SUBJECT

COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
TECHNOLOGY

COURSE
GETTING STARTED WITH
MICROSOFT EXCEL

COMPILED BY
MICHELLE MEYER
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Contents

Creating a New Workbook in Excel .............................................................. 4

How to Save a New Workbook................................................................... 5
How to Save a Workbook in a Different/Older Format .............................. 5
The Home Tab ............................................................................................. 6
Clipboard Group ...................................................................................... 6
Font Group .............................................................................................. 6
Alignment Group ...................................................................................... 6
Number Group ......................................................................................... 7
Styles Group ............................................................................................ 8
Cells Group .............................................................................................. 9
Editing Group ........................................................................................ 10
Insert Tab ................................................................................................. 12
Tables Group ......................................................................................... 12
Illustrations Group................................................................................. 12
Charts Group ......................................................................................... 14
Links ..................................................................................................... 15
Comments and Notes ............................................................................. 16
Text Group ............................................................................................. 16
Headers and Footers .............................................................................. 17
Symbols Group ...................................................................................... 18
Page Layout Tab........................................................................................ 18
Page Setup Group .................................................................................. 18
Formulas Tab............................................................................................ 20
Formulas ............................................................................................... 20
Functions............................................................................................... 22
Defined Names .......................................................................................... 26
Data Tab ................................................................................................... 27
Data Validation ...................................................................................... 27
Review Tab................................................................................................ 28
Proofing Group ....................................................................................... 28
Protect Group......................................................................................... 28
View Tab ................................................................................................... 29

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Workbook Views Group .......................................................................... 29

Show and Zoom Groups ......................................................................... 29
Freeze Panes .......................................................................................... 29
Printing a Worksheet / Workbook ............................................................. 29
Protecting (Encrypting) a Workbook .......................................................... 30
Developer Tab ........................................................................................... 30
Controls Group ...................................................................................... 30
Macros ................................................................................................... 30
Keyboard Shortcuts .................................................................................. 33
General .................................................................................................. 33
Editing ................................................................................................... 33
Formatting ............................................................................................. 33

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Creating a New Workbook in Excel

When opening MS Excel for the first time, you will see an Excel window with
a green pane on the left. Workbooks recently accessed will be listed there. You
will also see a couple of templates that can be used. Click on the blank
workbook thumbnail to open a new workbook in Excel.

You should immediately save the workbook under a name suitable for the
type of workbook you are creating. Keep the file name short and sweet, but
descriptive enough so you’re able to find it at a later stage. For instance, if
you are creating a budget for the month of January 2019, name it
budget_march_2019.xlsx, where the “.xlsx” is the file extension automatically
added by Excel.

budget_march_2019.xlsx
file name default Excel extension

Columns are labelled A, B, C, etc. Rows are labelled 1, 2, 3, etc. Each cell in
the workbook has an address, for instance, C12, which means the cell is
located in row 12 of column C. You can hide/delete a column/row by right
clicking on it and choosing Either hide or Delete.
You can change the worksheet name or hide/delete the worksheet by right
clicking on it and choosing Rename/Hide/Delete.
You can also insert columns/rows in the same way.

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How to Save a New Workbook

You can save a new workbook by following these steps:

▪ Click on the File tab in the ribbon

▪ Click Save As
▪ Click Browse to navigate to the place you
want to save it
▪ Give the file an appropriate name
▪ Click Save

Thereafter, save your workbook every two to

five minutes to prevent losing your work due to
a power outage or a non-responsive program.
The shortcut for saving is <ctrl><s> or click on
the  symbol in the top left corner.

How to Save a Workbook in a Different/Older Format

It is sometimes necessary
to save a workbook in a
different format, example,
as a .pdf file or an older
version of the same file in
order to open it with Excel
2003, for instance. To
save a file as .pdf is very
useful, especially if you do
not want the file to be
edited once you send it to someone. Also, anyone is able to open it if they have
a PDF Reader installed on their computers.

You can save a file in a different format by following these steps:

▪ Click on the File tab in the ribbon

▪ Click Save As
▪ Click Browse to navigate to the place you want to save it
▪ Click on the dropdown list, Save as type
▪ Choose the type of file you want to save it as
▪ Click save

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The Home Tab

All your basic editing options of a workbook is found in the Home tab.

Clipboard Group

You can cut/copy a selection of text or a cell in an Excel

workbook by selecting the text/cell and clicking copy
or cut.

