See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/387961873

Factors Influencing of College Students' Choice to Abroad: A Survey Study

BIKRAM KARKI

Article in International Research Journal of MMC · December 2024

DOI: 10.3126/irjmmc.v5i5.73626

CITATIONS READS

0 33

1 author:

Bikram Karki
Nepal Open University, Lalitpur, Nepal.
5 PUBLICATIONS 6 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Bikram Karki on 13 January 2025.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 International Research Journal of MMC (IRJMMC)

Vol- 5, No. 5, December 2024 ISSN 2717-4999 (Online) 2717-4980 (Print)

Factors Influencing of College Students’ Choice to Abroad: A Survey Study

BIKRAM KARKI

*Author affiliations can be found in the back matter of this article

CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Bikram Karki
Gaurishankar Multiple Campus, Dolakha
[email protected]
KEYWORDS ABSTRACT
Pull factors This study aims to identify the factors of college
students’ choices to migrate abroad. The
Push factors independent variables are push and pull factors and
the dependent variable is the socio-economic motive
Quality Education for going abroad. Push factors consist of
unemployment, poverty, family conflict, an inferior
Migration education system, political disturbance, and poor
development activities, and pull factors consist of the
Socio-economic development desire to study, fashion, earn and learn, be rich,
relative invite, and friends' suggestions. The study is
Unemployment carried out using a survey research design. The
nature of the study is descriptive. For this study, data
were collected from primary sources. The researchers
obtained data about the sample using answers to
structural questionnaires from the sampled 110
bachelor-level students of the Gaurishankar Multiple
Campus, Charikot Multiple Campus, and
Hanumanteshwor Multiple campus of Dolkahal
district. Descriptive and inferential statistics were
applied for the data analysis using SPSS software
version 23. According to respondents from the
descriptive analysis, most college students were
unsatisfied with Nepal's current political system and
government intervention for socio-economic
development. This research found that push and pull
factors were significant determinants but push
factors are more important than pull factors to
motivate migration. Thus, three-tier governments
should increase the budget for higher education for
quality education and productive sectors with
research.

1. INTRODUCTION relatively permanent movement of persons

Modernization and various social over a significant distance" (Shaw, 1975). A
and cultural movements have broadly major part of human history is migration,
changed perspectives and understanding of which is moving for various reasons like
the world. Conventionally, migration is "the travel, employment, education, or refuge.
Karki. International Research Journal of MMC DOI: 10.3126/irjmmc.v5i5.73626 89

People move in search of greater social and advancement of global education systems.
economic opportunities. Thet (2014) Mishra (2022) highlighted that in Nepal
highlighted two categories of migration young students who have just pursued their
contributing elements or causes: push and 10 +2, are lured to go abroad, particularly in
pull factors. Global migration is a developed countries such as Australia,
phenomenon influenced by social, political, America, Japan, and Canada for their
cultural, environmental, health, further study and permanent income
educational, and transportation resources. Therefore, migration for higher
considerations in addition to economic education has been increasing, though
ones. It frequently occurs due to push students face various challenges during
factors from developed locations and push their educational journey.
factors, such as unemployment, In recent years, there has been a
substandard living circumstances, unstable significant influx of Nepalese students to
political environments, unfavorable weather Western countries in search of higher
patterns, natural catastrophes, epidemics, education and better career opportunities.
and socioeconomic regression, might make Studying abroad is considered the most
one's place of birth appear less appealing. common way for students to obtain a top-
Pull factors, such as improved living and notch education and develop skills typically
employment prospects, peace and stability, unavailable in their home country (King &
property and life security, and a good Sondhi, 2018). According to the United
climate, make the destination seem more Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
desirable than the countries of origin. Organization (UNESCO) Institute of Statistics
Globally, the trend of international student (n.d.), Australia, Japan, the United States,
migration is comparatively higher than that and the United Kingdom are the most
of migration (King et al., 2010). With around popular study-abroad destinations. These
five million students crossing their borders students are forced to flee unfavorable
seeking higher education abroad, conditions back home, they are compelled
international student migration has to migrate.
increased over the years (Bista et al., 2018). Acharya (2012) stated that student
Developed countries have an inherent upper migration from Nepal to pursue higher
hand in attracting talent which is evident education abroad has been increasing in
with the United States (U.S.), United recent years. The recent data on migration
Kingdom (U.K.), and Australia being the key also displays that there are unexpected
players in hosting international students migration trends of Nepalese students to
(Khanal & Gaulee, 2019). developed countries for their sustainable
Adhikari et al. (2023) claimed that career development. The research revealed
migration was driven by British colonial that high expectations, aspirations, and
interests and political conditions set by the motivation prompted students to go abroad
national government in the past. Moreover, (Acharya,2012). Similarly, Tamang and
he highlighted that high levels of migration Shrestha (2021) jointly found that the
for long-term contract work in Malaysia and motivation behind this trend includes the
Gulf countries are currently linked to factors desire for practical skills, knowledge,
such as conflict, climate change, disasters, valuable experiences, and the expectation
and global forces that make local livelihood of higher earning potential and foreign
opportunities dangerous. degrees. Another reason is the rise in
Mishra (2022) found that the student migration is facilitated by the
migration of students is a complicated commoditized international education
phenomenon that is impacted by several market, which has made education abroad
variables, such as political, social, economic, accessible to segments of Nepali society
and academic concerns. It has a big impact that previously had limited opportunities.
on how international collaboration and Kharel (2022) found that the migration of
understanding are promoted and the Nepali students to Japan has significantly
Karki. International Research Journal of MMC DOI: 10.3126/irjmmc.v5i5.73626 90

