does not show the degree of liquefaction severity at a liquefaction-prone
site. Iwasaki et al. (1978) proposed liquefaction potential index (LPI) to overcome this limitation of
Factor of Safety (FS). Liquefaction potential index (LPI) provides an integration of liquefaction
potential over the depth of a soil profile and predicts the performance of the whole soil column as
opposed to a single soil layer at particular depth and depends on the magnitude of the peak horizontal
ground acceleration (Luna and Frost, 1998). LPI combines depth, thickness, and factor of safety against
liquefaction (FS) of soil layers and predicts the potential of liquefaction to cause damage at the surface
level at the site of interest.

LPI at a site is computed by integrating the factors of safety (FS) along the soil column up to 20 m
depth. A weighting function is added to give more weight to the layers closer to the ground surface.
The liquefaction potential index (LPI) proposed by Iwasaki et al. (1978, 1982) is expressed as follows:

where z is depth of the midpoint of the soil layer (0 to 20 m) and dz is differential increment of depth.
The weighting factor, w(z), and the severity factor, F (z), are calculated as per the following
expressions:
F (z) = 1 − FS for FS < 1.0
F (z) = 0 for FS ≥ 1.0
w(z) = 10 − 0.5z for z < 20 m
w(z) = 0 for z > 20 m
The level of liquefaction severity

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 Soil Investigation Report: Shera RCC Bridge,
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Liquefaction Analysis for BH1 for PGA = 0.36g, M=7.5, GWT at 3.0 m from surface

Unit wt (KN/m3)
Fine contents %
Major Soil type

Plasticity Index

Potential Index
Corrected SPT

(Iwasaki,1982)
Liquefaction
Liquefaction
Total Stress

F(z).w(z).H
Depth (m)

Eff stress
(KN/m2)

(KN/m2)

Severity
CSRM,σ
(N1)60cs
(N1)60

CRR
(N60)

w(z)
F(z)
Kσ
CN

FS
γd

H
medium
1.5 16 1 16.75 25 25 1.70 27.20 27.20 0.990 1.412 0.344 0.164 2.10 No 0 9.25 1.5 0.00
sand
medium
3.0 24 2 16.75 50 36 1.70 40.80 40.80 0.979 1.295 - 0.250 - No 0 8.5 1.5 0.00
sand
medium
4.5 32 1 16.90 76 46 1.70 54.40 54.40 0.969 1.213 - 0.306 - No 0 7.75 1.5 0.00
sand
medium
6.0 32 0 16.90 101 57 1.55 49.73 49.73 0.958 1.152 - 0.346 - No 0 7 1.5 0.00
sand
medium
7.5 36 0 17.00 126 68 1.38 49.68 49.68 0.943 1.103 - 0.374 - No 0 6.25 1.5 0.00
sand
0.00 Very
medium
9.0 36 4 17.00 152 78 1.26 45.36 45.36 0.923 1.063 - 0.394 - No 0 5.5 1.5 0.00 Low
sand
medium
10.5 38 1 17.00 177 89 1.17 44.32 44.32 0.894 1.029 - 0.405 - No 0 4.75 1.5 0.00
sand
medium
12.0 38 2 17.00 203 100 1.09 41.46 41.46 0.857 1.000 - 0.407 - No 0 4 1.5 0.00
sand
medium
13.5 38 1 17.00 228 111 1.03 39.09 39.09 0.811 0.975 - 0.402 - No 0 3.25 1.5 0.00
sand
medium
16.0 38 2 17.00 254 122 0.98 37.08 37.08 0.761 0.952 - 0.391 - No 0 2.5 1.5 0.00
sand

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Liquefaction Analysis for BH2 for PGA =0.36g, M=7.5, GWT at 3.0 m from surface

Unit wt (KN/m3)
Fine contents %
Major Soil type

Plasticity Index

Potential Index
Corrected SPT

(Iwasaki,1982)
Liquefaction
Liquefaction
Total Stress

F(z).w(z).H
Depth (m)

Eff stress
(KN/m2)

(KN/m2)

Severity
CSRM,σ
(N1)60cs
(N1)60

CRR
(N60)

w(z)
F(z)
Kσ
CN

FS
γd

H
medium
1.5 14 2 16.75 25 25 1.70 23.80 23.80 0.990 1.412 0.270 0.164 1.64 No 0 9.25 1.5 0.00
sand
medium
3.0 19 3 16.75 50 36 1.70 32.30 32.30 0.979 1.295 - 0.250 - No 0 8.5 1.5 0.00
sand
medium
4.5 27 1 16.90 76 46 1.70 45.90 45.90 0.969 1.213 - 0.306 - No 0 7.75 1.5 0.00
sand
medium
6.0 32 1 16.90 101 57 1.55 49.73 49.73 0.958 1.152 - 0.346 - No 0 7 1.5 0.00
sand
medium
7.5 36 1 17.00 126 68 1.38 49.68 49.68 0.943 1.103 - 0.374 - No 0 6.25 1.5 0.00
sand
0.00 Very
medium
9.0 36 2 17.00 152 78 1.26 45.36 45.36 0.923 1.063 - 0.394 - No 0 5.5 1.5 0.00 Low
sand
medium
10.5 38 0 17.00 177 89 1.17 44.32 44.32 0.894 1.029 - 0.405 - No 0 4.75 1.5 0.00
sand
medium
12.0 38 3 17.00 203 100 1.09 41.46 41.46 0.857 1.000 - 0.407 - No 0 4 1.5 0.00
sand
medium
13.5 38 2 17.00 228 111 1.03 39.09 39.09 0.811 0.975 - 0.402 - No 0 3.25 1.5 0.00
sand
medium
16.0 38 1 17.00 254 122 0.98 37.08 37.08 0.761 0.952 - 0.391 - No 0 2.5 1.5 0.00
sand

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8. BEARING CAPACITY ANALYSIS

The allowable bearing capacity of sub-soil strata for Open foundation has been computed from shear
and settlement failure considerations.

8.1 For Open foundation

Allowable Bearing Capacity
The bearing capacity analysis has been carried out for foundation soil. The well-known Indian Standard
(IS 6403:1981) has been used to compute bearing capacity of soil on the basis of shear failure criteria.
For clayey soil (Ф=0)
The values are computed from unconfined compressive strength (UCS) as,
𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 𝐶𝑢 𝑁𝑐 𝑑𝑐 𝑆𝑐 Refer IS:6403, Clause 5.3
where, Cu = undrained cohesion of soil, obtained from UCS
Nc = 5.14
Sc =shape factor, For square foundation, Sc =1.3
𝐵
For rectangle foundation, Sc= 1 + 0.2 𝐿
𝐷𝑓
𝑑𝑐 = 1 + 0.2 √𝑁∅
𝐵

Factor of Safety = 3.0

For c-Ф soil,
General shear failure,
𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 𝑐𝑁𝑐 𝑆𝑐 𝑑𝑐 𝑖𝑐 + 𝛾𝐷(𝑁𝑞 − 1)𝑆𝑞 𝑑𝑞 𝑖𝑞 + 0.5𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾 𝑆𝛾 𝑑𝛾 𝑖𝛾 𝑊′
Local Shear failure,
2
𝑞′𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 𝑐𝑁′𝑐 𝑆𝑐 𝑑𝑐 𝑖𝑐 + 𝛾𝐷(𝑁′𝑞 − 1)𝑆𝑞 𝑑𝑞 𝑖𝑞 + 0.5𝛾𝐵𝑁′𝛾 𝑆𝛾 𝑑𝛾 𝑖𝛾 𝑊′
3
Factor of Safety = 3.0
Bearing capacity factor shall be determined for general shear failure Ф
2
for local shear failure ∅′ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (3 𝑡𝑎𝑛∅)

