1. What is the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

-70 mV
2. What initiates the depolarization phase of an action potential?
Sodium channels opening
3. Which ion is responsible for repolarization during an action potential?
Potassium
4. The action potential is considered the fundamental method of
communication in organisms with:
Nervous system
5. What is the role of the refractory period in an action potential?
Prevents immediate re-stimulation
6. Which part of the neuron is responsible for transmitting action potentials?
Axon
7. What is the significance of the amplitude of an action potential?
It remains constant across different membrane segments.
8. In terms of wave dynamics, action potentials create:
Travelling waves
9. What initiates the generation of action potentials in response to an
external stimulus?
Changes in protein conformation
10.What does the refractory period ensure in terms of action potentials?
Prevents backward transmission
11.What is the function of potassium channels during the repolarization
phase?
Allow potassium efflux
12.The action potential amplitude remains the same but can vary in terms of:
Frequency
13.What is the primary role of the action potential in neural communication?
Synaptic transmission
14.What is the direction of action potential propagation?
Unidirectional
15.The refractory period is a time when:
Channels cannot be immediately restimulated
16.What remains constant for a given neuron regarding action potential
amplitude?
Voltage
17.Which part of the neuron is responsible for receiving incoming signals from
other neurons?
Dendrites
18.What ensures the unidirectional transmission of action potentials along the
axon?
Refractory period
19.The action potential waveform is primarily determined by the properties
of:
Axon membrane
20. What is the primary ion responsible for depolarization during an
action potential? Sodium
21.What does the refractory period contribute to the overall function of
neurons?
Prevents signal amplification
22.What is the primary function of the axon in neuronal communication?
Signal transmission
23.In terms of wave dynamics, what do action potentials create across the
cell membrane?
Travelling waves
24.What happens during the refractory period regarding channel activity?
Channels cannot be immediately restimulated
25.What aspect of the action potential varies with the frequency of stimuli?
Duration
26.What is the standard flow for information transfer in the nervous system
as discussed in the lecture?
a) Potassium to Sodium to Chloride
27.What is the term used for the local changes in membrane potential caused
by the movement of ions that do not result in an action potential?
a) Synaptic potential
28.How does an IPSP affect the chances of an action potential?
a) Decreases the chances
29.What is the significance of EPSPs and IPSPs in the nervous system's
computational processes?
a) They modulate the generation of action potentials
30.What is the significance of the membrane potential reaching -55 millivolts
in neurons?
a) It is the threshold for triggering an action potential.

31.Which term is used to describe the phenomenon where an action potential

is either generated or not generated based on stimulus intensity?
a) All-or-none phenomenon
32.In the context of neuron activation functions, the saw-tooth graph
discussed resembles the activation function of which artificial neural
network (ANN) model?
ReLU (Rectified Linear Unit)

33.What is the role of myelin in the propagation of action potentials?.

a) It insulates and speeds up the transmission of action potentials.
34.Which part of the neuron is responsible for local changes in current that
lead to the generation of action potentials?
35.a) Axon

36.Why is it necessary to understand the structure of the nervous system?

a)Structure is essential for grounding the knowledge of the nervous
system.
37.What is the role of the neuron in the nervous system?
a)Neurons serve as the fundamental computing unit.
38.What is the significance of the axon hillock in the generation of action
potentials?
a)It integrates signals and is the origin of action potentials.
39.How do chemical synapses differ from electrical synapses?
a)Chemical synapses convert electrical activity into chemical activity.
40.What is one of the important functions that occur at a synapse?
a)Amplification
41. What ensures the specificity of neurotransmitter action at a synapse?
 a)Specific receptors for each neurotransmitter
42.In a neuromuscular junction, what triggers the release of calcium, leading
to muscle activity?
b) Action potential

43.What is the role of calcium in muscle contraction?

a) Changes the configuration of muscle proteins
44.Why is myelination important in the nervous system?
a) To facilitate fast information transfer
45. what is spatial summation in the context of neuronal electrical activities?
46.a) Summation over space

47.In spatial summation, the distance between signals can significantly affect
the outcome. When signals from multiple synapses arrive simultaneously
at the postsynaptic neuron, their effects can summate. Closer signals,
meaning those originating from synapses nearer to each other on the
postsynaptic neuron, have a greater likelihood of overlapping and
summing together. This results in a stronger overall response in the
postsynaptic neuron.

48.In spatial summation, how does the distance between signals affect the
outcome?
49.a) Closer signals produce stronger response
50.What does temporal summation focus on in neuronal electrical activities?
51.a) Phase integration of signals
52.How is spatial computing described in the lecture?
53.a) Three-dimensional and four-dimensiona
54.What are the three layers of meninges covering the brain?
55.a) Dura, Arachnoid, Pia
56.Which structure actively secretes cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the brain
57.a) Choroid Plexus
58.What is the primary function of cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)?
59.b) Cushioning and protection
60.What differentiates the arterial territories from venous territories in the
brain?D
Arterial territories are different from venous territories
61.How is the circulation of CSF described?
Produced in the choroid plexus, flows through
subarachnoid space, absorbed by venous sinuses
62.Which division of the nervous system controls involuntary functions such
as heartbeat and digestion?
Autonomic nervous system
63. What is the role of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?S
Transmission of signals between the CNS and other parts of the
body
64.What is the primary function of the Autonomic Nervous System?
Regulation of body functions
65.Which division of the nervous system is responsible for processing sensory
input, initiating motor responses, and coordinating higher-level cognitive
functions?
Central Nervous System
66.What are the primary effector organs of the motor division of the nervous
system?
Muscles
67.Which of the following sensations is NOT classified as a special sensation?
 Touch
68.What is the primary difference in the arrangement of grey and white
matter
between the cerebrum and the spinal cord?
Grey matter is on the outside in the cerebrum and inside in the
spinal cord
69.Which part of the brain is responsible for integrating signals, generating
thoughts, and modulating actions?
Cerebrum
70.What is the function of the basal ganglia within the brain?
Modulation of physical movements
71.Which part of the nervous system regulates unconscious bodily functions
such as heart rate and digestion?
Autonomic Nervous System
72.