increased, with Nepal students becoming domestic education system. In their

Japan’s third-largest foreign student research, Brooks and Goldin‐Meadow
community. The motivation factors that (2016) found that pull factors to students
play an important role in students’ decision seeking practical skills, knowledge, and
to migrate abroad and the degree of valuable experiences to enhance their
mobility when a student migrates abroad to future careers, motivating them to fly
complete an entire degree course (King et abroad for higher education. (Tamang &
al., 2010). Shrestha, 2021) highlighted that despite
Alsharari (2018) found that the facing financial, social, cultural, and
internationalization of the UAE has rapidly personal challenges during their
grown in the last decade and has sought to educational journey. Silwal & Baral (2021)
establish itself as an “education hub” in the claim that migration is the lack of diverse
Middle East. Özoğlu et al. (2015) suggested academic programs, providing quality
that geographical proximity and cultural, education, appointing qualified faculties,
historical, religious, and ethnic affinities and contributing to social support, student
seem to be very prominent in international employability, and higher education
students’ decisions to study in Turkey as an enrollment positions in Nepal. Ghimire &
emerging regional hub. Furthermore, they Hillman (2022) found that the desire for pull
said many other factors including factors, such as practical skills, knowledge,
comparable quality of education, valuable experiences, and aspirations for
affordability of living, scholarship higher earnings and foreign degrees
opportunities, and recommendations by motivate students to pursue higher
family or friends are also found to influence education in developed countries. Language
their choice of Turkey (Ozoglu et al., 2015). proficiency also matters in Nepalese
(Brown et al., 2016) concluded that the students who want to internalize the use
factors that support decisions to study the English language competently. To
overseas include having sufficient achieve competence, they prefer to go
information about study abroad programs, abroad for their study. Additionally, claim in
especially early in an academic program, their research that the plea of an
having an interest in other international curriculum, having
cultures/countries, and having academic opportunities for English language learning
staff and family as positive role models who environments, and the potential for global
motivate them to study abroad. Phang competitiveness in jobs contribute to the
(2013) highlighted the communication attraction to abroad. Moreover, Gurung et
factor which has an important influence on al. (2022) claimed that in research the push
international students’ decision of study factors of migration are shortage
destination. Nepalese students have a availability of employment opportunities,
variety of influence factors that assist them sound livelihood prospects in urban areas,
in going abroad. Personal motivation, and the impact of conflicts are significant
demographic factors, academic factors, factors for international migration, among
parental influences, career goals, and post- Nepalese individuals. Upadhyay-Dhungel
study abroad experiences are some factors and Lamichhane (2011) found that
that directly acknowledge and encourage Australia has become a top destination due
them to immigrate abroad for their study to its appeal to Nepalese students, with
(Acharya, 2012). Kim and Zhang (2022) many part-time jobs, salaries, and learning
suggested that despite differing educational and earning. Government policies related to
focuses short-term and long-term mobility education, scholarship opportunities, and
motivating factors are closely linked. While internationalization efforts also impact
preferences for English-speaking countries students' choices to study abroad. (De Wit
short-term and long-term, destinations are & Altbach, 2021) said that
driven by the importance attached to Internationalization as a concept and
English skills and degrees and dislike of the strategic agenda is a relatively new, broad,
Karki. International Research Journal of MMC DOI: 10.3126/irjmmc.v5i5.73626 91

