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Week XI

The document provides an overview of Partial Differential Equations (PDEs), including definitions and examples such as the wave equation, heat equation, and Laplace equation. It outlines the assumptions, boundary, and initial conditions necessary for solving these equations, along with the corresponding solutions using Fourier series. The document emphasizes the importance of these equations in modeling physical phenomena in engineering contexts.

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sahinsabrikaan
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2 views

Week XI

The document provides an overview of Partial Differential Equations (PDEs), including definitions and examples such as the wave equation, heat equation, and Laplace equation. It outlines the assumptions, boundary, and initial conditions necessary for solving these equations, along with the corresponding solutions using Fourier series. The document emphasizes the importance of these equations in modeling physical phenomena in engineering contexts.

Uploaded by

sahinsabrikaan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Partial Differential Equations: Part I

Hakan Dogan

Department of Mechanical Engineering


Hacettepe University

MMU604(MMU703) Analytical Methods in Engineering (II)


April 28, 2025

MMU604/MMU703 April 28, 2025 1 / 11


PDEs

Definition

A PDE is an equation that contains one or more partial derivatives of an


unknown function that depends on at least two variables.
Examples:
• vibrating string, membrane
• heat equation for temperature in a bar or wire
• Laplace equation for electrostatic potentials

MMU604/MMU703 April 28, 2025 2 / 11


PDEs

Examples

∂ 2u 2
2∂ u
= c → 1D Wave Eq.
∂ t2 ∂ x2
∂u ∂ 2u
= c 2 2 → 2D Heat Eq.
∂t ∂x
∂ 2u ∂ 2u
+ = 0 → 2D Laplace Eq.
∂ x2 ∂ y2
∂ 2u ∂ 2u
+ = f (x, y ) → 2D Poisson Eq.
∂ x2 ∂ y2
∂ 2u
 2
∂ 2u

2 ∂ u
=c + → 2D Wave Eq.
∂ t2 ∂ x2 ∂ x2
∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u
+ + = 0 → 3D Laplace Eq.
∂ x2 ∂ y2 ∂ z2

MMU604/MMU703 April 28, 2025 3 / 11


Wave equation

Wave Equation (Vibrating string)

Assumptions:
• Homogeneous string
• Perfectly elastic
• Gravitational force effect is negligible due to large axial tension
• Small transverse motion in a vertical plane (small angle
approximation)
The wave equation:
∂ 2u 2
2∂ u
= c
∂ t2 ∂ x2
T
where c 2 = ρ.

MMU604/MMU703 April 28, 2025 4 / 11


Wave equation

Conditions

Boundary conditions:

u(0, t) = 0, u(L, t) = 0 for all t ≥ 0

Initial conditions:

u(x, 0) = f (x), ut (x, 0) = g (x) 0≤x ≤L

These conditions have to be satisfied!

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Wave equation

Solution of the wave equation

Solution becomes:
∞
nπ
un (x, t) = ∑ (Bn cos λn t + Bn⋆ sin λn t) sin L
x
n=1

where λn = cnπ/L is eigenvalues (for integer n).


Considering the ICs,
∞
nπx
u(x, 0) = ∑ Bn sin = f (x) 0≤x ≤L
n=1 L

This is a Fourier sine series! Therefore:


Z L
2 nπx
Bn = f (x) sin dx n = 1, 2, ...
L 0 L
A similar approach can be developed for Bn⋆ .
MMU604/MMU703 April 28, 2025 6 / 11
Wave equation

Traveling waves

The solution
∞
nπx cnπ
u(x, t) = ∑ Bn cos λn t sin , λn =
n=1 L L

can be re-written in the form of


1 ⋆
u(x, t) = [f (x − ct) + f ⋆ (x + ct)]
2

MMU604/MMU703 April 28, 2025 7 / 11


Heat equation

Heat Equation (Heat flow from a body in space)

Assumptions:
• Specific hear σ and density ρ of the material are constant.
• No heat is produced or disappears in the body.
• Thermal conductivity K is constant. (Homogeneous material, no
extreme temperature)
• Heat flows in the direction of decreasing temperature, and the rate of
flow is proportional to the gradient of the temperature.
The heat equation:
∂u
= c 2 ∇2 u
∂t
K
where c 2 = ρσ .

MMU604/MMU703 April 28, 2025 8 / 11


Heat equation

Conditions (1D heat equation, laterally insulated-long bar)

Boundary conditions:

u(0, t) = 0, u(L, t) = 0 for all t ≥ 0

Initial condition:
u(x, 0) = f (x)
where f (x) is given.
These conditions have to be satisfied!

MMU604/MMU703 April 28, 2025 9 / 11


Heat equation

Solution of the heat equation (1D)

Solution becomes:
∞
nπx −λn2 t
un (x, t) = ∑ Bn sin e
n=1 L

where λn = cnπ/L is eigenvalues (for integer n).


Considering the IC,
∞
nπx
u(x, 0) = ∑ Bn sin = f (x) 0≤x ≤L
n=1 L

This is a Fourier sine series! Therefore:


Z L
2 nπx
Bn = f (x) sin dx n = 1, 2, ...
L 0 L
Note: This is obtained for a specific BCs!
MMU604/MMU703 April 28, 2025 10 / 11
Heat equation

Steady 2D heat problem (Laplace’s Eq.)

For steady case ( ∂∂ ut = 0), the heat equation reduces to Laplace’s


equation:
∂ 2u ∂ 2u
∇2 u = + =0
∂ x2 ∂ y2
This is now a Boundary Value Problem that does not involve any initial
conditions!

MMU604/MMU703 April 28, 2025 11 / 11

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