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Chp 1+2

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tarun.sh.home
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Electrical Machine II

EEEEC403 (3 – 0 – 2)
Semester 4
Chapter 01
Fundamentals of AC machine winding
• Physical arrangement of windings in stator and cylindrical
rotor, concentrated winding, distributed winding
• Air-gap and MMF distribution with fixed current through
winding – concentrated and distributed, winding distribution
factor
• Magnetic field produced by a single winding - fixed current
and alternating current
• pulsating fields produced by spatially displaced windings,
revolving magnetic field
Electrical machines are devices in which
the energy conversion takes place using
the principle of electromagnetic
interaction between electric current and
magnetic field

• Energy Conversion:
• Electrical to Mechanical: Motors.
• Mechanical to Electrical: Generators.
• Electrical to Electrical: Transformers.
The electromechanical energy conversion process is a reversible one and simple
adjustment of the mechanical shaft and electrical conditions reverses the flow of power as
illustrated in Fig. 1.2. In this mode of operation, the electromechanical device, in general
called the electric machine, is known as the motor and the machine is said to be in the
motoring mode. Under steady speed operation, again TM (motor) = TL(load). Both in
generating and motoring modes, losses occur in the electric machine, but the overall
conversion efficiencies are very high (close to or above 90%).
A transformer is a static device that transforms electric energy from one ac voltage level to
another. It is this device that has made the electric system almost universally ac
BASIC PRINCIPLE, TYPES AND CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES
OF ELECTRIC MACHINES

There are three basic rotating electric


machine types, namely
• 1. the dc machine,
• 2. the polyphase synchronous
machine (ac), and
• 3. the polyphase induction machine
(ac).

Three materials are mainly used in machine manufacture; steel to conduct magnetic flux, copper
(or aluminium) to conduct electric current and insulation to insulate the voltage induced in
conductors confining currents to them.
All electric machines comprise of two parts: the cylindrical rotating member called the
rotor and the annular stationary member called the stator with the intervening air-gap as
illustrated in Fig. 1.4. The rotor has an axial shaft which is carried on bearings at each end
located in end covers bolted to the stator. The shaft extends out of the end cover usually at
one end and is coupled to either the prime mover or the load.

The stator and rotor are both made of magnetic material


(steel) which conducts the magnetic flux upon which
depends the process of energy conversion
In both dc and synchronous machines, the main field is created by field poles excited with direct
current. The winding on the field poles is called the field winding. The relative motion of the field
past a second winding located in the other member induces emf in it. The winding interchanges
current with the external electric system depending upon the circuit conditions. It is this winding,
called the armature winding, which handles the load power of the machine, while the field
winding consumes a small percentage (0.5% to 2%) of the rated load power. The load dependent
armature current is known as load current.
SIMPLE LOOP IN
A UNIFORM
MAGNETIC
FIELD
A winding in an electrical machine refers to an arrangement of insulated conducting wires,
placed in the slots of the machine's core, which carries current and produces a magnetic
field for energy conversion
1= single layer widing

Coil side per pole per phase

Coil side per pole


Formula
• Induction machine:
Induction machines are the
electrotechnical energy
conversion devices in which
the rotor voltage (which
produces the rotor current
and the rotor magnetic
field) is induced in the rotor
windings rather than being
physically connected by
wires. The distinguishing
feature of an induction
motor is that no dc field
current is required to run
the machine.
Induction machines are also called asynchronous machines i.e., the
machines which never run at a synchronous speed. Induction motors
may be single-phase or three-phase. The single-phase induction motors
are usually built in small sizes (up to 3 H.P). Three phase induction
motors are the most commonly used AC motors in the industry because
they have simple and rugged construction, low cost, high efficiency,
reasonably good power factor, self-starting and low maintenance cost.
Almost more than 90% of the mechanical power used in industry is
provided by three phase induction motors
When AC current flows through the stator windings, it creates a rotating magnetic field.
This field rotates at what we call the synchronous speed.
•Electrical Cycle: One complete cycle of AC current (360° electrical)
•Mechanical Revolution: One complete physical rotation of the field (360° mechanical)
•Pole Pairs: Number of complete N-S magnetic pairs in the motor (P/2, where P is number
of poles)

Understanding the Relationship Between Electrical and Mechanical Rotation


For a 2-Pole Motor (1 Pole Pair)
•One electrical cycle (360° electrical) = One mechanical revolution (360° mechanical)
•This is the simplest case where:
• North pole at 0° electrical = 0° mechanical
• South pole at 180° electrical = 180° mechanical
• Complete cycle at 360° electrical = 360° mechanical
• For a 4-Pole Motor (2 Pole Pairs)
• One electrical cycle (360° electrical) =
Half mechanical revolution (180°
mechanical)
• Because:
• First N-S pair completes at 180°
electrical = 90° mechanical
• Second N-S pair completes at 360°
electrical = 180° mechanical
Basic Relationship
For any number of poles P:
• One electrical cycle produces (2/P) mechanical revolutions
• Because: (360° electrical)/(P/2 pole pairs) = (720/P)° mechanical
• And: (720/P)°/360° = 2/P revolutions

Time and Frequency Consideration


In one second:
• Number of electrical cycles = frequency (f)
• Therefore, mechanical revolutions per second = f × (2/P)

Converting to RPM
To convert to revolutions per minute:
• Multiply by 60 seconds/minute
• Revolutions per minute = f × (2/P) × 60
• Simplifying: Nₛ = (120 × f)/P
INDUCTION MOTOR CONSTRUCTION

Two different types of induction motor rotors can be placed inside the stator.
One is called a cage rotor, while the other is called a wound rotor.
• A cage induction motor rotor consists of a series of
conducting bars laid into slots carved in the face of the
rotor and shorted at either end by large shorting rings. This
design is referred to as a cage rotor because the
conductors if examined by themselves, would look like one
of the exercise wheels that squirrels or hamsters run on.
The other type of rotor is a wound rotor. A wound rotor has a complete set of
three-phase windings that are mirror images of the windings on the stator. The
three phases of the rotor windings are usually star-connected, and the ends of the
three rotor wires are tied to slip rings on the rotor's shaft. The rotor windings are
shorted through brushes riding on the slip rings. Wound-rotor induction motors,
therefore, have their rotor currents accessible at the stator brushes, where they
can be examined and where extra resistance can be inserted into the rotor circuit.
It is possible to take advantage of this feature to modify the torque-speed
characteristic of the motor.
Very important concept
Production of Revolving
Field
Principle of
Operation
Reversal of Direction of Rotation of
Three-phase Induction Motors

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