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An Introduction to Programming
Using Visual Basic®
Tenth Edition

David I. Schneider

University of Maryland

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reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate
page within text.

Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Schneider, David I., author.
Title: An introduction to programming using Visual Basic / David I.
Schneider, University of Maryland.
Description: Tenth edition. | Boston : Pearson Education, [2017] | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016003346| ISBN 9780134542782 | ISBN 0134542789
Subjects: LCSH: BASIC (Computer program language) | Visual Basic.
Classification: LCC QA76.73.B3 S333633 2017 | DDC 005.26/8--dc23 LC
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ISBN - 10: 0-13-454278-9

ISBN - 13: 978-0-13-454278-2

Attention Students
Installing Visual Studio
To complete the tutorials and programming problems in this book, you need
to install Visual Studio 2015 on your computer.

We recommend that you download Visual Studio Community 2015 from

the following Web site, and install it on your system:

www.visualstudio.com

Visual Studio Community 2015 is a free, full-featured development

environment, and is a perfect companion for this textbook.

Note: If you are working in your school’s computer lab, there

is a good chance that Microsoft Visual Studio has already been installed. If
this is the case, your instructor will show you how to start Visual Studio.

Installing the Student Sample

Program Files
The Student Sample Program files that accompany this book are available
for download from the book’s companion Web site at:

http://www.pearsonhighered.com/cs-resources
These files are required for many of the book’s tutorials. Simply download
the Student Sample Program files to a location on your hard drive where
you can easily access them.
 VideoNote Guide to VideoNotes
www.pearsonhighered.com/cs-resources