and varied phenomenon in tertiary aims to unpack the factors that influence
education. students’ choices of migration.
In conclusion, the decision to study
abroad is induced by complex factors 1.1 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
ranging from individual motivations and This study's general objective is to
academic considerations to career assess the factors that influence students'
aspirations and cultural influences. choice to migrate abroad. Specifically, the
There are various causes of college study tries to answer the following two
students’ dropout: academic integrity, objectives.
social integrity, career identity, college 1. To assess the motives of college
education satisfaction, educational service students’ migration abroad.
satisfaction, economic stability, and family 2. To identify the significant difference
emotional support (Kim, 2022). Recently, between push factors and pull
alongside Tribhuvan University, other factors of migration.
universities have been struggling to get
student enrollment applications. Due to the 1.2 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
significant decline in the youth population This study was carried out from the
choosing to leave their home country, cross-sectional of Dolakha district only.
Nepal's poor socio-economic conditions, Students in urban areas may have different
political instability, inadequate healthcare, perceptions regarding the motivation
and educational facilities are often stated factors of migration abroad. The study has
as driving forces (Bhatta, 2024). few participants. A large sample size may
For instance, Subedi (2022) found help derive more accurate results.
that three factors influence student's Therefore, further study can be more robust
dropout: student-related, campus-related, for new research and support to the three-
and family-related. During the fiscal year tier government of Nepal.
2022-23, over 750000 youth left the
country for foreign employment and each 1.3 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
day over 200 youth left the country through The conceptual framework explains
legal channels (Subedi, 2022). As per the variables and how the research problem
estimate of the International Labour would be explored (Adom et al., 2018). The
Organization (ILO), the employment rate conceptual framework describes the
among Nepalese youth between the ages relationship between the main concepts of
of 15 and 19 years is as high as 19.2 the study. This framework is represented in
percent (Jha, 2023). There is limited a visual format and illustrates the cause-
research to investigate the influencing and-effect relationship between various
factors of college students for migration. variables. The basis of the literature review
This study adds to the limited and discourse, the study on influencing
research in Nepal by using a quantitative factors (push and pull factors) of college
approach, in a survey questionnaire, which students towards abroad is mentioned in
allows a deeper perception of the topic the following conceptual framework.
from a student perspective. Thus, this study
Karki. International Research Journal of MMC DOI: 10.3126/irjmmc.v5i5.73626 92

Figure 1: Conceptual framework

Figure 1 explains students’ motives diverse natural heritage, culture, and

and factors for migrating abroad. The traditions. The district is divided into two
independent variables are push and pull Municipalities and seven Rural
factors. The dependent variable is the Municipalities. The headquarters of this
motive factors for going abroad. Push district is Charikot, which lies 133 kilometers
factors include unemployment, poverty, east of Kathmandu. Under Tribhuvan
family conflict, an inferior education University, there are nine community
system, political disturbance, and poor colleges in the district, and four colleges
development activities, and pull factors conduct bachelor-level classes regularly.
include the desire to study, fashion, earn According to college records (June 10,
and learn, be rich, relative invite, and 2024), 1150 students were enrolled at the
friends. This framework provides the study bachelor’s -level in these colleges. Out of
in assessing the influencing socio-economic them, 20 percent of students dropped out
factors and college students; migration yearly. Similarly, according to the district
abroad in Nepal. administrative office of Dolakha (July 19,
2024), a total number of 7357 passports
2. MATERIALS AND METHOD was distributed in FY2023/24 from the
2.1 STUDY AREA district. Out of them, 4375 were male and
Dolakha is a hilly district in the 2982 were female.
Bagmati province of Nepal, spread over The researcher selected three
2191 square kilometers and located at - 00’ colleges out of nine using purposive
North and 50’-32’ east. From the lowest sampling viz; Gaurishankar Multiple
elevation point of 762 meters above sea Campus, Charikot Multiple Campus, and
level to 7134 meters up to the peak of Mt Hanumanteshwor Campus. According to
Gaurishankar, one can find a culmination of the college’s record, 793 students enrolled,
Karki. International Research Journal of MMC DOI: 10.3126/irjmmc.v5i5.73626 93