The bearing capacity are computed as per the table below:

Angle of friction (Ф˚) Nc Nq Nγ
0 5.14 1 0
5 6.49 1.57 0.45
10 8.35 2.47 1.22
15 10.98 3.94 2.65
20 14.83 6.4 5.39
25 20.72 10.66 10.88

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Angle of friction (Ф˚) Nc Nq Nγ
30 30.14 18.4 22.4
35 46.12 33.3 48.03
40 75.31 64.2 109.41
45 138.88 134.88 271.76
50 266.89 319.07 762.89

Shape and depth factors are determined as per IS:6403-1981

Shape Factors
Shape of Base
𝑺𝒄 𝑺𝒒 𝑺𝜸
Continuous strip 1.0 1.0 1.0
Rectangle 𝐵 𝐵 𝐵
1 + 0.2 1 + 0.2 1 − 0.4
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
Square 1.3 1.2 0.8
Circle 1.3 1.2 0.6

Depth factors are calculated as:

𝐷𝑓
𝑑𝑐 = 1 + 0.2 √𝑁∅
𝐵
𝑑𝑞 = 𝑑𝛾 = 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ∅ < 10°
𝐷𝑓
𝑑𝑞 = 𝑑𝛾 = 1 + 0.1 √𝑁∅ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ∅ >10˚
𝐵

Allowable Bearing Pressure from Settlement Criteria

In granular soils,
The settlement of granular soils can also be evaluated by the use of a semiempirical strain influence
factor proposed by Schmertmann et al. (1978). According to this method, the settlement:
𝑧𝑖
𝐼𝑧
𝑠𝑒 = 𝑐1 𝑐2 ∆𝑞 ∑ ∆𝑧
𝐸𝑠
0

where,
Se = net allowable settlement
𝑞
C1 = correction factor for the depth of foundation = 1 − 0.5 ∆𝑞
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
C2= correction factor to account into creep in soil = 1 + 0.2𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
0.1

Δq= difference between stress at level of foundation and overburden pressure

Iz= vertical strain influence factor

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Es= Modulus of Elasticity of soil = 2.5 x qc in kg/cm2
Where, qc (cone penetration parameter) is related to SPT as,
Soil Type 𝒒𝒄
𝑵𝟔𝟎
Silts, sandy silts, slightly cohesive silt-sand mixtures 2-4
Clean fine to medium sands and slightly silty sands 3-5
Coarse sands and sands with little gravel 4-5
Sandy gravels with gravel 6-8

From In-situ SPT results,

The bearing capacity for open foundation are computed as per the Meyerhof’s (1965) modified by
Bowles (1977) as,

11.98N60  3.28 B  1 
2
qsafe =  S 
f d   x Rw1
 3.28 B   25 

Where,
N60 = Standard Penetration Value for Average energy ratio of 60%
B = width (m)
S = Settlement (mm)
fd = 1+0.33 (D/B) ≤ 1.33
Rw1 = water correction factor = 0.5
For cohesive soil,
If the clay layer is encountered, the settlement is calculated as:
𝐻 (𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑃
𝑠𝑒 = 𝐶𝑐 log10 ( )
1 + 𝑒0 𝑃𝑜

Traceable Measurements Pvt. Ltd. Page 12

 Soil Investigation Report: Shera RCC Bridge,
Indrasarobar Rural Municpality, Makwanpur District
where, se = consolidation settlement (m)
H = thickness of soil (m)
eo = initial void ratio
Cc = compression index, obtained from consolidation test results
For preliminary analysis, IS:8009 (Part I)-1976, clause 9.2.2 recommends,
𝐶𝑐 = 0.009(𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 − 10)
𝐶𝑐 = 0.30(𝑒𝑜 − 10)
Po = effective pressure at mid height of layer (kN/m2)
ΔP = pressure increment (kN/m2)

As per IS: 8009 clause 9.5, correction factors for rigidity and depth are applied

8.2 For bored cast in-situ concrete piles

The pile capacity are calculated as per Annex B: of IS 2911 (Part 1/Sec 2): 2010 as,
For cohesionless soil,
𝑛
1
𝑄𝑢 = 𝐴𝑝 ( 𝐷𝛾𝑁𝛾 + 𝑃𝐷 𝑁𝑞 ) + ∑ 𝐾𝑖 𝑃𝑑𝑖 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛿𝑖 𝐴𝑠𝑖
2
𝑖=1

where, Ap = cross sectional area of pile (m2)

D = diameter of pile shaft (m)
γ = effective unit weight of soil at pile tip (kN/m2)
Nγ & Nq = bearing capacity factors depending on friction angle at pile tip
PD = effective overburden pressure at pile tip (kN/m2)
∑𝑛𝑖=1 = summation for pile installed layers 1 to n and contributing positive skin friction
Ki = coefficient of earth pressure applicable for the ith layer
PDi = effective overburden pressure for the ith layer (kN/m2)
δi = angle of wall friction between pile and soil for ith layer
Asi = surface area of pile shaft in the ith layer m2
Factor of safety =2.5

Notes:
1) Nγ factor is taken for general shear failure as per IS: 6403
2) Nq factor is obtained from Fig. 1. Annex B, of IS 2911 (Part 1/sec2): 2010
3) Ki, the earth pressure coefficient depending on the nature of soil strata, type of pile, spacing
of pile and its method of construction.
4) δ, angle of wall friction may be taken equal to friction angle of soil around pile stem

Traceable Measurements Pvt. Ltd. Page 13

 Soil Investigation Report: Shera RCC Bridge,
Indrasarobar Rural Municpality, Makwanpur District

5) The maximum effective overburden at the pile tip should correspond to the critical depth,
which may be taken as 15 times the diameter of the pile shaft for Ф ≤ 30˚ and increasing
to 20 times for Ф ≥ 40˚

Piles in cohesive soils

𝑛

𝑄𝑢 = 𝐴𝑝 𝑁𝑐 𝑐𝑝 + ∑ 𝛼𝑖 𝑐𝑖 𝐴𝑠𝑖
𝑖=1

where,
Ap = cross-sectional area of pile tip (m2)
Nc = bearing capacity factor, taken as 9
cp = average cohesion at pile tip (kN/m2), taken from UCS of soil
∑𝑛𝑖=1 = summation for pile installed layers 1 to n and contributing positive skin friction
αi = adhesion layer for the ith layer depending on the consistency of soil
ci = average cohesion for the ith layer (kN/m2)
Asi = surface area of pile shaft in the ith layer

Use of SPT data for pile capacity in cohesionless soil

As per Meyerhof,
𝐿 ̅𝐴𝑠
𝑁
𝑄𝑢 = 13𝑁 𝐴𝑝 +
𝐵 0.5
where,
N = average N value at pile tip
L = length of penetration of pile in the bearing strata (m)
B = diameter or minimum width of pile (m)
Ap = cross-sectional area of pile tip (m2)
N = average N value along the pile shaft
As = surface area of pile shaft (m2)
The end bearing resistance value shall not exceed 130NAp.