If you want to keep a copy of the original text in the

same place or make a duplicate, you will select copy.

If you want to move the text/cell, you will select cut. Alternatively, the
keyboard shortcut for cut is <ctrl><x> and copy is <ctrl><c>.

Place the cursor where you want to place the selected text/cell and click on
paste. Alternatively, use the shortcut <ctrl><v>.

Font Group

In the font group, you can do the following:

▪ Change the font style

▪ Change the font size
▪ Change the font colour
▪ Bold, italics and underline text
▪ Change the fill colour of the cell
▪ Insert cell or range borders

Alignment Group

Horizontal Cell Alignment

You can left, centre or right align a cell,

by choosing the correct alignment in the alignment group.

Vertical Cell Alignment

You can top, centre or bottom align a cell vertically, by choosing the correct
alignment in the alignment group.

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Indentation

You can increase or decrease the cell indentation by clicking on the relevant
icon in the alignment group. Notice how the text doesn’t
start right next to the cell border.

Cell Orientation

You can change the text orientation of a

cell by clicking on the Orientation icon
in the alignment group.

Wrap Text

You can wrap text a cell to allow

text to continue to the next line of
the cell as shown in the example.

Number Group

In the Number group, you can change

the cell to allow different formats, for
instance, you can add an ‘R’ symbol
for currency without having to type
the R in front of a number.

Note that you can only do calculations in Excel if it recognizes

the value you entered as a number. If you manually add an ‘R’
symbol, Excel will recognize the value as text.

Number Formats

Numbers can be changed to view a certain number of decimals,

as shown in the example, using the number 5.763. Note how the
original value is still shown in the formula bar, even though the
rounded value is displayed in the cell. You can also change the
value to a percentage, for example 25%.

Currency

As explained above, you can change the currency to a symbol

of your choice without changing the value entered in the cell.

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Date and Time

You can change the date and time formats

without having to type each one out
individually. If you can’t find the format
you are looking for, you can customize the
format as well, for example, the format dd-mmm-yy will display it as 30-Mar-
19 and dd/mm/yyyy will display 30/03/2019. In the same way, time formats
can be customized, for example, the format hh:mm:ss will display 08:30:25.

Text

Sometimes, you need a number to be treated as

text, for example a phone number. Excel won’t
recognize a zero (0) in front of a number. Therefore, if you want the cell to
display the number, you must format the cell to text first.

Increase and Decrease Decimals

You can increase or decrease the decimals of the value displayed in

the cell by choosing either one of the icons shown on the left.

Styles Group

Conditional Formatting

When you need to format a range according to a

specific criterion, you can use the conditional
formatting tool in the Styles group.

For example, a teacher

could highlight all the
marks above 79 green
and all the marks
below 40 red as shown.

Note that you can also do Top/Bottom rules and

Data bars.

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Format as Table

You can choose a table style using this tool as shown in the example.

Cell Styles

Individual cells can be formatted using pre-set cell styles, which can be found
in the Styles group.

Cells Group

Here you can format, insert or delete cells, rows and

columns. Alternatively, you can also right click on the cell,
row or column and perform the same task.

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Editing Group

AutoSum

This automatically allows you to

insert basic functions by highlighting a range of values and
choosing what you would like to do, such as adding the values,
finding the average, finding the highest value or lowest value
in the range.

Fill

This tool allows you to fill a series automatically, such as numbers ranging
from 1, 2, 3, etc. or days of the week, example Mon, Tue, Wed, etc. or months
in the year, example Jan, Feb, Mar, etc.

Alternatively, you can enter the first two values in a range and
then click in the right corner of the second cell (your cursor will
look like a + sign) and drag down as far as you need to fill the
series down or across. This is shown in the screenshots. It will
then fill down to the rest of the cells.

Clear

The clear tool allows you to clear formatting in cells, clear cell
contents, hyperlinks and comments.

Alternatively, you can click on a cell and press delete in order

to clear its contents.

Sort and Filter

To sort a range in Excel, highlight all

the data you want to include in your
sort. Also include your headings if you
have some. Click on the Sort & Filter
icon and choose custom sort. See
example:

Highlighted data before sort.

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Choose which columns you want to sort on. You can add as many levels of
sorting as required. In the example, the data is first sorted by Band/Solo and
then alphabetically by surname. Notice the result of the sort as shown below:

You can also filter data in Excel, by placing filters on the data headers and
choosing which data you wish to display.