20 percent dropped out, and 65 percent related closed-ended questionnaire push

attended classes regularly in Gaurishankar and pull factors of personal behavior, and
Multiple Campus. Similarly, 103 students answers to events of the Likert Scale
enrolled, 20 percent dropped out and 50 questionnaire. The population of students
percent attended regular classes in Charikot was collected from the college’s
Campus, and 90 students enrolled, 20 administrative records. There were two
percent dropped out and 50 percent outcome measures and motives factors
attended regular classes in towards abroad such as descriptive and
Hanumanteshwor Campus. For the study, inferential statistics.
the researchers selected 112 students from
the bachelor's degrees through random 2.2 DATA ANALYSIS
sampling. The collected data were analyzed
The study was carried out using a using statistical tools with the help of SPPS
quantitative survey research method. The software. The descriptive statistics
nature of the study is descriptive. For this summarize the ethnicity, family migration,
study, data were collected from primary motives for migration, and suggestions for
sources and the researchers obtained data migration, and cover the area to measure
about the sample using answers of the frequencies of the result. For the test
questionnaires from the bachelor-level difference between push factors and pull
students in the Dolakha district. This study factors of migration, the paired sample t-
allowed researchers to get information test method is used in inferential statistics.
about the personal, family, and migration-

3. RESULT

Table 1: Caste/Ethnicity Distribution of Respondents

Caste/ethnicity Frequency Percent
Chhetri 31 27.7
Brahmin 14 12.5
Tamang 18 16.1
Thaami 28 25
Newar 8 7.1
Dalit 6 5.4
Others 7 6.2
Total 112 100.0

The ethnicity distribution of 7.1 percent Newar, 5.4 percent Dalit, and
respondents is shown in Table 1. There were 6.2 percent another caste in the study area.
27.7 percent Chhetri, 12.5 percent Brahmin, Most of the students were from Thami
16.1 percent Tamang, 25 percent Thami, communities in the study area.

Table 2: Municipality/Rural Municipality Covered by Respondents

Municipality/Rural Municipality Frequency Percent
Bhimeshwor 46 41.8
Jiri 1 0.9
Gaurishankar 11 9.8
Kalinchok 15 13.4
Baitershwor 12 14.3
Sailung 7 6.3
Melung 3 2.7
Bigu 6 5.4
Tamkoshi 4 3.6
Other (beyond Dolakha) 2 1.8
Karki. International Research Journal of MMC DOI: 10.3126/irjmmc.v5i5.73626 94

Table 2 shows that all local from Kalinchok, 9.8 percent from
governments covered the sampled Gaushankar, 6.3 percent from Sailung, 5.4
students. Out of them, 41.8 percent of percent from Bigu, 3.6 percent from
students were from Bhimeshwor Tamakoshi, 2.7 percent from Melung Rural
Municipality and at least 0.9 percent of Municipalities and 1.8 from beyond Dolakha
students from Jiri Municipality. Similarly, district.
14.3 percent from Baiteshwor, 13.4 percent

Table 3: Suggestion Factors for Respondents to Go Abroad

Suggestion by Frequency Percent
Parents 27 24.1
Myself 60 53.6
Friends 13 11.6
Relatives 7 6.3
Other 8 4.4

Table 3 shows that 53.6 percent of were suggested by parents, 13 percent by

sample students were self-motivated friends, 7 percent by relatives, and 8
abroad. Similarly, 27 percent of students percent by other factors respectively.

