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Practical
Machine Learning
with AWS
Process, Build, Deploy, and Productionize
Your Models Using AWS
—
Himanshu Singh
Practical Machine
Learning with AWS
Process, Build, Deploy,
and Productionize Your Models
Using AWS
Himanshu Singh
Practical Machine Learning with AWS
Himanshu Singh
ALLAHABAD, Uttar Pradesh, India
Introduction�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xvii
iii
Table of Contents
iv
Table of Contents
v
Table of Contents
Amazon Transcribe���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 87
Amazon Textract�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 88
Conclusion���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 88
vi
Table of Contents
vii
Table of Contents
viii
Table of Contents
Index��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 237
ix
About the Author
Himanshu Singh is a technology lead and senior NLP
engineer at Legato Healthcare (an Anthem company). He
has seven years of experience in the AI industry, primarily
in computer vision and natural language processing. He has
authored three books on machine learning. He has an MBA
from Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, and a
postgraduate diploma in applied statistics.
xi
About the Technical Reviewer
Anindita Basak is a cloud architect and DevOps engineer.
With more than a decade of experience, she helps
enterprises to enable their digital transformation journey
empowered with multicloud, DevOps, advanced analytics,
and AI. She co-authored the books Stream Analytics with
Microsoft Azure and Hands-on Azure Machine Learning and
was a technical reviewer of seven books on Azure along
with two video courses on Azure data analytics. She has also
worked extensively with AWS Infra, DevOps, and analytics.
xiii
Acknowledgments
I’d like to thank my parents and brother for their unbounded support and the
Apress-Springer team.
xv
Introduction
This book is structured into three parts. The first part of the book covers the concepts of
cloud computing and gives an overview of how AWS works. The second part of the book
takes on AWS in detail and covers SageMaker, Step Functions, S3 buckets, ECR, etc. The
last part talks about the use cases for AWS services. Different services such as Amazon
Comprehend and Extract are discussed here.
Specifically, Part I starts by covering cloud terminologies. It helps you understand
the cloud concepts required to use AWS. Then the book discusses the various AWS
services that Amazon provides and how they help users in different ways. It discusses
the different functionalities of AWS that are categorized under storage-based, compute-
based, security-based, etc. By end of the chapters in this part, you will have an overview
of how AWS works.
Part II discusses SageMaker in detail. The part starts by running a basic
preprocessing script in SageMaker and ends with building a complete end-to-end
pipeline of machine learning in it. It covers how SageMaker talks with different services
such as ECR, S3, Step Functions, etc., to build the final model.
Part III discusses three use cases of machine learning using some of the other
services of AWS. The book discusses how to extract text using Amazon Textract, how
to use Amazon Comprehend, and how to make a time-series model using Amazon
Forecast.
This book was written to give people who know Python and machine learning some
experience with AWS. It teaches you how to use the power of AWS to build your heavy
models and how AWS provides you with services to make super models or deploy your
custom code with the same AWS support.
xvii
PART I
Introduction to Amazon
Web Services
CHAPTER 1
Cloud Computing
and AWS
This chapter covers the different components of cloud computing and of Amazon Web
Services (AWS). After reading the chapter, you’ll understand the different important
components of AWS, which will make it easier to understand the machine learning
components of AWS.
3
© Himanshu Singh 2021
H. Singh, Practical Machine Learning with AWS, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-6222-1_1
Chapter 1 Cloud Computing and AWS
Figure 1-1. How different devices are connected to cloud systems at a remote
location
If we are able to access any of the services present at the remote location using the
internet or networking, then we call this cloud computing.
• Public cloud
• Private cloud
• Hybrid cloud
• Community cloud
4
Chapter 1 Cloud Computing and AWS
Public Cloud
When the entire cloud infrastructure is open for public consumption, then it is called a
public cloud. Examples are the email services provided by Google or Yahoo.
Private Cloud
When only a specific group of people can access the services provided by a cloud, then
it is called a private cloud. An example is when people in an organization can access the
resources present in the organization’s cloud, but no one from outside the organization
can access the same resources.
Community Cloud
When a cloud service is accessible to a group of organizations, then it is called a
community cloud. For example, different organizations can access the services of AWS
or the Google Cloud Platform by registering. So, the same services are available to all the
organizations that have paid for it, but not to anyone else.