Before filter is applied to column C.

After filter is applied to column C.

Find and Select

Using this tool, you can

find and replace any
word in Excel. This is
used if you want to make
multiple replacements of the
same word or phrase. You can
also custom format a cell containing certain texts or values.

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Insert Tab

The insert tab is mainly used to insert images, shapes, screenshots, pivot
tables and charts.

Tables Group

Pivot Tables

Use a pivot table to build a list of unique values. Because pivot tables
summarize data, they can be used to find unique values in a field. This is a
good way to quickly see all the values that appear in a field and also find
typos, and other inconsistencies. In the example below, a basic table was used
to show the ages of a group of students. A pivot table was then used to
summarize the data and calculate and show the average age of the group of
students. You can choose which data you want to summarize and if you want
to display your pivot table in the same or different worksheet.

Table

Pivot
table

Illustrations Group

Pictures

To insert a picture from your library:

▪ Click on the Pictures icon

▪ Navigate to the place where the picture is saved
▪ Click insert.

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Once a picture is inserted and selected, the Picture Format tab will appear in
your Ribbon.

In the Format tab, you can do the following:

▪ Add an artistic effect
▪ Crop the picture
▪ Add a border
▪ Change the size

Shapes

You can add any shape by clicking on the Shapes icon, such as a rectangle,
circle, arrow, callout, etc.

Once you have drawn the shape, you can change its colour or add text.

SmartArt

This tool can be used if you want to insert basic lists, cycles or flowcharts.

Screenshots

A screenshot is the whole or part of

the screen. If you select screenshot,
it will take you to the underlying
document or screen.

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Charts Group

How to Create a Basic Chart

▪ Create a table using at least two sets of data for your x and y axis.
▪ At least one set of data must be values. (see examples below)
▪ Select the data including your headers if you have any.
▪ Click insert and choose the type of chart you want. You need to decide
which chart would be best to display your results.
▪ You can then choose if you want to keep the chart in the same sheet or
move it to a different worksheet.

Column Chart

Chart title

Gridlines

Data bars

Axis

Pie Chart

Chart area

Legend

Formatting a Chart

Once you have inserted your chart and your chart area is selected, you will
be given two new ribbons to work with: Design and Format.

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In the Design ribbon, you can change the chart using the various styles
available as shown in the screenshot.

In the Format ribbon you can change various aspects of the chart, such as
the fill colour or style of each ‘bar’ or ‘slice’ of the chart. You can also add
standard shapes.

Note: You can right click on any aspect of the chart and format it.

Links

You can insert a link to any place within the same sheet or workbook, another
file, email address or a website.

▪ Click on the cell where you want to place your link

▪ Click on insert.
▪ Click on link, insert link. The following box will appear:

▪ Choose where you want to link to and click Ok.

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Comments and Notes

Sometimes you want to add a comment to a cell. You can do this by choosing
Insert, Comment. Alternatively, you can also right click on the cell and choose
New Comment.

Once you click on the green arrow, it will post the comment and other users
can reply to the comment:

You can also add a note to a cell by right clicking on the cell and choosing
New Note.

Text Group

Text Box

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Word Art

Insert a WordArt title to your sheet by choosing the WordArt option. A new
ribbon will pop up that will allow you to format your WordArt.

Headers and Footers

In the text group, you can select the Header and Footer icon. This will
change your page to Page Layout view that will enable you to see the
header and footer section of your page.

Click on the left, centre or right section of the header or footer in order to
insert the field, text or image you need, which can be found in the new Header
and Footer Tools ribbon that is activated.

In the example below the current date and sheet name fields are displayed in
the header. Note that these fields are not manually typed in, but rather
selected from the Header and Footer Elements group.

To switch back to normal sheet view, click on View, Normal. Even though the
header and footer is not visible anymore, you will be able to see it when the
worksheet is printed or previewed.

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Symbols Group

Equations

For mathematical question papers, the Equations option

is very useful. When clicked on, the following menu
appears:

Symbol

When you need to insert special characters, click on the

symbols icon. The following options appear for normal text
amongst many others:

When you want other special symbols, select the Webdings

or Windings 1, 2 or 3 font in the Font dropdown list.

Page Layout Tab

In the Page Layout tab, you can change the margins, orientation and page
scaling amongst other features.

Page Setup Group

Orientation

Choose the page orientation, portrait or landscape. This is only needed if you
want to print the file or publish it in another format, like PDF.