For non-plastic silt or very fine sand, pile capacity is modified as:
𝐿 ̅̅̅𝐴𝑠
𝑁
𝑄𝑢 = 10𝑁 𝐴𝑝 +
𝐵 0.60

Traceable Measurements Pvt. Ltd. Page 14

 Soil Investigation Report: Shera RCC Bridge,
Indrasarobar Rural Municpality, Makwanpur District

9. SAMPLE CALCULATION
The allowable bearing capacity (kN/m2) for open foundation of 7.0 m x 7.0 m at depths of 3.5 m
(measured from existing ground level) for all BH using least SPT values from each depth is presented
below.
For 7.0 m x 7.0 m open foundations at depth of 3.5 m
a) For shear failure criterion,
From laboratory tests:
Friction angle =31˚, cohesion=0.0 kN/m2, Bulk density = 16.75 kN/m3, GWT at 0.0 m
Shape factors Depth Factors Inclination Factors Bearing Capacity factors
Sq 1.60 dq 1.14 iq 1.00 Nq 20.63
Sc 1.63 dc 1.20 ic 1.00 Nc 32.67
Sγ 0.60 dγ 1.00 Nγ 17.69
General Shear failure criteria IS code qgs = 391.71 kN/m2

b) From settlement criterion,

Settlement as per Schmertmann et al. (1978) for qns = 391.71 KN/m2
qc ΔZi
layer Z Iz N60 Esi(kN/m2) I
Esi zi
(kN/m2)
3.50 4.38 0.44 0.185 50.13 40101 100251 1.61E-06
4.38 5.25 1.31 0.355 53.58 42863 107157 2.90E-06
5.25 6.13 2.19 0.524 51.01 40804 102011 4.50E-06
6.13 7.00 3.06 0.694 50.08 40064 100160 6.06E-06
7.00 8.75 4.38 0.714 48.98 39183 97958 1.28E-05
8.75 10.50 6.13 0.584 45.22 36178 90444 1.13E-05
10.50 12.25 7.88 0.454 42.87 34292 85731 9.28E-06
12.25 14.00 9.63 0.325 39.88 31904 79759 7.12E-06
14.00 15.75 11.38 0.195 37.52 30019 75048 4.54E-06
15.75 17.50 13.13 0.065 50.00 40000 100000 1.14E-06
6.12E-05
Depth correction factor c1 0.968
Creep correction factor c2 1.540
Peak influence factor Izp 0.779
Expected settlement (mm) 34
Expected settlement < 40 mm (OK)

Adopted allowable bearing capacity is minimum of shear failure and that of settlement criterion.
Hence, adopted allowable bearing capacity = 391.71 kN/m2

Traceable Measurements Pvt. Ltd. Page 15

 Soil Investigation Report: Shera RCC Bridge,
Indrasarobar Rural Municpality, Makwanpur District

10. RECOMMENDATION
i The allowable bearing capacity (kN/m2) for various size of open foundations at varying depths
(measured from existing ground level) for all Bore holes are below:
Allowable Safe Bearing Capacity
Foundation Depth from existing ground
size 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0
7.0 m x 7.0 m 343 392 442 493 546 600 656 683 695 695 675
7.5 m x 7.5 m 348 395 444 495 547 600 655 668 669 659 671
8.0 m x 8.0 m 352 399 448 497 549 601 645 635 655 647 640
8.5 m x 8.5 m 357 403 451 500 551 602 606 625 618 611 604
9.0 m x 9.0 m 362 408 455 504 553 579 597 591 584 578 572
9.5 m x 9.5 m 367 412 459 507 554 572 566 560 554 548 575
10.0 m x 10.0 m 372 417 464 511 550 543 538 532 527 552 549
10.5 m x 10.5 m 377 422 468 515 523 517 512 507 532 528 525
11.0 m x 11.0 m 382 427 473 504 498 493 488 512 509 506 502
11.5 m x 11.5 m 388 432 478 481 476 471 495 491 488 484 479
12.0 m x 12.0 m 393 437 464 459 455 478 475 471 466 460 457
12.5 m x 12.5 m 399 443 444 440 436 458 453 448 445 443 440
13.0 m x 13.0 m 404 430 426 421 442 436 433 431 429 426 449
13.5 m x 13.5 m 410 412 407 426 422 420 418 416 411 404 423

ii No consideration would be made for the consolidation settlement criteria.

iii The value of particle mean size (d50) for scour depth calculation is 6.11 mm.
iv The foundation Design Engineer does not need to strictly follow the depth and dimension of
foundation selected in the bearing capacity analysis of this report. Designer is free to select any other
foundation dimension and depth depending upon the load of the structure. Therefore, once the size and
depth of the foundation is finalized the calculation may need to be refined during design phase based
on the parameters obtained from this investigation.

Care should be taken for the following during excavation and construction of the bridge foundation.
 The slope of the excavation should be maintained at about 45˚ to prevent the slope from
collapsing during excavation or construction period.

 Presence of seepage water and consideration of probable rise in water table in monsoon, side fall
is eminent. So, at the time of construction of foundation, it is recommended to design the
appropriate site protection measures based on soil properties as obtained on this report.

Traceable Measurements Pvt. Ltd. Page 16

 Soil Investigation Report: Shera RCC Bridge,
Indrasarobar Rural Municpality, Makwanpur District
 All soft pockets below the foundation as well as the backfilling behind the abutment/ road
approach should be filled with approved granular fill in layers (15-30 cm) and compacted
adequately to 95% of maximum density.

 During excavation near to hill slope (>30˚) as well as near to steep valley side, stability of slope
should evaluated before the excavation by the contractor.

 Excavation of last 30 cm to founding level should be inspected by an experienced Geotechnical

Engineer before the blending of lean concrete. If the sub soil condition is found different than
originally anticipated, additional investigation or redesign of foundation should be carried out.

Traceable Measurements Pvt. Ltd. Page 17

 Soil Investigation Report: Shera RCC Bridge,
Indrasarobar Rural Municpality, Makwanpur District

Bore Hole Log

Traceable Measurements Pvt. Ltd.