Table 4: Motives of Current Political System and Migration

Variables Valid Frequency Percent

Current political system Yes 19 17.0
No 93 83.0
Total 112 100.0
Family migration Yes 57 50.9
No 55 49.1
Total 112 100.0
Leave present study Yes 35 31.5
No 77 68.5
Total 112 100
Student migration Yes 79 70.5
No 33 29.5
Total 112 100.0

Table 4 shows that 83 percent of students wanted to leave their present

sampled students were not satisfied and 17 studies and 77 percent of sampled students
percent were satisfied with the current did not want to leave their present studies
political system of Nepal. 50.9 percent of in Nepal. Similarly, 79 percent of sampled
sampled students’ families migrated and students wanted to migrate and 33 percent
49.9 percent of students’ families did not of sampled students did not want to
migrate abroad. 35 percent of sample migrate abroad.
Karki. International Research Journal of MMC DOI: 10.3126/irjmmc.v5i5.73626 95

Table 5: Paired Samples Statistics

Influencing Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error
Factors Mean
Pair 3.6592 111 .42187 .04004
Push@factors 3.3664 111 .53881 .05114
1 Pull@factors

Table 6: Samples t-test (Paired Difference)

95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
factors Mean Std.Devi Std. Lower Upper t df Sig(2-
ation Error tailed)
Mean
Pair push factors .29279 .63969 .06072 .17247 .4131 4.822 110 .000
1 pull factors 2

Table 5 shows that the average is 4.8 and the p-value is 0.000, the results
value of push factors was 3.7 and the were statistically significant. The difference
average value of pull factors was 3.4. value was 0.24.
Similarly, Table 6 shows that the t- statistics

4. DISCUSSION
International migration is a complex home country (Upadhyay-Dhungel et al.
phenomenon of personal motivations 2013).
economic prospects, geopolitical factors, This study adds to the limited
and cultural transitions, and foreign student research in the Nepali context. A survey
migration with it impact both on the host questionnaire allows a deeper perception of
and home country as well as on the the topic from a student's perspective.
individual lives of migrants (Gill, 2013). Therefore, the researcher set the objective
Migration trends from Nepal to other of this research to assess the motives of
countries have been influenced by a college students abroad and the significant
combination of global and national political difference between push factors and pull
economies and have been considered a factors of migration. Push factors include
serious problem. The study found that those unemployment, poverty, family conflict, an
young people who were not willing to leave inferior education system, political
often considered to have no great future in disturbance, and poor development
Nepalese society and the sense of culture of activities in the home country, and pull
migration stimulates younger factors include the desire to study, fashion,
people/students to think about out- earn and learn, be rich, relative invite, and
migration and earnings and learning friends to attract abroad. In this study, the
opportunities were the main factors of researcher also observed the pair sample t-
student out-migration (Shrestha, 2021). The test between push and pull factors to
expectation of upgrading the economic explore the difference between the two
status through ‘earning and learning’, factors.
getting motivated from one’s society, Three of nine colleges were selected
searching for applicable education abroad, for purposive sampling viz; Gaurishankar
students’ mindset and global experience, a Multiple Campus, Charikot Multiple Campus,
social network with the migrated friends, and Hanumanteshwor Campus. According
hopelessness and frustration, and lack of to the college’s record, 793 students
good conditional improvements was in the enrolled, 20 percent dropped out, and 65
percent attended classes regularly in
Karki. International Research Journal of MMC DOI: 10.3126/irjmmc.v5i5.73626 96

Gaurishankar Multiple Campus. Similarly, statistically significant. From the paired