Size

Choose the size of your page, for example A4, A3, etc. Once again, it will only
be needed if you want to print the file or publish it to PDF.

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Breaks

Insert page breaks using this tool. To change or remove breaks in a document,
you must go to View, Page Break Preview. In this view, it is easy to see where
breaks have been inserted.

Margins

You can choose pre-set margins for your page. If you choose custom margins,
a dialog box will pop up with more options.

If you click on the Page tab, you can scale the worksheet according to how
you would like it printed. If you want to print the whole worksheet on one
page, you can set it to print one page wide by one page tall.

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Formulas Tab

One of the main features that Excel has to offer, is the ability to do simple and
complex calculations.

All functions and formulas must start with an = sign and is displayed in the
Formula bar.

Formulas

A formula is a calculation that the user tells Excel to perform. You make use
of standard mathematical operators to do these calculations. The general
mathematical rules apply when creating a formula: BODMAS (Brackets, Of,
Division, Multiplication, Addition and Subtraction).

The following operators are used in formulas:

Addition + example =A1+B1

Subtraction – example =B2-A2
Multiplication * example =A7*B7
Division / example =B7/A7
Brackets () example =(A1+B1)/50
Power ^ example =A7^2 This will square the value in A7

Always make use of cell references (A5, B7, etc.) containing values instead of
entering a value in a formula wherever possible. Below is an example:

Even though both formulas will return the correct value, the formula entered
in cell D2 won’t be correct anymore if the quantity in cell B2 was changed to
30 for example, whereas the function in cell D3 would still work if the value
in cell B3 changed from 100 to 150.

Note: Never enter a formula one by one. Once you have inserted a formula in
D2, you should be able to copy it down to all the following cells by simply
placing your cursor on the bottom right corner of the cell and dragging down.

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Here is an example of what happens to cell references if the formula is copied

down to the rest of the cells.

Note how the cells automatically change the cell references as you go down:
B2 becomes B3, then B4, etc.

Sometimes you don’t want cells to change when you copy a formula. In these
cases, you need to make use of absolute cell referencing. This is done by
inserting a $ sign in front of the cell references you don’t want to change. For
example $B$12.

Notice how C1 stays C1 when it is copied down to the rest of the cells, but B4
still changes to B5 then B6, etc.

You can also combine values in a formula if you don’t have the values in the
cell. For example, if you didn’t have the rate per hour available in the
worksheet, you could have inserted the following formula in cell D4:
=B4*20

This works perfectly well, but if the rate per hour had to change, all the
formulas would have to be updated.

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Functions

Excel offers many different functions

that you can choose from. The most basic ones are SUM, MAX, MIN and
AVERAGE. See the example below:

The functions inserted in cells C11, C12, C13 and C14 will return the values
according to the function entered. A function always starts with an = sign,
followed by the name of the function, followed by a bracket.

Results

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The following table contains a summary of all the functions you need to
master from grade 10 to grade 12.

FUNCTION GRD DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE

Sum 10 Calculates the sum or total. =sum(A1:A5)

Max 10 Calculates the maximum =max(A1:A5)
value.
Min 10 Calculates the minimum =min(A1:A5)
value.
Average 10 Calculates the average =average(A1:A5)
value.
Count 10 Counts the number of cells =count(A1:A5)
in a range that contain
values (numbers) only.
Dates are also regarded as
numerical values.
Counta 10 Counts the number of cells =counta(A1:A5)
in a range that contain
numbers or text (cells that
are not blank).
Countblank 10 Counts the number of =countblank(A1:A5)
empty cells in a range.
Countif 10 Counts the number of cells =countif(A1:A5,”>5”)
in a range that comply with =countif(A1:A5,”M”)
a specific criterion.
Rand 10 Returns a random number =rand()
(fraction) between 0 and 1.
Randbetween 10 Returns a random whole =randbetween(5,100)
number between two
numbers you specify
(endpoints included)
Mode 10 Returns the number that =mode(A1:A5)
occurs most frequently in a
range of data.
Median 10 Returns the number in the =median(A1:A5)
middle of a set of sorted
numbers.
Today 10 Returns the current date. =today()
Now 10 Returns the current date =now()
and time.