 Traceable Measurements Pvt. Ltd.
Drilling Log
Project: Detail Geotechnical Soil Investigation work of Shera RCC Bridge
Location: Indrasarobar Rural Municipality, Makwanpur District
Client: Indrasarobar Rural Municipality, Bagmati Province
Date: 2080-02-16
Borehole No: 1 (Left Bank)
Ground water: 1.5 m
No. of blows

No. &Type
N-Value SPT

Nc-Value
Depth, m

N-Value
Symbol

Sample
DCPT

10 cm
10 cm
10 cm
Soil Description
0 10 20 30 40 50
0

-1
DCPT 10 15 17 42 28 1.5
-2

-3 DCPT 12 27 24 63 42 3

-4
DCPT 24 34 30 88 50 4.5
-5

-6 DCPT 29 >50 Blows 50 6

-7
DCPT 37 >50 Blows 50 7.5
Gravel mix Sand with -8
Boulders
-9 DCPT 33 >50 Blows 50 9

- 10
DCPT 46 >50 Blows 50 10.5
- 11

- 12 DCPT 39 >50 Blows 50 12

- 13
DCPT 43 >50 Blows 50 13.5
- 14

- 15 15

- 16 DCPT 48 >50 Blows 50

End Depth * Completed at 16.00m Ground: Dry
Types of Soil N Value
0 to 4 4 to 10 10 to 30 30 to 50 > 50
Granular Soil Compactness
Very Loose Loose Med. Dense Dense Very Dense
0 to 2 2 to 4 4 to 8 8 to 16 16 to 32 > 32
Cohesive Soil Consistency
Very Soft Soft Med. Soft Stiff Very Stiff Hard
 Traceable Measurements Pvt. Ltd.
Drilling Log
Project: Detail Geotechnical Soil Investigation work of Shera RCC Bridge
Location: Indrasarobar Rural Municipality, Makwanpur District
Client: Indrasarobar Rural Municipality, Bagmati Province
Date: 2080-02-20
Borehole No: 2 (Right Bank)
Ground water: 2m
No. of blows

No. &Type
N-Value SPT

Nc-Value
Depth, m

N-Value
Symbol

Sample
DCPT

10 cm
10 cm
10 cm
Soil Description
0 10 20 30 40 50
0

-1
DCPT 11 13 14 38 25 1.5
-2

-3 DCPT 12 15 24 51 34 3

-4
DCPT 20 23 30 73 42 4.5
-5

-6 DCPT 26 >50 Blows 50 6

-7
DCPT 29 >50 Blows 50 7.5

Gravel mix Sand with Boulders -8

-9 DCPT 32 >50 Blows 50 9

- 10
DCPT 37 >50 Blows 50 10.5
- 11

- 12 DCPT 41 >50 Blows 50 12

- 13
DCPT 36 >50 Blows 50 13.5
- 14

- 15 15

- 16 DCPT 43 >50 Blows 50

End Depth * Completed at 16.00m Ground: Dry
Types of Soil N Value
0 to 4 4 to 10 10 to 30 30 to 50 > 50
Granular Soil Compactness
Very Loose Loose Med. Dense Dense Very Dense
0 to 2 2 to 4 4 to 8 8 to 16 16 to 32 > 32
Cohesive Soil Consistency
Very Soft Soft Med. Soft Stiff Very Stiff Hard
 Soil Investigation Report: Shera RCC Bridge,
Indrasarobar Rural Municpality, Makwanpur

Laboratory Test Result

Traceable Measurements Pvt. Ltd.

 Traceable Measurements Pvt. Ltd.
Sieve Analysis
Name: Detail Geotechnical Soil Investigation work of Shera RCC Bridge
Location: Indrasarobar Rural Municipality, Makwanpur District Date:
Total weight: BH-01 BH-02 Depth of Sample: 1.5 m
333 350 gm Tested by: Anita
Cummulative Retained
Sieve Size Soil Retained (gm) Percent Retained (%) Percent finer (%)
(%)
(mm)
BH-01 BH-02 BH-01 BH-02 BH-01 BH-02 BH-01 BH-02
40 10 11 3.00 3.14 3.00 3.14 97.00 96.86
25 12 16 3.60 4.57 6.61 7.71 93.39 92.29
10 13 15 3.90 4.29 10.51 12.00 89.49 88.00
6.3 17 12 5.11 3.43 15.62 15.43 84.38 84.57
6 11 9 3.30 2.57 18.92 18.00 81.08 82.00
4.75 20 15 6.01 4.29 24.92 22.29 75.08 77.71
2.36 22 62 6.61 17.71 31.53 40.00 68.47 60.00
1.18 48 51 14.41 14.57 45.95 54.57 54.05 45.43
0.6 54 45 16.22 12.86 62.16 67.43 37.84 32.57
0.3 42 55 12.61 15.71 74.77 83.14 25.23 16.86
0.15 57 34 17.12 9.71 91.89 92.86 8.11 7.14
0.075 25 18 7.51 5.14 99.40 98.00 0.60 2.00
0.01 2 7 0.60 2.00 100.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
Total 333.00 350.00 gm
Loss (gm)= 0.00 0.00 gm

Grain Size Distribution Curve - Fine Grained Soil

100.00
90.00
80.00
Percentage Passing

70.00
60.00
50.00 BH01
40.00 BH02
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
0.01 0.1 1 10
Sieve sizes (Logarithmic)

BH01 BH02
Diameter of particle at 60% finer (D60) 1.6 2.4 mm
Diameter of particle at 30% finer (D30) 0.4 0.55 mm
Diameter of particle at 10% finer (D10) 0.175 0.2 mm
Coefficient of Uniformity (Cu) 9.14 12.00
Coefficient of Curvature (Cc) 0.57 0.63

Clay/Silt 0.6% 2.0%

Sand 74.5% 75.7%
Gravel 24.9% 22.3%
 Traceable Measurements Pvt. Ltd.
Sieve Analysis
Name: Detail Geotechnical Soil Investigation work of Shera RCC Bridge
Location: Indrasarobar Rural Municipality, Makwanpur District Date:
Total weight: BH-01 BH-02 Depth of Sample: 3.0 m
275 271 gm Tested by: Anita
Cummulative Retained
Sieve Size Soil Retained (gm) Percent Retained (%) Percent finer (%)
(%)
(mm)
BH-01 BH-02 BH-01 BH-02 BH-01 BH-02 BH-01 BH-02
40 8 13 2.91 4.80 2.91 4.80 97.09 95.20
25 17 19 6.18 7.01 9.09 11.81 90.91 88.19
10 14 13 5.09 4.80 14.18 16.61 85.82 83.39
6.3 16 10 5.82 3.69 20.00 20.30 80.00 79.70
6 21 14 7.64 5.17 27.64 25.46 72.36 74.54
4.75 22 30 8.00 11.07 35.64 36.53 64.36 63.47
2.36 59 34 21.45 12.55 57.09 49.08 42.91 50.92
1.18 13 11 4.73 4.06 61.82 53.14 38.18 46.86
0.6 28 24 10.18 8.86 72.00 61.99 28.00 38.01
0.3 52 40 18.91 14.76 90.91 76.75 9.09 23.25
0.15 15 43 5.45 15.87 96.36 92.62 3.64 7.38
0.075 6 12 2.18 4.43 98.55 97.05 1.45 2.95
0.01 4 8 1.45 2.95 100.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
Total 275.00 271.00 gm
Loss (gm)= 0.00 0.00 gm

Grain Size Distribution Curve - Fine Grained Soil

100.00
90.00
80.00
Percentage Passing

70.00
60.00
50.00 BH01
40.00 BH02
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
0.01 0.1 1 10
Sieve sizes (Logarithmic)
BH01 BH02
Diameter of particle at 60% finer (D60) 4.2 4 mm
Diameter of particle at 30% finer (D30) 0.7 0.4 mm
Diameter of particle at 10% finer (D10) 0.32 0.18 mm
Coefficient of Uniformity (Cu) 13.13 22.22
Coefficient of Curvature (Cc) 0.36 0.22