103 students enrolled, 20 percent dropped sample t-test, the t-statistics is 4.8, and the
out and 50 percent attended regular difference value was 0.24. The output
classes in Charikot Campus, and 90 shows that the average value of push
students enrolled, 20 percent dropped out factors is more than that of pull factors and
and 50 percent attended regular classes in there was a significant difference between
Hanumanteshwor Campus. The researchers push factors and pull factors.
selected 112 students with bachelor's
degrees for the study. 5. CONCLUSION
In this research, data were collected This article is based on the
from primary sources and the researchers quantitative data collection and analysis
obtained data about the sample using approach. The information was obtained
answers to structural questionnaires from from the students with bachelor's degrees
the sampled bachelor-level students. This from public colleges in the Dolakha district.
study allowed researchers to get Student migration has become the most
information about the personal, family, and contributing concern for the country's
migration-related closed-ended socio-economic development due to quality
questionnaire push and pull factors of education and employment opportunities.
behavior, and answers to events of the According to respondents from the data
Likert scale questionnaire. analysis, most college students are not
The respondents of Chhetri were satisfied with Nepal’s current political
27.7 percent, Brahmin were 12.5 percent, system and intervention for socio-economic
Tamangs were 16.1 percent, Thamis were development. As a literature review, Push-
25 percent Newars were 7.1 percent, Dalits pull factors were found to be determinants,
were 5.4 percent and others were 6.2 but push factors are more significant than
percent in the study area. Most of the pull factors in motivating migration.
students are from Thaami communities. Recently, a lack of budget is the constraint
Students' responses covered all of to implementing the policies to improve the
Dolakha's local governments. About 53.6 education system has been emerging in
percent of sample students were self- discourse. Thus, federal and provincial
motivated for migration. Similarly, parents governments should increase the budget
suggested 27 percent of students, 13 for higher education to provide quality
percent by friends, 7 percent by relatives, education with research. The local
and 8 percent by others respectively. The governments also should increase the
results show that 83 percent of sample budget to the secondary level. With
students were not satisfied and 17 percent coordination, cooperation, and
were satisfied with the current political collaboration, the three-tier government
system of Nepal. From the data, 50.9 focused on education sectors for human
percent of sample students’ families have capital formation and employment
migrated to the study area. Data analysis creation. In particular, this study will be
revealed that 33 percent of sample relevant to policymakers to derive insight
students wanted to leave their present and stimulate researchers to add new
studies and 77 percent of sample students research in this field.
did not want to leave their present studies
in Nepal. Similarly, 79 percent of sample AUTHOR AFFILIATIONS
students want to migrate and 33 percent Bikram Karki
do not want to relocate abroad for Assistant Professor
employment. Gaurishankar Multiple Campus, Charikot, Dolakha
The inferential statistics show the
average value of push factors was 3.7 and REFERENCES
the average value of pull factors was 3.4. 1. Acharya, K. P. (2012). Nepalese student
Since the p-value is 0.000, the results were migration to foreign countries for higher
Karki. International Research Journal of MMC DOI: 10.3126/irjmmc.v5i5.73626 97