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FUNCTION GRD DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE

Round 11 Rounds a number to the =round(A2,2)

nearest decimal place
specified.
Large 11 Determines the Nth largest =large(A1:A5,2)
number of all values in a
range.
Small 11 Determines the Nth smallest =small(A1:A5,3)
number of all values in a
range.
Power 11 Raises a number to a power =power(5,2)
(52).
Sumif 11 Values of certain cells in a =sumif(A1:A5,”M”,
range are added, if a certain C1:C5)
criterion to the data is met.
If 11 Allocates a value to a cell =if(D2>5,”Bonus”,
according to the result of a ”No Bonus”)
condition.
=if(condition,value if true,
value if false)
Rounddown 12 Rounds a number down to =rounddown(2.78,1)
N places after the decimal
point.
Roundup 12 Rounds a number up to N =roundup(2.783,2)
places after the decimal
point.
Int 12 Rounds a number down to =int(22.76)
the nearest integer (whole
number)
Trunc 12 Removes the decimal part of =trunc(21.73,1)
a number to N places after
the decimal point. Unlike
Int, Trunc does not round
the remaining decimal
places or whole numbers up
or down.

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FUNCTION GRD DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE

Nested If 12 The If function can be =if(D2>800,”Gold”,

straightforward like shown if(D2>=600,”Silver”,
previously, but can be “Bronze”)
extended when you have
more conditions and
outcomes. It is possible to
have up to 64 If statements.
Vlookup 12 Looks for a value in the =vlookup(C2,
leftmost column of a table, $F$1:$G5,2,FALSE)
and then returns a value in
the same row from a TRUE = Approximate
column you specify. By match
default, the table must be FALSE = Exact match
sorted in an ascending
order.
Hlookup 12 Looks for a value in the top =hlookup(C2,
row of a table or array of $F$1:$J$2,2,FALSE)
values and returns the
value in the same column
from a row you specify.
Len 12 Determines the number of =len(A2)
characters in a string.
Concatenate 12 Combines multiple strings =concatenate(A2,
into a single string. A ” “,G2)
maximum of 30 items can
be combined.
Upper 12 Converts letters in a string =upper(G2)
to upper case.
Lower 12 Converts letters in a string =lower(G2)
to lower case.
Left 12 Extracts the left N =left(C2,3)
characters of a string.
Right 12 Extracts the right N =right(C2,3)
characters of a string.
Mid 12 Extracts N characters from =mid(B2,3,2)
the Mth position in a string.
Find 12 Returns the position of a =find(“ “,A1)
substring within a string.
Value 12 Converts a string that =value(A1)
represents a numerical
value to a number.

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Note that if you click on the fx icon, you can view all the available functions
with their descriptions.

Defined Names

As you have seen, cells have predefined names,

for example A1, C12, D24, etc. A range is
defined as a set of cells, for example A1:B12.

You can define your own cell or named ranges, by using the Define Name tool
in the Defined Names group.

▪ Click on the cell or highlight the range you want to name.

▪ Click on Define Name.
▪ Type in the name you want to give the cell or range – no spaces may be
used.

In the above example, the new name HourlyRate was given to cell C1. Note
that it doesn’t say C1 anymore in the name block.

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Data Tab

Data Validation

In order to prevent incorrect data from being

entered in a spreadsheet, you can apply Data
Validation to a cell or range.

Drop Down List

Do the following to create a drop-down list / combo box in a cell:

▪ Create a separate list of data you want available in your list. This can
be done on the same sheet or on a different sheet.
▪ Select the cell or highlight the range where you want your combo box.
▪ Select Data Validation.
▪ Choose List.
▪ Select your source and highlight the range where your list items are
found.
▪ Click Ok.

Data source
E2:E3

Combo box

Text Length

To only allow a certain number of

characters to be entered in a cell, you can
specify the text length as shown on the
right. If more or less characters are entered,
an error message will pop up.

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Review Tab

Proofing Group

You can use the spelling option in the proofing group to check
your spelling in a spreadsheet.

Protect Group

Sometimes you only want users to be able to

edit certain areas in a spreadsheet. This is
especially handy if you made use of long,
complex calculations and you don’t want a
user to be able to make changes to those
calculations.

You can do this by following these simple steps:

▪ Select the cells you want a user to be able to edit. In my example I have
selected the range A4:B9.
▪ Right click on the selected cells/range.
▪ Choose Format Cells and then select the Protection tab.
▪ Untick the Locked check box and click Ok.

▪ Click on the Protect Sheet option.