Hybrid Cloud
When a cloud service provides both options (i.e., services of a public and private cloud),
then it is termed a hybrid cloud. An example is using two services of AWS. When we train
a model using SageMaker training, it is a private task for specific organizations because
it contains sensitive data and other things, but when we train a model and then share
the endpoint publicly, it is a public cloud because whoever has the link can access that
endpoint. (You’ll learn more about SageMaker in later chapters.)
Cloud Services
Now that you have learned about the different ways of accessing a cloud, let’s dive
deeper and look at the services that a cloud platform may provide. We can group these
services into four domains.
• Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
• Platform as a service (PaaS)
• Software as a service (SaaS)
Infrastructure as a Service
As the name suggests, when a cloud service provider gives access to users to the
infrastructure that it has built, it is considered an IaaS. For example, a cloud provider
may give access to virtual machines, physical machines, storage devices, etc. For
example, we can use Google Drive to store information on the cloud, since Google is
providing its hard drives as a service. AWS also provides machines called EC2 instances
that individuals can use to do operations that require higher computational power.
Platform as a Service
Sometimes, instead of requiring an entire infrastructure, we want only a specific
development runtime where we can write our code or make games or websites. This
way the cost of building an entire infrastructure can be reduced. This type of service is
a PaaS. For example, we can use Google Colaboratory for writing Python or R code. In
addition, we can use AWS SageMaker to train and put a machine learning model into
production. There are other service providers as well such as Microsoft Azure, Google
Cloud Platform, IBM Cloud, etc.
Software as a Service
When we don’t want the runtime, but we want to use a specific software application
with its built-in runtime, we don’t need a PaaS, which would give us the runtime as well
as dependencies and software we’d need to install. Hence, there are cloud services that
provide specific software for specific uses, called SaaS. Examples of SaaS are Amazon
Ground Truth, which is used for data management, and Office 365 by Microsoft.
Anything as a Service
The first three types of services have been on the market for quite some time, but now,
because of the advancement in technology, cloud service providers are providing almost
anything as a cloud service. For example, we can now draw sketches of web pages and
give them to Azure, which converts them into HTML pages. In addition, you can play
online songs by just talking to Alexa, which is connected to AWS. All this comes under
the umbrella of XaaS.
6
Chapter 1 Cloud Computing and AWS
Let’s now dive deeper into a specific cloud service provider, called Amazon Web
Services (AWS).
• North America
• Canada (Central)
• South America
• Sao Paulo
• Europe/Middle East/Africa
• London (Europe)
• Stockholm (Europe)
• Frankfurt (Europe)
• Paris (Europe)
• Ireland (Europe)
7
Chapter 1 Cloud Computing and AWS
• Asia Pacific
As I mentioned, AWS has more than 150 services. The question is, how do you access
them? Is there a single centralized place from where they can be accessed? Well, yes!
This place is called the AWS Management Console. Let’s look at some of the features of
this console and how it is really helpful to users.
• Not only can you access AMS from the Web, but you can use the
mobile app as well. The AMS app is present both on IOS and on
Android devices.
8
Chapter 1 Cloud Computing and AWS
• You can even customize and personalize AMS based on your usage
and needs.
Figures 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, and 1-5 show the different screens of AMS.
Figure 1-2. Find Services feature and recently visited services on AMS
9
Chapter 1 Cloud Computing and AWS
10
Chapter 1 Cloud Computing and AWS
We will look at how to log in to AWS and visit AMS in detail in the next section about
machine learning. Now, let’s move to the next feature of AWS called the AWS Command-Line
Interface (AWS CLI).
11
Chapter 1 Cloud Computing and AWS
• Autocompletion support
• OS shell commands, which can also be executed from the same shell
We will be using the CLI a lot when we will cover machine learning in detail.
Therefore, we will look at its practical aspects directly in that section.
Because AWS provides so many services, covering all of them is not possible in
one book. Moreover, this book is about machine learning, so it doesn’t make any sense
to cover every service here. But, we will discuss three services that I think are really
important and commonly used. The following are the services that we are going to
discuss here:
Let’s start the discussion with the first one, Storage Services.