education in the globalized context 15. King, R., & Sondhi, G. (2018). International
Kathmandu University School of Education]. student migration: A comparison of UK and
2. Adhikari, J., Rai, M. K., Baral, C., & Subedi, M. Indian students’ motivations for studying
(2023). Labour Migration from Nepal: Trends abroad. Globalization, Societies and Education,
and Explanations. In Migration in South Asia: 16(2), 176-191.
IMISCOE Regional Reader (pp. 67-81). Springer 16. Jha, H. (2023, August 3). Massive outflow of
International Publishing Cham. youth from Nepal: A security issue in the
3. Adom, D., Sussein Kamil, E., & Agyem Joe, A. making. Observer Research Foundation.
(2018). Theoretical and Conceptual https://www.orfonline.org/expert-
Framework: Mandatory Ingredients of a Quality speak/massive-outflow-of-youth-from-nepal
Research. International Journal of Scientific 17. Gill, Jenny M. (2013). International Student
Research, 7(1). Migration: Outcomes and Implications. Journal
4. Alsharari, N. M. (2018). Internationalization of of International Students, 3(2).
the higher education system: an interpretive 18. Kim, E. J. (2022). Analyzing the Factors of
analysis. International Journal of Educational College Life Adaptation and Dropout: A South
Management, 32(3), 359-381. Korean Context. Rupkatha Journal, 14.
5. Bhatta, A. (2024, March 9). The complex https://doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v14n4.33
reason behind youth migration from Nepal. 19. Kim, S., & Zhang, C. (2022). Factors
Online Khabar. influencing Korean students’ choice of study
6. Bista, K., Sharma, G., & Gaulee, U. (2018). abroad destination short-term and long-term
International student mobility: Examining by destination country. Asia Pacific Education
trends and tensions. In International student Review, 23(1), 197-208.
mobility and opportunities for growth in the 20. Mishra, M. (2022). Status of foreign labour
global marketplace (pp. 1-14). IGI Global. migration and impact of migrants by COVID-19
7. Brooks, N., & Goldin‐Meadow, S. (2016). in Nepal. Patan Prospective Journal, 2(2), 98-
Moving to learn: How guiding the hands can 108.
set the stage for learning. Cognitive Science, 21. Özoğlu, M., Gür, B. S., & Coşkun, İ. (2015).
40(7), 1831-1849. Factors influencing international students’
8. Brown, M., Boateng, E. A., & Evans, C. (2016). choice to study in Turkey and challenges they
Should I stay or should I go? A systematic experience in Turkey. Research in Comparative
review of factors that influence healthcare and International Education, 10(2), 223-237.
students' decisions around study abroad 22. Paudel, A., Neupane, A., Khadka, S., Adhikari,
programs. Nurse Education Today, 39, 63-71. L., Paudel, S., & Kaphle, M. Factors affecting
9. De Wit, H., & Altbach, P. G. (2021). Premarital Sex among Nepalese
Internationalization in higher education: global Undergraduates.
trends and recommendations for its future. In 23. Phang, S. L. (2013). Factors influencing
Higher education in the next decade (pp. 303- international students’ study destination
325). Brill. decision abroad
10. Ghimire, N., & Hillman, W. (2022). 24. Shrestha, R. (2021). Perception of Students
Characteristics of Circumstances and Towards Abroad Studies: A Sociological Study
Influential Forces of Migration in Nepal (1990- of Pokhara Metropolitan City. Tribhuvan
2016): An Integrative Literature Review. University, Prithvi Narayan Campus.
Journal of Development and Social 25. Shaw, R. P. (1975). Migration theory and fact.
Engineering, 8(01), 16-23. Regional Science Research Inst.
11. Gurung, S. K., Chapagain, R., Ranabhat, D., 26. Subedi, L. N. (2022). Factors Influencing
Baral, R. P., Bhandari, P., & Thapa, S. (2022). Student's Dropout in Bachelor Degree [2022].
Institutional determinants of college choice Kalika Multiple Campus, Gandaki University.
decisions among business students in Nepal. 27. Silwal, P., & Baral, R. (2021, 12/28). Factors
Journal of Education and Research, 12(2), 37- Influencing College Choice of Nepalese
60. Undergraduate Students. Quest Journal of
12. Khanal, J., & Gaulee, U. (2019). Challenges of Management and Social Sciences, 3, 229-244.
international students from pre-departure to https://doi.org/10.3126/qjmss.v3i1.41572
post-study: A literature review. Journal of 28. Tamang, M. K., & Shrestha, M. (2021). Let me
International Students, 9(2), 560-581. fly abroad: student migrations in the context of
13. Kharel, D. (2022). Student migration from Nepal. Research in Educational Policy and
Nepal to Japan: Factors behind the steep rise. Management, 3(1), 1-18.
Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 31(1), 26- 29. Upadhyay-Dhungel, K., Bhattarai, A. &
51. Pangeni, S. (2013). Article International
14. King, R., Findlay, A., & Ahrens, J. (2010). Migration for Education: Perspectives from
International student mobility literature Nepalese Students. 1. 13-22.
review.
 Karki. International Research Journal of MMC DOI: 10.3126/irjmmc.v5i5.73626 98

TO CITE THIS ARTICLE

Karki, B. (2024). Factors influencing of college students’ choice to abroad: A survey
study. International Research Journal of MMC, 5(5), 88–98. https://doi.org/10.3126/irjmmc.v5i5.73626

Submitted: 24 September 2024 Accepted: 20 October 2024 Published: 31 December 2024

COPYRIGHT
©2024 The Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY-NC 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

International Research Journal of MMC (IRJMMC) is a peer-reviewed open access journal published by
Research Management Cell, Makawanpur Multiple Campus, Hetauda

View publication stats