▪ Untick the Select Locked Cells checkbox.
▪ Add a password in the password box. This is
optional. Click Ok.
▪ You will now only be able to edit the range or
cells that you “unlocked”.
▪ You can remove the protection again by
choosing the Unprotect Sheet option.

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View Tab

Workbook Views Group

Choose the different views here as discussed

previously under Breaks and Headers and Footers.

Show and Zoom Groups

Choose what you want to show on your

workbook and zoom in and out here.

Freeze Panes

When you have many rows or columns of data

and you want a certain number of top rows or
columns to the left to freeze when scrolling down
or to the right, you can use the Freeze Panes
option in the Window group. This is particularly
useful if your data contains headers.

▪ Place your cursor below the row or to the right of the column you want
to freeze.
▪ Select Freeze Panes.
▪ Alternatively you can also just opt to freeze the top row or first column.

Printing a Worksheet / Workbook

Follow these steps to print a document:

▪ Click on File
▪ Click Print <ctrl><p>
▪ Review your worksheet before printing
▪ Choose the correct printer, paper size/scaling
▪ Make sure you are printing the correct sheet
and not the entire workbook if you don’t need
it.
▪ Scale the worksheet if needed.
▪ Select the relevant pages you need to print.
▪ Print on both sides to save paper.

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Protecting (Encrypting) a Workbook

You can Encrypt a workbook by following these steps:

▪ Click on File
▪ Protect workbook
▪ Encrypt with password

Developer Tab

To enable the Developer Tab:

▪ Click File, Options

▪ Customize Ribbon
▪ Check the box next to Developer Tab

Controls Group

You can also add checkboxes, option buttons and other content controls like
you can do in Microsoft Word.

Macros

A Macro can be defined as a single instruction that expands automatically

into a set of instructions to perform a particular task.

How to record a macro using a shortcut key

▪ Select Record Macro on your Developer Tab.

▪ Give your Macro a descriptive name according to what you want your
macro to do. (In the example used, the recorded macro must calculate
the average of a set of class marks in cell B13.)

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▪ Add a shortcut key if you are not going to assign your macro to a button.
(In the example, <Ctrl><m> is used, since it is not a commonly used
shortcut.
▪ Give a suitable description for your macro so that any user can see what
your macro is meant to do. Click ok.

▪ Now you can record your macro. Every cell you click and every change
you make will be recorded. (In the example, cell B13 is selected and the
function =average(B2:B12) is inserted in the cell.)
▪ Stop recording.
▪ Now you can remove what you have done, but whenever the shortcut
key is pressed, Excel will mirror what you have recorded.

Viewing and Editing a Macro

You can view your workbook macros by clicking on the Macros icon. To edit
your macro, you can choose Visual Basic and change the aspects you want to
edit.

Getting Started with Microsoft Excel Compiled by: Michelle Meyer

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How to link a macro to a button

▪ Record your macro. You don’t have to add a

shortcut key.
▪ Select Insert on your Developer Tab and choose
Button (Form Control).
▪ Draw your button where you want it on your
worksheet.
▪ Select the macro you want to assign to your
button and click Ok.

▪ Give your button a suitable label.

▪ Whenever the button is clicked, the macro will run.

Getting Started with Microsoft Excel Compiled by: Michelle Meyer

 Page 33 of 33

Keyboard Shortcuts

General

New document .................................................. <Ctrl><N>

Open document ................................................ <Ctrl><O>
Print ................................................................. <Ctrl><P>
Save .................................................................. <Ctrl><S>
Close a document ............................................. <Ctrl><W>
Select all ........................................................... <Ctrl><A>
Find .................................................................. <Ctrl><F>
Help .................................................................. F1
Hide selected row .............................................. <Ctrl><9>
Hide selected column ........................................ <Ctrl><0>

Editing

Cut ................................................................... <Ctrl><X>

Copy ................................................................. <Ctrl><C>
Paste................................................................. <Ctrl><V>
Undo................................................................. <Ctrl><Z>
Redo ................................................................. <Ctrl><Y>

Formatting

Bold .................................................................. <Ctrl><B>

Italics................................................................ <Ctrl><I>
Underline .......................................................... <Ctrl><U>
Align left ........................................................... <Ctrl><L>
Align right ......................................................... <Ctrl><R>
Align centre....................................................... <Ctrl><E>
Justify .............................................................. <Ctrl><J>

Getting Started with Microsoft Excel Compiled by: Michelle Meyer