12
Chapter 1 Cloud Computing and AWS
AWS provides a lot of options for data storage, and we’ll discuss three of them in this
section.
• Amazon S3
Amazon S3
One of the most used services of AWS is Amazon Simple Storage System (S3). It provides
you with an interface where you can store your data in a similar way to how you store it
in your local file system. You can create folders and multiple subdirectories to organize
your data. The following are some of the basic features Amazon S3 provides:
S3 is really simple to use. First let’s understand some of the naming conventions used
by Amazon S3.
Buckets
A bucket is just like a folder in your local file system. It is a container used for storing
your files.
Objects
The files that you store in S3 are termed objects. All the objects are stored inside the
buckets.
Keys
Every object that you store will be given a unique identifier called a key. Also, not only
objects but buckets are provided with unique keys.
13
Chapter 1 Cloud Computing and AWS
Does S3 only provide simple storage, as its name suggests? I will say yes and no. Yes,
because its main use is storage only, and it is really simple. No, because it has lots of
other features revolving around the storage feature that make it a go-to service for every
customer. Let’s see what those features are that make S3 so powerful.
• You can also create versions of your objects. For example, if the
same Excel sheet is updated five times, then five versions of it can be
created.
In this entire book, Amazon S3 is the service that we will be using continuously with
machine learning services. We will discuss the services in detail in the next section.
14
Chapter 1 Cloud Computing and AWS
Tip Using Network File System (NFS), you can store, edit, delete, and perform
other operations similar to how you perform them in your local system. It is a
kind of distributed file system that uses network-attached storage (NAS). The
current version of NFS provides advanced features such as strong authentication,
file caching, and support for Windows File System. NFS can be accessed now on
global WANs.
File Gateway
Using this service, all the files are stored in S3. It gives you a virtual application with
which you can manage all your files in S3. Retrieving/storing files is done using protocols
such as Network File System or Server Message Block. The virtual software that we are
talking about is nothing but a virtual machine with which you manage your files. This
can be with VMware ESXi or Microsoft Hyper-V.
15
Chapter 1 Cloud Computing and AWS
V
olume Gateway
Instead of files, you can directly store volumes in the cloud that you can later mount as
Internet Small Computer System Interface (iSCSI). Again, the software that is deployed
on-premise is a virtual machine. The following kinds of volumes are supported:
• Cached volumes
• Stored volumes
Having cached volumes means storing the data entirely in S3, and then the
frequently used data is cached in the local system. Figure 1-6 shows the cached volume
gateway architecture provided by AWS.
Figure 1-6 is divided into three parts. The left part shows the actual users using the
local architecture. The middle component is the local infrastructure of an organization.
The right component has an S3 connection for the data backup.
When you store your entire data locally and then back up the snapshot versions of
this data on the cloud, then it is the stored volume support of Volume Gateway. We can
use this in the case of disaster recovery. For example, if you lose your local data, you can
download the latest snapshot from the cloud. Again, we use S3 as the storage service
here. Figure 1-7 shows the architecture of a storage volume.
16
Random documents with unrelated
content Scribd suggests to you:
was found another manner of thing than was expected; for our men
could see no enemy to shoot at, but yet felt their bullets out of the
thick bushes where they lay in ambush. The English wanted not
courage or resolution, but could not discover nor find an enemy to
fight with, yet were galled by the enemy.” In the arts of ambush and
surprise, with which the Indians were so familiar, the colonists were
without practice. It is to the want of this experience, purchased at a
very dear rate in the course of the war, that we must ascribe the
numerous surprises and defeats from which the colonists suffered at
its commencement.
Driven to the necessity of defensive warfare, those in command
on the river determined to establish a magazine and garrison at
Hadley. Captain Lathrop, who had been dispatched from the
eastward to the assistance of the river towns, was sent with eighty
men, the flower of the youth of Essex County, to guard the wagons
intended to convey to Hadley three thousand bushels of unthreshed
wheat, the produce of the fertile Deerfield meadows. Just before
arriving at Deerfield, near a small stream still known as Bloody
Brook, under the shadow of the abrupt conical Sugar Loaf, the
southern termination of the Deerfield mountain, Lathrop, on
September 18, fell into an ambush, and, after a brave resistance,
perished there with all his company. Captain Moseley, stationed at
Deerfield, marched to his assistance, but arrived too late to help
him. Deerfield was abandoned, and burned by the Indians.