Clay/Silt 1.5% 3.0%

Sand 62.9% 60.5%
Gravel 35.6% 36.5%
 Traceable Measurements Pvt. Ltd.
Sieve Analysis
Name: Detail Geotechnical Soil Investigation work of Shera RCC Bridge
Location: Indrasarobar Rural Municipality, Makwanpur District Date:
Total weight: BH-01 BH-02 Depth of Sample: 4.5 m
270 306 gm Tested by: Anita
Cummulative Retained
Sieve Size Soil Retained (gm) Percent Retained (%) Percent finer (%)
(%)
(mm)
BH-01 BH-02 BH-01 BH-02 BH-01 BH-02 BH-01 BH-02
40 14 17 5.19 5.56 5.19 5.56 94.81 94.44
25 11 12 4.07 3.92 9.26 9.48 90.74 90.52
10 21 16 7.78 5.23 17.04 14.71 82.96 85.29
6.3 17 11 6.30 3.59 23.33 18.30 76.67 81.70
6 15 19 5.56 6.21 28.89 24.51 71.11 75.49
4.75 10 15 3.70 4.90 32.59 29.41 67.41 70.59
2.36 40 55 14.81 17.97 47.41 47.39 52.59 52.61
1.18 25 31 9.26 10.13 56.67 57.52 43.33 42.48
0.6 43 27 15.93 8.82 72.59 66.34 27.41 33.66
0.3 39 61 14.44 19.93 87.04 86.27 12.96 13.73
0.15 22 22 8.15 7.19 95.19 93.46 4.81 6.54
0.075 10 16 3.70 5.23 98.89 98.69 1.11 1.31
0.01 3 4 1.11 1.31 100.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
Total 270.00 306.00 gm
Loss (gm)= 0.00 0.00 gm

Grain Size Distribution Curve - Fine Grained Soil

100.00

90.00

80.00
Percentage Passing

70.00

60.00

50.00 BH01

40.00 BH02
30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00
0.01 0.1 1 10
Sieve sizes (Logarithmic)

BH01 BH02
Diameter of particle at 60% finer (D60) 3.5 3.3 mm
Diameter of particle at 30% finer (D30) 0.7 0.5 mm
Diameter of particle at 10% finer (D10) 0.19 0.22 mm
Coefficient of Uniformity (Cu) 18.42 15.00
Coefficient of Curvature (Cc) 0.74 0.34

Clay/Silt 1.1% 1.3%

Sand 66.3% 69.3%
Gravel 32.6% 29.4%
 Traceable Measurements Pvt. Ltd.
Sieve Analysis
Name: Detail Geotechnical Soil Investigation work of Shera RCC Bridge
Location: Indrasarobar Rural Municipality, Makwanpur District Date:
Total weight: BH-01 BH-02 Depth of Sample: 6.0 m
275 305 gm Tested by: Anita
Cummulative Retained
Sieve Size Soil Retained (gm) Percent Retained (%) Percent finer (%)
(%)
(mm)
BH-01 BH-02 BH-01 BH-02 BH-01 BH-02 BH-01 BH-02
40 5 8 1.82 2.62 1.82 2.62 98.18 97.38
25 16 12 5.82 3.93 7.64 6.56 92.36 93.44
10 22 24 8.00 7.87 15.64 14.43 84.36 85.57
6.3 13 13 4.73 4.26 20.36 18.69 79.64 81.31
6 16 11 5.82 3.61 26.18 22.30 73.82 77.70
4.75 21 19 7.64 6.23 33.82 28.52 66.18 71.48
2.36 61 56 22.18 18.36 56.00 46.89 44.00 53.11
1.18 34 37 12.36 12.13 68.36 59.02 31.64 40.98
0.6 36 42 13.09 13.77 81.45 72.79 18.55 27.21
0.3 27 28 9.82 9.18 91.27 81.97 8.73 18.03
0.15 16 39 5.82 12.79 97.09 94.75 2.91 5.25
0.075 8 12 2.91 3.93 100.00 98.69 0.00 1.31
0.01 0 4 0.00 1.31 100.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
Total 275.00 305.00 gm
Loss (gm)= 0.00 0.00 gm

Grain Size Distribution Curve - Fine Grained Soil

100.00

90.00

80.00

70.00
Percentage Passing

60.00

50.00 BH01

40.00 BH02
30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00
0.01 0.1 1 10
Sieve sizes (Logarithmic)

BH01 BH02
Diameter of particle at 60% finer (D60) 4 3.1 mm
Diameter of particle at 30% finer (D30) 1.1 0.7 mm
Diameter of particle at 10% finer (D10) 0.33 0.2 mm
Coefficient of Uniformity (Cu) 12.12 15.50
Coefficient of Curvature (Cc) 0.92 0.79

Clay/Silt 0.0% 1.3%

Sand 66.2% 70.2%
Gravel 33.8% 28.5%
 Traceable Measurements Pvt. Ltd.
Sieve Analysis
Name: Detail Geotechnical Soil Investigation work of Shera RCC Bridge
Location: Indrasarobar Rural Municipality, Makwanpur District Date:
Total weight: BH-01 BH-02 Depth of Sample: 7.5 m
290 304 gm Tested by: Anita
Cummulative Retained
Sieve Size Soil Retained (gm) Percent Retained (%) Percent finer (%)
(%)
(mm)
BH-01 BH-02 BH-01 BH-02 BH-01 BH-02 BH-01 BH-02
40 9 11 3.10 3.62 3.10 3.62 96.90 96.38
25 24 21 8.28 6.91 11.38 10.53 88.62 89.47
10 12 17 4.14 5.59 15.52 16.12 84.48 83.88
6.3 14 24 4.83 7.89 20.34 24.01 79.66 75.99
6 18 12 6.21 3.95 26.55 27.96 73.45 72.04
4.75 34 31 11.72 10.20 38.28 38.16 61.72 61.84
2.36 48 22 16.55 7.24 54.83 45.39 45.17 54.61
1.18 36 32 12.41 10.53 67.24 55.92 32.76 44.08
0.6 24 34 8.28 11.18 75.52 67.11 24.48 32.89
0.3 15 42 5.17 13.82 80.69 80.92 19.31 19.08
0.15 39 30 13.45 9.87 94.14 90.79 5.86 9.21
0.075 17 26 5.86 8.55 100.00 99.34 0.00 0.66
0.01 0 2 0.00 0.66 100.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
Total 290.00 304.00 gm
Loss (gm)= 0.00 0.00 gm

Grain Size Distribution Curve - Fine Grained Soil

100.00

90.00

80.00

70.00
Percentage Passing

60.00

50.00 BH01

40.00 BH02
30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00
0.01 0.1 1 10
Sieve sizes (Logarithmic)

BH01 BH02
Diameter of particle at 60% finer (D60) 4.5 4 mm
Diameter of particle at 30% finer (D30) 1 0.5 mm
Diameter of particle at 10% finer (D10) 0.2 0.16 mm
Coefficient of Uniformity (Cu) 22.50 25.00
Coefficient of Curvature (Cc) 1.11 0.39