Springfield, about the same time, was set on fire, but was partially
saved by the arrival, with troops from Connecticut, of Major Treat,
successor to the lately deceased Mason in the chief command of the
Connecticut forces. An attack on Hatfield was vigorously repelled by
the garrison.
Meanwhile, hostilities were spreading; the Indians on the
Merrimac began to attack the towns in their vicinity, and the whole
of Massachusetts was soon in the utmost alarm. Except in the
immediate neighborhood of Boston, the country still remained an
immense forest dotted by a few openings. The frontier settlements
could not be defended against a foe familiar with localities, scattered
in small parties, skilful in concealment, and watching with patience
for some unguarded or favorable moment. Those settlements were
mostly broken up, and the inhabitants, retiring toward Boston,
spread everywhere dread and intense hatred of “the bloody
heathen.” Even the praying Indians, and the small dependent and
tributary tribes, became objects of suspicion and terror. They had
been employed at first as scouts and auxiliaries, and to good
advantage; but some few, less confirmed in the faith, having
deserted to the enemy, the whole body of them were denounced as
traitors. Eliot the apostle, and Gookin, superintendent of the subject
Indians, exposed themselves to insults, and even to danger, by their
efforts to stem this headlong fury, to which several of the
magistrates opposed but a feeble resistance. Troops were sent to
break up the praying villages at Mendon, Grafton, and others in that
quarter. The Natick Indians, “those poor despised sheep of Christ,”
as Gookin affectionately calls them, were hurried off to Deer Island,
in Boston harbor, where they suffered excessively from a severe
winter. A part of the praying Indians of Plymouth colony were
confined, in like manner, on the islands in Plymouth harbor.
Not content with realities sufficiently frightful, superstition, as
usual, added bugbears of her own. Indian bows were seen in the
sky, and scalps in the moon. The northern lights became an object
of terror. Phantom horsemen careered among the clouds or were
heard to gallop invisible through the air. The howling of wolves was
turned into a terrible omen. The war was regarded as a special
judgment in punishment of prevailing sins. Among these sins, the
General Court of Massachusetts, after consultation with the elders,
enumerated neglect in the training of the children of church-
members; pride, in men’s wearing long and curled hair; excess in
apparel; naked breasts and arms, and superfluous ribbons; the
toleration of Quakers; hurry to leave meeting before blessing asked;
profane cursing and swearing; tippling-houses; want of respect for
parents; idleness; extortion in shopkeepers and mechanics; and the
riding from town to town of unmarried men and women, under
pretence of attending lectures—“a sinful custom, tending to
lewdness.” Penalties were denounced against all these offences; and
the persecution of the Quakers was again renewed. A Quaker
woman had recently frightened the Old South congregation in
Boston by entering that meeting-house clothed in sackcloth, with
ashes on her head, her feet bare, and her face blackened, intending
to personify the smallpox, with which she threatened the colony, in
punishment for its sins.
About the time of the first collision with Philip, the Tarenteens, or
Eastern Indians, had attacked the settlements in Maine and New
Hampshire, plundering and burning the houses, and massacring
such of the inhabitants as fell into their hands. This sudden diffusion
of hostilities and vigor of attack from opposite quarters made the
colonists believe that Philip had long been plotting and had gradually
matured an extensive conspiracy, into which most of the tribes had
deliberately entered, for the extermination of the whites. This belief
infuriated the colonists, and suggested some very questionable
proceedings. It seems, however, to have originated, like the war
itself, from mere suspicions. The same griefs pressed upon all the
tribes; and the struggle once commenced, the awe which the
colonists inspired thrown off, the greater part were ready to join in
the contest. But there is no evidence of any deliberate concert; nor,
in fact, were the Indians united. Had they been so, the war would
have been far more serious. The Connecticut tribes proved faithful,
and that colony remained untouched. Uncas and Ninigret continued
friendly; even the Narragansets, in spite of so many former
provocations, had not yet taken up arms. But they were strongly
suspected of intention to do so, and were accused by Uncas of
giving, notwithstanding their recent assurances, aid and shelter to
the hostile tribes.
An attempt had lately been made to revive the union of the New
England colonies. At a meeting of commissioners, on September 9,
1675, those from Plymouth presented a narrative of the origin and
progress of the present hostilities. Upon the strength of this
narrative the war was pronounced “just and necessary,” and a
resolution was passed to carry it on at the joint expense, and to
raise for that purpose a thousand men, one-half to be mounted
dragoons. If the Narragansets were not crushed during the winter, it
was feared they might break out openly hostile in the spring; and at
a subsequent meeting a thousand men were ordered to be levied to
co-operate in an expedition specially against them.
The winter was unfavorable to the Indians; the leafless woods
no longer concealed their lurking attacks. The frozen surface of the
swamps made the Indian fastnesses accessible to the colonists. The
forces destined to act against the Narragansets—six companies from
Massachusetts, under Major Appleton; two from Plymouth, under
Major Bradford; and five from Connecticut, under Major Treat—were
placed under the command of Josiah Winslow, Governor of Plymouth
since Prince’s death—son of that Edward Winslow so conspicuous in
the earlier history of the colony. In December the Massachusetts and
Plymouth forces marched to Petasquamscot, on the west shore of
Narragansett Bay, where they made some forty prisoners. Being
joined by the troops from Connecticut, and guided by an Indian
deserter, after a march of fifteen miles through a deep snow, they
approached a swamp in what is now the town of South Kingston,
one of the ancient strongholds of the Narragansets. Driving the
Indian scouts before them, and penetrating the swamp, the colonial
soldiers soon came in sight of the Indian fort, built on a rising
ground in the morass, a sort of island of two or three acres, fortified
by a palisade, and surrounded by a close hedge a rod thick. There
was but one entrance, quite narrow, defended by a tree thrown
across it, with a block-house of logs in front and another on the
flank. It was the “Lord’s day,” but that did not hinder the attack. As
the captains advanced at the heads of their companies, the Indians
opened a galling fire, under which many fell. But the assailants
pressed on, and forced the entrance. A desperate struggle ensued.
The colonists were once driven back, but they rallied and returned to
the charge, and, after a two hours’ fight, became masters of the
fort. Fire was put to the wigwams, near six hundred in number, and
all the horrors of the Pequot massacre were renewed. The corn and
other winter stores of the Indians were consumed, and not a few of
the old men, women, and children perished in the flames. In this
bloody contest, long remembered as the “Swamp Fight,” the colonial
loss was terribly severe. Six captains, with two hundred and thirty
men, were killed or wounded; and at night, in the midst of a snow-
storm; with a fifteen miles’ march before them, the colonial soldiers
abandoned the fort, of which the Indians resumed possession. But
their wigwams were burned; their provisions destroyed; they had no
supplies for the winter; their loss was irreparable. Of those who
survived the fight, many perished of hunger.
Even as a question of policy, this attack on the Narragansets was
more than doubtful. The starving and infuriated warriors, scattered
through the woods, revenged themselves by attacks on the frontier
settlements. On February 10, 1676, Lancaster was burned, and forty
of the inhabitants killed or taken; among the rest, Mrs. Rolandson,
wife of the minister, the narrative of whose captivity is still
preserved. Groton, Chelmsford, and other towns in that vicinity were
repeatedly attacked. Medfield, twenty miles from Boston, was
furiously assaulted, and, though defended by three hundred men,
half the houses were burned. Weymouth, within eighteen miles of
Boston, was attacked a few days after. These were the nearest
approaches which the Indians made to that capital. For a time the
neighborhood of the Narraganset country was abandoned. The
Rhode Island towns, though they had no part in undertaking the
war, yet suffered the consequences of it. In March, Warwick was
burned, and Providence was partially destroyed. Most of the
inhabitants sought refuge in the islands, but the aged Roger Williams
accepted a commission as captain for the defence of the town he
had founded. Walter Clarke was presently chosen governor in
Coddington’s place, the times not suiting a Quaker chief magistrate.
The whole colony of Plymouth was overrun. Houses were burned
in almost every town, but the inhabitants, for the most part, saved
themselves in their garrisons, a shelter with which all the towns now
found it necessary to be provided. On March 26 Captain Pierce, with
fifty men and some friendly Indians, while endeavoring to cover the
Plymouth towns, fell into an ambush and was cut off. That same day,
Marlborough was set on fire; two days after Rehoboth was burned.