Clay/Silt 0.0% 0.7%

Sand 61.7% 61.2%
Gravel 38.3% 38.2%
 Traceable Measurements Pvt. Ltd.
Sieve Analysis
Name: Detail Geotechnical Soil Investigation work of Shera RCC Bridge
Location: Indrasarobar Rural Municipality, Makwanpur District Date:
Total weight: BH-01 BH-02 Depth of Sample: 9.0 m
375 380 gm Tested by: Anita
Cummulative Retained
Sieve Size Soil Retained (gm) Percent Retained (%) Percent finer (%)
(%)
(mm)
BH-01 BH-02 BH-01 BH-02 BH-01 BH-02 BH-01 BH-02
40 11 8 2.93 2.11 2.93 2.11 97.07 97.89
25 19 17 5.07 4.47 8.00 6.58 92.00 93.42
10 9 23 2.40 6.05 10.40 12.63 89.60 87.37
6.3 13 21 3.47 5.53 13.87 18.16 86.13 81.84
6 19 17 5.07 4.47 18.93 22.63 81.07 77.37
4.75 22 16 5.87 4.21 24.80 26.84 75.20 73.16
2.36 65 75 17.33 19.74 42.13 46.58 57.87 53.42
1.18 36 40 9.60 10.53 51.73 57.11 48.27 42.89
0.6 49 66 13.07 17.37 64.80 74.47 35.20 25.53
0.3 68 50 18.13 13.16 82.93 87.63 17.07 12.37
0.15 36 30 9.60 7.89 92.53 95.53 7.47 4.47
0.075 14 10 3.73 2.63 96.27 98.16 3.73 1.84
0.01 14 7 3.73 1.84 100.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
Total 375.00 380.00 gm
Loss (gm)= 0.00 0.00 gm

Grain Size Distribution Curve - Fine Grained Soil

100.00

90.00

80.00
Percentage Passing

70.00

60.00

50.00 BH01

40.00 BH02
30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00
0.01 0.1 1 10
Sieve sizes (Logarithmic)

BH01 BH02
Diameter of particle at 60% finer (D60) 2.2 3 mm
Diameter of particle at 30% finer (D30) 0.45 0.7 mm
Diameter of particle at 10% finer (D10) 0.2 0.21 mm
Coefficient of Uniformity (Cu) 11.00 14.29
Coefficient of Curvature (Cc) 0.46 0.78

Clay/Silt 3.7% 1.8%

Sand 71.5% 71.3%
Gravel 24.8% 26.8%
 Traceable Measurements Pvt. Ltd.
Sieve Analysis
Name: Detail Geotechnical Soil Investigation work of Shera RCC Bridge
Location: Indrasarobar Rural Municipality, Makwanpur District Date:
Total weight: BH-01 BH-02 Depth of Sample: 10.5 m
390 325 gm Tested by: Anita
Cummulative Retained
Sieve Size Soil Retained (gm) Percent Retained (%) Percent finer (%)
(%)
(mm)
BH-01 BH-02 BH-01 BH-02 BH-01 BH-02 BH-01 BH-02
40 12 18 3.08 5.54 3.08 5.54 96.92 94.46
25 21 15 5.38 4.62 8.46 10.15 91.54 89.85
10 17 26 4.36 8.00 12.82 18.15 87.18 81.85
6.3 23 16 5.90 4.92 18.72 23.08 81.28 76.92
6 21 14 5.38 4.31 24.10 27.38 75.90 72.62
4.75 13 21 3.33 6.46 27.44 33.85 72.56 66.15
2.36 51 27 13.08 8.31 40.51 42.15 59.49 57.85
1.18 24 62 6.15 19.08 46.67 61.23 53.33 38.77
0.6 57 32 14.62 9.85 61.28 71.08 38.72 28.92
0.3 90 34 23.08 10.46 84.36 81.54 15.64 18.46
0.15 33 43 8.46 13.23 92.82 94.77 7.18 5.23
0.075 26 17 6.67 5.23 99.49 100.00 0.51 0.00
0.01 2 0 0.51 0.00 100.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
Total 390.00 325.00 gm
Loss (gm)= 0.00 0.00 gm

Grain Size Distribution Curve - Fine Grained Soil

100.00

90.00

80.00
Percentage Passing

70.00

60.00

50.00 BH01

40.00 BH02
30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00
0.01 0.1 1 10
Sieve sizes (Logarithmic)

BH01 BH02
Diameter of particle at 60% finer (D60) 2 2.8 mm
Diameter of particle at 30% finer (D30) 0.45 0.65 mm
Diameter of particle at 10% finer (D10) 0.2 0.2 mm
Coefficient of Uniformity (Cu) 10.00 14.00
Coefficient of Curvature (Cc) 0.51 0.75

Clay/Silt 0.5% 0.0%

Sand 72.1% 66.2%
Gravel 27.4% 33.8%
 Traceable Measurements Pvt. Ltd.
Sieve Analysis
Name: Detail Geotechnical Soil Investigation work of Shera RCC Bridge
Location: Indrasarobar Rural Municipality, Makwanpur District Date:
Total weight: BH-01 BH-02 Depth of Sample: 12 m
482 420 gm Tested by: Anita
Cummulative Retained
Sieve Size Soil Retained (gm) Percent Retained (%) Percent finer (%)
(%)
(mm)
BH-01 BH-02 BH-01 BH-02 BH-01 BH-02 BH-01 BH-02
40 10 13 2.07 3.10 2.07 3.10 97.93 96.90
25 17 19 3.53 4.52 5.60 7.62 94.40 92.38
10 16 21 3.32 5.00 8.92 12.62 91.08 87.38
6.3 20 9 4.15 2.14 13.07 14.76 86.93 85.24
6 17 15 3.53 3.57 16.60 18.33 83.40 81.67
4.75 87 67 18.05 15.95 34.65 34.29 65.35 65.71
2.36 49 72 10.17 17.14 44.81 51.43 55.19 48.57
1.18 55 28 11.41 6.67 56.22 58.10 43.78 41.90
0.6 59 69 12.24 16.43 68.46 74.52 31.54 25.48
0.3 46 50 9.54 11.90 78.01 86.43 21.99 13.57
0.15 35 20 7.26 4.76 85.27 91.19 14.73 8.81
0.075 61 25 12.66 5.95 97.93 97.14 2.07 2.86
0.01 10 12 2.07 2.86 100.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
Total 482.00 420.00 gm
Loss (gm)= 0.00 0.00 gm

Grain Size Distribution Curve - Fine Grained Soil

100.00

90.00

80.00

70.00
Percentage Passing

60.00

50.00 BH01
40.00
BH02
30.00

20.00

10.00
0.00
0.01 0.1 1 10
Sieve sizes (Logarithmic)

BH01 BH02
Diameter of particle at 60% finer (D60) 3 4 mm
Diameter of particle at 30% finer (D30) 0.5 0.7 mm
Diameter of particle at 10% finer (D10) 0.13 0.18 mm
Coefficient of Uniformity (Cu) 23.08 22.22
Coefficient of Curvature (Cc) 0.64 0.68