The Indians seemed to be everywhere. On April 18 Captain
Wadsworth, marching to the relief of Sudbury, fell into an ambush,
and perished with fifty men. The alarm and terror of the colonists
reached again a great height. But affairs were about to take a turn.
The resources of the Indians were exhausted; they were now
making their last efforts.
A body of Connecticut volunteers, under Captain Denison, and of
Mohegan and other friendly Indians, Pequots and Niantics, swept the
entire country of the Narragansets, who suffered, as spring
advanced, the last extremities of famine. Canonchet, the chief
sachem, said to have been a son of Miantonimoh, but probably his
nephew, had ventured to his old haunts to procure seed-corn with
which to plant the rich intervals on the Connecticut, abandoned by
the colonists. Taken prisoner, he conducted himself with all that
haughty firmness esteemed by the Indians the height of
magnanimity. Being offered his life on condition of bringing about a
peace, he scorned the proposal. His tribe would perish to the last
man rather than become servants to the English. When ordered to
prepare for death, he replied, “I like it well; I shall die before my
heart is soft, or I shall have spoken anything unworthy of myself.”
Two Indians were appointed to shoot him, and his head was cut off
and sent to Hartford.
The colonists had suffered severely. Men, women, and children
had perished by the bullets of the Indians, or fled naked through the
wintry woods by the light of their blazing houses, leaving their goods
and cattle a spoil to the assailants. Several settlements had been
destroyed, and many more had been abandoned; but the oldest and
wealthiest remained untouched. The Indians, on the other hand, had
neither provisions nor ammunition. On May 12, while attempting to
plant corn and catch fish at Montague Falls, on the Connecticut
River, they were attacked with great slaughter by the garrison of the
lower towns, led by Captain Turner, a Boston Baptist, and at first
refused a commission on that account, but as danger increased,
pressed to accept it. Yet this enterprise was not without its
drawbacks. As the troops returned, Captain Turner fell into an
ambush and was slain, with thirty-eight men. Hadley was attacked
on a lecture day, June 12, while the people were at meeting; but the
Indians were repulsed by the bravery of Goffe, one of the fugitive
regicides, long concealed in that town. Seeing this venerable
unknown man come to their rescue, and then suddenly disappear,
the inhabitants took him for an angel.
Major Church, at the head of a body of two hundred volunteers,
English and Indians, energetically hunted down the hostile bands in
Plymouth colony. The interior tribes about Mount Wachusett were
invaded and subdued by a force of six hundred men, raised for that
purpose. Many fled to the north to find refuge in Canada—guides
and leaders, in after years, of those French and Indian war parties
by which the frontiers of New England were so terribly harassed.
Just a year after the fast at the commencement of the war, a
thanksgiving was observed for success in it.
No longer sheltered by the River Indians, who now began to
make their peace, and even attacked by bands of the Mohawks,
Philip returned to his own country, about Mount Hope, where he was
still faithfully supported by his female confederate and relative,
Witamo, squaw sachem of Pocasset. Punham, also, the Shawomet
vassal of Massachusetts, still zealously carried on the war, but was
presently killed. Philip was watched and followed by Church, who
surprised his camp on August 1st, killed upward of a hundred of his
people, and took prisoners his wife and boy. The disposal of this
child was a subject of much deliberation. Several of the elders were
urgent for putting him to death. It was finally resolved to send him
to Bermuda, to be sold into slavery—a fate to which many other of
the Indian captives were subjected. Witamo shared the disasters of
Philip. Most of her people were killed or taken. She herself was
drowned while crossing a river in her flight; but her body was
recovered, and the head, cut off, was stuck upon a pole at Taunton,
amid the jeers and scoffs of the colonial soldiers, and the tears and
lamentations of the Indian prisoners.
Philip still lurked in the swamps, but was now reduced to
extremity. Again attacked by Church, he was killed by one of his own
people, a deserter to the colonists. His dead body was beheaded and
quartered, the sentence of the English law upon traitors. One of his
hands was given to the Indian who had shot him, and on August 17,
the day appointed for a public thanksgiving, his head was carried in
triumph to Plymouth.
The popular rage against the Indians was excessive. Death or
slavery was the penalty for all known or suspected to have been
concerned in shedding English blood. Merely having been present at
the “Swamp Fight” was adjudged by the authorities of Rhode Island
sufficient foundation for sentence of death, and that, too,
notwithstanding they had intimated an opinion that the origin of the
war would not bear examination. The other captives who fell into the
hands of the colonists were distributed among them as ten-year
servants. Roger Williams received a boy for his share. Many chiefs
were executed at Boston and Plymouth on the charge of rebellion;
among others, Captain Tom, chief of the Christian Indians at Natick,
and Tispiquin, a noted warrior, reputed to be invulnerable, who had
surrendered to Church on an implied promise of safety. A large body
of Indians, assembled at Dover to treat of peace, were treacherously
made prisoners by Major Waldron, who commanded there. Some
two hundred of these Indians, claimed as fugitives from
Massachusetts, were sent by water to Boston, where some were
hanged, and the rest shipped off to be sold as slaves. Some
fishermen of Marblehead having been killed by the Indians at the
eastward, the women of that town, as they came out of meeting on
a Sunday, fell upon two Indian prisoners who had just been brought
in, and murdered them on the spot. The same ferocious spirit of
revenge which governed the contemporaneous conduct of Berkeley
in Virginia toward those concerned in Bacon’s rebellion, swayed the
authorities of New England in their treatment of the conquered
Indians. By the end of the year the contest was over in the South,
upward of two thousand Indians having been killed or taken. But
some time elapsed before a peace could be arranged with the
Eastern tribes, whose haunts it was not so easy to reach.
In this short war of hardly a year’s duration the Wampanoags
and Narragansets had suffered the fate of the Pequots. The Niantics
alone, under the guidance of their aged sachem, Ninigret, had
escaped destruction. Philip’s country was annexed to Plymouth,
though sixty years afterward, under a royal order in council, it was
transferred to Rhode Island. The Narraganset territory remained as
before, under the name of King’s Province, a bone of contention
between Connecticut, Rhode Island, the Marquis of Hamilton, and
the Atherton claimants. The Niantics still retained their ancient seats
along the southern shores of Narragansett Bay. Most of the surviving
Narragansets, the Nipmucks, and the River Indians, abandoned their
country, and migrated to the North and West. Such as remained,
along with the Mohegans and other subject tribes, became more
than ever abject and subservient.
The work of conversion was now again renewed, and, after such
overwhelming proofs of Christian superiority, with somewhat greater
success. A second edition of the Indian Old Testament, which seems
to have been more in demand than the New, was published in 1683,
revised by Eliot, with the assistance of John Cotton, son of the
“great Cotton,” and minister of Plymouth. But not an individual exists
in our day by whom it can be understood. The fragments of the
subject tribes, broken in spirit, lost the savage freedom and rude
virtues of their fathers, without acquiring the laborious industry of
the whites. Lands were assigned them in various places, which they
were prohibited by law from alienating. But this very provision,
though humanely intended, operated to perpetuate their indolence
and incapacity. Some sought a more congenial occupation in the
whale fishery, which presently began to be carried on from the
islands of Nantucket and Martha’s Vineyard. Many perished by
enlisting in the military expeditions undertaken in future years
against Acadie and the West Indies. The Indians intermarried with
the blacks, and thus confirmed their degradation by associating
themselves with another oppressed and unfortunate race. Gradually
they dwindled away. A few sailors and petty farmers, of mixed blood,
as much African as Indian, are now the sole surviving
representatives of the aboriginal possessors of southern New
England.
On the side of the colonists the contest had also been very
disastrous. Twelve or thirteen towns had been entirely ruined, and
many others partially destroyed. Six hundred houses had been
burned, near a tenth part of all in New England. Twelve captains and
more than six hundred men in the prime of life had fallen in battle.
There was hardly a family not in mourning. The pecuniary losses and
expenses of the war were estimated at near a million of dollars.
Massachusetts was burdened with a heavy debt. No aid nor relief
seems to have come from abroad, except a contribution from Ireland
of £500 for the benefit of the sufferers by the war, chiefly collected
by the efforts of Nathaniel Mather, lately successor to his brother
Samuel as minister of the non-conformist congregation at Dublin.
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