Clay/Silt 2.1% 2.9%

Sand 63.3% 62.9%
Gravel 34.6% 34.3%
 Traceable Measurements Pvt. Ltd.
Sieve Analysis
Name: Detail Geotechnical Soil Investigation work of Shera RCC Bridge
Location: Indrasarobar Rural Municipality, Makwanpur District Date:
Total weight: BH-01 BH-02 Depth of Sample: 13.5 m
350 390 gm Tested by: Anita
Cummulative Retained
Sieve Size Soil Retained (gm) Percent Retained (%) Percent finer (%)
(%)
(mm)
BH-01 BH-02 BH-01 BH-02 BH-01 BH-02 BH-01 BH-02
40 9 14 2.57 3.59 2.57 3.59 97.43 96.41
25 18 11 5.14 2.82 7.71 6.41 92.29 93.59
10 11 21 3.14 5.38 10.86 11.79 89.14 88.21
6.3 14 10 4.00 2.56 14.86 14.36 85.14 85.64
6 15 15 4.29 3.85 19.14 18.21 80.86 81.79
4.75 47 28 13.43 7.18 32.57 25.38 67.43 74.62
2.36 63 43 18.00 11.03 50.57 36.41 49.43 63.59
1.18 17 63 4.86 16.15 55.43 52.56 44.57 47.44
0.6 52 72 14.86 18.46 70.29 71.03 29.71 28.97
0.3 24 24 6.86 6.15 77.14 77.18 22.86 22.82
0.15 32 52 9.14 13.33 86.29 90.51 13.71 9.49
0.075 46 28 13.14 7.18 99.43 97.69 0.57 2.31
0.01 2 9 0.57 2.31 100.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
Total 350.00 390.00 gm
Loss (gm)= 0.00 0.00 gm

Grain Size Distribution Curve - Fine Grained Soil

100.00

90.00

80.00
Percentage Passing

70.00

60.00

50.00 BH01

40.00 BH02
30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00
0.01 0.1 1 10
Sieve sizes (Logarithmic)

BH01 BH02
Diameter of particle at 60% finer (D60) 3.6 2 mm
Diameter of particle at 30% finer (D30) 0.6 0.63 mm
Diameter of particle at 10% finer (D10) 0.13 0.15 mm
Coefficient of Uniformity (Cu) 27.69 13.33
Coefficient of Curvature (Cc) 0.77 1.32

Clay/Silt 0.6% 2.3%

Sand 66.9% 72.3%
Gravel 32.6% 25.4%
 Traceable Measurements Pvt. Ltd.
Sieve Analysis
Name: Detail Geotechnical Soil Investigation work of Shera RCC Bridge
Location: Indrasarobar Rural Municipality, Makwanpur District Date:
Total weight: BH-01 BH-02 Depth of Sample: 16 m
410 400 gm Tested by: Anita
Cummulative Retained
Sieve Size Soil Retained (gm) Percent Retained (%) Percent finer (%)
(%)
(mm)
BH-01 BH-02 BH-01 BH-02 BH-01 BH-02 BH-01 BH-02
40 10 8 2.44 2.00 2.44 2.00 97.56 98.00
25 15 18 3.66 4.50 6.10 6.50 93.90 93.50
10 13 11 3.17 2.75 9.27 9.25 90.73 90.75
6.3 22 15 5.37 3.75 14.63 13.00 85.37 87.00
6 15 19 3.66 4.75 18.29 17.75 81.71 82.25
4.75 37 52 9.02 13.00 27.32 30.75 72.68 69.25
2.36 92 64 22.44 16.00 49.76 46.75 50.24 53.25
1.18 52 36 12.68 9.00 62.44 55.75 37.56 44.25
0.6 63 46 15.37 11.50 77.80 67.25 22.20 32.75
0.3 22 75 5.37 18.75 83.17 86.00 16.83 14.00
0.15 37 37 9.02 9.25 92.20 95.25 7.80 4.75
0.075 24 15 5.85 3.75 98.05 99.00 1.95 1.00
0.01 8 4 1.95 1.00 100.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
Total 410.00 400.00 gm
Loss (gm)= 0.00 0.00 gm

Grain Size Distribution Curve - Fine Grained Soil

100.00

90.00

80.00

70.00
Percentage Passing

60.00

50.00 BH01

40.00 BH02
30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00
0.01 0.1 1 10
Sieve sizes (Logarithmic)

BH01 BH02
Diameter of particle at 60% finer (D60) 3 3 mm
Diameter of particle at 30% finer (D30) 0.8 0.5 mm
Diameter of particle at 10% finer (D10) 0.13 0.21 mm
Coefficient of Uniformity (Cu) 23.08 14.29
Coefficient of Curvature (Cc) 1.64 0.40

Clay/Silt 2.0% 1.0%

Sand 70.7% 68.3%
Gravel 27.3% 30.8%
 Traceable Measurements Pvt. Ltd.
Detail Geotechnical Soil Investigation work of Shera RCC Bridge
Indrasarobar Rural Municipality, Makwanpur District

METHOD OF DETERMINATION OF WEIGHTED MEAN DIAMETER OF PARTICLES (dm)

Sampling at depth 1000 mm, below the existing bed

Sieve Designation Sieve opening weight of soil Percent retained Remarks Sieve size Average size Percentage of Column (2) X Remarks
(mm) retained (gm) (mm) weight retained Column (3)
60 mm 60 0 0.00 (1) (2) (3) (4)
45 mm 45 0 0.00 60 60 0.00 0.00
40 mm 40 73 4.04 60 45 52.5 0.00 0.00
25 mm 25 87 4.82 45 40 42.5 4.04 171.88
10 mm 10 92 5.10 40 25 32.5 4.82 156.65
6.3 mm 6.3 83 4.60 25 10 17.5 5.10 89.20
6.0 mm 6 89 4.93 10 6.3 8.15 4.60 37.48
4.75 mm 4.75 112 6.20 6.3 6 6.15 4.93 30.32
2.36 mm 2.36 272 15.07 6 4.75 5.375 6.20 33.35
1.18 mm 1.18 179 9.92 4.75 2.36 3.555 15.07 53.57
0.6 mm 0.6 221 12.24 2.36 1.18 1.77 9.92 17.55
0.300 mm 0.3 289 16.01 1.180 0.6 0.89 12.24 10.90
0.150 mm 0.15 193 10.69 0.600 0.3 0.45 16.01 7.20
0.075 mm 0.075 87 4.82 0.300 0.150 0.225 10.69 2.41
pan 28 1.55 0.150 0.075 0.113 4.82 0.54
Total 1805.00 0.075 0.002 0.039 1.55 0.06
Total 611.11 m
Weighted mean diameter dm= 6.11 mm

Prepared By: Checked By: Approved By:

 Traceable Measurements Pvt. Ltd.
Specific Gravity Determination
Project: Detail Geotechnical Soil Investigation work of Shera RCC Bridge
Location: Indrasarobar Rural Municipality, Makwanpur District Date:
Boring No: BH-01 Depth:
Description of soil: Boulder mix Sand Tested by: Anita
Depth of Sample: 0-16 m
Depth, m 1.5 3 4.5 6 7.5 9 10.5 12 13.5 16
Wt. Pycnometer + Water + Soil gm 408.9 408.2 403.2 407.9 407.3 407.4 409.0 406.1 403.9 406.3
Temperature °C 30° 26° 27° 27° 27° 27° 27° 27° 27° 29°
Wt. Pycnometer + Water gm 371.8 371.2 366.0 370.6 370.2 370.2 372.7 368.9 366.3 369.0
Wt. Pycnometer + Dry Soil gm 184.0 182.9 183.2 183.7 187.5 183.2 189.1 182.3 184.0 180.9
Wt. Soil gm 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60
Specific Gravity of Water 0.998 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.997
Specific Gravity of Soil 2.612 2.606 2.630 2.632 2.613 2.622 2.527 2.624 2.671 2.638

Traceable Measurements Pvt. Ltd.

Specific Gravity Determination
Project: Detail Geotechnical Soil Investigation work of Shera RCC Bridge
Location: Indrasarobar Rural Municipality, Makwanpur District Date:
Boring No: BH-02 Depth:
Description of soil: Boulder mix Sand Tested by: Anita
Depth of Sample: 0-16 m
Depth, m 1.5 3 4.5 6 7.5 9 10.5 12 13.5 16
Wt. Pycnometer + Water + Soil gm 407.9 406.3 403.3 407.2 407.3 408.3 410.0 405.0 386.0 403.3
Temperature °C 30° 30° 27° 27° 27° 27° 27° 30° 30° 27°
Wt. Pycnometer + Water gm 370.7 369.1 366.0 369.8 370.0 371.2 372.7 367.8 348.8 366.0
Wt. Pycnometer + Dry Soil gm 183.5 184.7 183.2 183.3 187.5 186.6 189.1 183.1 162.6 183.2
Wt. Soil gm 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60
Specific Gravity of Water 0.998 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.998 0.997 0.997
Specific Gravity of Soil 2.625 2.625 2.639 2.646 2.636 2.611 2.630 2.627 2.625 2.640
 Traceable Measurements Pvt. Ltd.
Moisture Content Determination
Project: Detail Geotechnical Soil Investigation work of Shera RCC Bridge
Location: Indrasarobar Rural Municipality, Makwanpur District Date:
Bore Hole: BH-01 Depth: 0m-16m
Tested by: Anita Description of soil: Bouldermix Sand

Wt of Can Wt of Can+wet Wt of Can +Dry Moisture Content

Sample No Depth (m)
(gm) Soil (gm) Soil (gm) (w%)

1 1.5 24.08 173.44 147.65 20.87

2 3 126.34 416.23 372.3 17.86
3 4.5 24.45 177.48 156.35 16.02
4 6 111.49 625.1 544.83 18.52
5 7.5 111.6 712.27 626.13 16.74
6 9 123.88 544.05 476.92 19.01
7 10.5 111.1 588.59 516.88 17.67
8 12 112.09 529.09 469.06 16.82
9 13.5 114.84 573.94 499.2 19.45
10 16 114.35 619.64 544.7 17.41

Traceable Measurements Pvt. Ltd.

Moisture Content Determination
Project: Detail Geotechnical Soil Investigation work of Shera RCC Bridge
Location: Indrasarobar Rural Municipality, Makwanpur District Date:
Bore Hole: BH-02 Depth: 0m-16m
Tested by: Anita Description of soil: Boulder mix Sand

Wt of Can Wt of Can+wet Wt of Can +Dry Moisture Content

Sample No Depth (m)
(gm) Soil (gm) Soil (gm) (w%)

1 1.5 23.94 193.28 172.16 14.25

2 3 116.13 550.02 492.51 15.28
3 4.5 24.89 186.57 168.24 12.79
4 6 123.82 620.97 542.36 18.78
5 7.5 118.17 652.7 575.1 16.98
6 9 117.15 600.55 520.91 19.72
7 10.5 111.6 703.41 615.62 17.42
8 12 128.47 531.45 470.27 17.90
9 13.5 111.49 621.1 538.83 19.25
10 16 123.88 542.05 477.92 18.11
 Traceable Measurements Pvt. Ltd.
Direct Shear Test
Detail Geotechnical Soil Investigation work of Shera RCC Bridge
Indrasarobar Rural Municipality, Makwanpur District Date:
Bore Hole No: 1 Depth: 3.0m
Size of box (mm)= 51*51 mm
Area of box (cm^2)= 25 cm^2
Volume of box (cm^3)= 46.818 cm^3
Proving ring constant (kg/div.)= 0.17
Least count of displacement dial gauge (mm/div)= 0.01 mm
Mass of soil= 79.32 gms
Density of soil= 1.69 gm/cc

Normal Stress
Shear Stress kg/cm2
kg/cm2
0.2 0.138
0.4 0.26
0.6 0.38

∅= 31.17
c= 0.0173

Shear Stress Vs Normal Stress

0.4
y = 0.605x + 0.0173
0.35

0.3
Shear Stress kg/cm2

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Normal Stress Kg/cm2
 Traceable Measurements Pvt. Ltd.
Direct Shear Test
Detail Geotechnical Soil Investigation work of Shera RCC Bridge
Indrasarobar Rural Municipality, Makwanpur District Date:
Bore Hole No: 1 Depth: 6.0m
Size of box (mm)= 51*51 mm
Area of box (cm^2)= 25 cm^2
Volume of box (cm^3)= 46.818 cm^3
Proving ring constant (kg/div.)= 0.17
Least count of displacement dial gauge (mm/div)= 0.01 mm
Mass of soil= 79.32 gms
Density of soil= 1.69 gm/cc

Normal Stress
Shear Stress kg/cm2
kg/cm2
0.2 0.145
0.4 0.24
0.6 0.385

∅= 30.96
c= 0.0167

Shear Stress Vs Normal Stress

0.45

0.4
y = 0.6x + 0.0167
0.35
Shear Stress kg/cm2

0.3

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Normal Stress Kg/cm2
 Traceable Measurements Pvt. Ltd.
Direct Shear Test
Detail Geotechnical Soil Investigation work of Shera RCC Bridge
Indrasarobar Rural Municipality, Makwanpur District Date:
Bore Hole No: 2 Depth: 3.0m
Size of box (mm)= 51*51 mm
Area of box (cm^2)= 25 cm^2
Volume of box (cm^3)= 46.818 cm^3
Proving ring constant (kg/div.)= 0.17
Least count of displacement dial gauge (mm/div)= 0.01 mm
Mass of soil= 79.32 gms
Density of soil= 1.69 gm/cc

Normal Stress
Shear Stress kg/cm2
kg/cm2
0.2 0.125
0.4 0.24
0.6 0.368

∅= 31.28
c= 0.0013

Shear Stress Vs Normal Stress

0.4
y = 0.6075x + 0.0013
0.35

0.3
Shear Stress kg/cm2

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Normal Stress Kg/cm2
 Traceable Measurements Pvt. Ltd.
Direct Shear Test
Detail Geotechnical Soil Investigation work of Shera RCC Bridge
Indrasarobar Rural Municipality, Makwanpur District Date:
Bore Hole No: 2 Depth: 6.0 m
Size of box (mm)= 51*51 mm
Area of box (cm^2)= 25 cm^2
Volume of box (cm^3)= 46.818 cm^3
Proving ring constant (kg/div.)= 0.17
Least count of displacement dial gauge (mm/div)= 0.01 mm
Mass of soil= 79.32 gms
Density of soil= 1.69 gm/cc

Normal Stress
Shear Stress kg/cm2
kg/cm2
0.2 0.145
0.4 0.23
0.6 0.395

∅= 32.01
c= 0.0067

Shear Stress Vs Normal Stress

0.45
0.4
y = 0.625x + 0.0067
0.35
Shear Stress kg/cm2

0.3

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Normal Stress Kg/cm2
 Soil Investigation Report: Shera RCC Bridge,
Indrasarobar Rural Municipality, Makwanpur

Figures and Photographs

Traceable Measurements Pvt. Ltd.

 Soil Investigation Report: Shera RCC Bridge
Indrasarobar Rural Municipality, Makwanpur