1. Chapter 2 Visual Basic, Controls, and Events

1. Textbox Walkthrough 22

2. Button Walkthrough27

3. Event Procedures 37

2. Chapter 3 Variables, Input, and Output

1. Numbers & Strings 56

2. Variable Scope 82

3. Input Boxes and Message Boxes 97

3. Chapter 4 Decisions

1. Relational and Logical Operators 115

2. If Blocks 122

3. Select Case Blocks 146

4. Listboxes, Radio Buttons, and Checkboxes for Input 160

4. Chapter 5 General Procedures

1. Function Procedures 180

2. Sub Procedures 197

3. Debugging Functions and Sub Procedures 218

 5. Chapter 6 Repetition

1. Pretest Do Loops 242

2. For . . . Next Loops 257

3. List Boxes and Loops 273

6. Chapter 7 Arrays

1. Declaring and Using Arrays 295

2. For Each Loops 302

3. LINQ 321

7. Chapter 8 Text Files

1. StreamReaders and StreamWriters 413

2. Exception Handling 419

8. Chapter 9 Additional Controls and Objects

9. 1. List Boxes and Combo Boxes 454

2. Timer, Picturebox, Menustrip, and Scrollbar Controls 463

3. Graphics 491

10. Chapter 10 Databases

1. Introduction to Databases 514

2. Querying Tables 521

3. Editing Databases 540

11. Chapter 11 Object-Oriented Programming

1. Classes and Objects 552

2. Arrays of Objects 569

3. Inheritance 581
Guide to Application Topics
Business and Economics
Admission fee, 164

Airline reservations, 390, 508

Analyze a Loan case study, 376

Analyze fuel economy, 393

Analyze growth of chains, 372

Annuity, 69, 195, 240, 255, 269

APY, 142

Automated directory assistance, 392

Automobile depreciation, 268

Bank account, 600

Bond yield, 112

Break-even analysis, 68, 156

Business travel expenses, 510

Calculate a profit, 68, 127, 194

Calculate a tip, 137, 211

Calculate weekly pay, 138, 184, 223, 485, 567

Car loan, 176, 254, 269

Cash register, 567, 578, 579, 597

Cash reward, 157

Change from a sale, 138

Checking account transactions, 488

Compare interest rates, 141–42

Compare two salary options, 269

Compound interest, 172, 184, 195, 253, 268, 488

Consumer options, 158

Consumer price index, 254

Cost of a computer system, 169

Cost of a tour, 157

Cost of benefits, 165, 166

Cost of electricity, 88

Cost of flash drives, 171

Create sales receipt, 428

Credit card account, 222, 489

Crop production, 70, 271

Currency exchange rates, 534

Depreciation, 268, 286

Discounted price, 68, 87, 143

Display economic data in a bar chart, 270, 495, 502

Display economic data in a pie chart, 494, 502, 504

Dogs of the DOW, 360

Doubling time of an investment, 253, 285

Dow Jones Industrial Average, 360

Employee paycheck receipt, 579

FICA tax, 128, 229, 568

Future value, 91, 185

Gather billing information, 489

Generate an order form, 237

Growth of an investment, 195

Income tax, 140, 171

Individual Retirement Account, 288

Interest-Only mortgage, 598

ISBN code, 386

Itemized bill, 110, 237

Lifetime earnings, 268

Loan analysis, 111, 488

Loan calculator, 239

Mail-order company, 549

Maintain a membership list, 506

Manage telephone directories, 449

Marginal revenue and cost, 156

Marketing terms, 109

Membership fee, 171

Minimum wage, 502

Monetary units of countries, 528

Mortgage, 222, 254, 565

Mortgage with points, 598

Municipal bonds, 92

Number of restaurants in U.S., 70

Pay raise, 222

Payroll, 228, 485, 598

Percentage markup, 69

Postage costs, 194

Present value, 92

Price-to-earnings ratio, 89

Recording Checks and Deposits case study, 439

Rental costs, 175, 196

Restaurant order, 176, 579

Retirement plan, 170

Revenue, 156

Rule of ‘72’, 285

Salary, 108

Salary options, 271

Sales commission, 91

Savings account, 139

Simple interest, 268

Small dogs of the DOW, 361

Supply and demand, 271

Tax return, 171

Total cost, 137

Total salaries paid, 374

Track inventory, 370, 507, 597

U.S. national debt, 71

Universal Product Code, 450

Weekly Payroll case study, 228

Withdrawal from a savings account, 138

Withholding tax, 229, 579

Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
understood the question)—Have you any difficulty in hearing?—No,
my Lord.
You did not call to him by name, or give him to understand that you
knew who he was?—No.
Did you see any part of his person or any part of his face from which
you knew, in addition to the knowledge you derived at hearing his
voice, that it was the Defendant, Church?—Yes, I did.
What part of his person did you see that led you to believe it was Mr.
Church?—I saw his back as he went out of the room.
Did it appear to be the height of Mr. Church?—Yes.
What height is he?—I cannot say.
What had he upon his head: had he a night-cap?—He had a night-
cap.
Was it a man’s night-cap?—I cannot exactly say whether it was or
no; I think it was a handkerchief tied round his head.
What sort of a handkerchief was it; was it a coloured handkerchief?
—I could not tell that.
When you and West searched the house and examined the different
doors, did you go to Mr. Church’s door?—Yes; but we did not touch
it, nor did we go in.
Why did you not call to Mr. Church; and, as you were with West, why
did you not require that Mr. Church should appear, in order that you
might, by an immediate view, ascertain whether he was the person
who had entered your room, and acted in the way you have
described?—West wanted to go into the room and pull him out.
Then, when West wanted to pull him out, why did you not, at least,
call to him?—Because I was afraid of disturbing my mistress; she
would have been very much alarmed.
Had he ever any conversation with you, or did he ever make any
overture of this sort to you before this time?—No, my Lord.
There was nothing particular in his manner or in his conduct towards
you before this time?—No, my Lord.
There was nothing particular in his manner or conduct towards you
before this time?—No.
How soon did you see him after this to speak to him?—I have not
spoken to him at all since.
Have you never spoken to him since?—No, my Lord.
Has he not attended before a Magistrate with you?—Yes.
There you spoke in his presence, but not immediately to him?—I
spoke in his presence, but not to him.
Upon hearing him at the Office before the Magistrate, did that
confirm the opinion you entertained of his being the person who
entered your room?—I did not hear him speak before the Magistrate.
You did not hear him speak before the Magistrate?—He did not
speak at all before the Magistrate.
Did you give the same account before the Magistrate that you have
now done here?—Yes, my Lord.
You do not know whether it was a handkerchief or a night-cap that
was upon his head?—I don’t know whether it was a handkerchief or
a night-cap.
Are there any other circumstances from which you could collect that
it was a man?—No, my Lord.
Did the hand continue upon your person for any length of time, and
for how long?—Not after I waked at all.
The hand was withdrawn then?—Yes.
And did the person say any thing to you?—He said that he was my
mistress.
By the height of the person you saw, you could ascertain whether it
was or was not the height of your mistress, or any of the female part
of the house?—Yes; Mr. Church was a great deal bigger than any
body there.
What is the size of Mr. Church?—I don’t think he is quite six foot to
my knowledge.
Is he a tall man or a short man?—He is a tallish stout man.
Was there light enough by the lamp that you have spoken of to see
the outline of the man so as to be able to say that he was a tall
person?—Yes.
What sort of a person is Mrs. Patrick?—She is a very little woman.
Quite a different person from the person you saw in the room?—O
yes, my Lord, quite so.
The maid, who slept in the room with your sister, what was her
person and size?—She was about at tall as I am—(The Witness was
about five feet seven)—not quite so tall.
You are sure it was not her?—O yes, my Lord.—The Witness
withdrew.

Thomas West was next sworn.

Examined by Mr. Marryatt.
Are you workman to Mr. Patrick, the Potter?—Yes.
Did you, on the morning of the 26th September last relieve Adam
Foreman at the kiln?—I did.
About what time of that morning did you relieve him?—About half-
past twelve o’clock.
You went to the Pottery to relieve him?—Yes.
Did he leave you shortly afterwards for the purpose of going to bed?
—Yes, he did.
How long had he left you before you saw him again?—About an
hour.
When you saw him again, was he dressed or only part dressed?—
Only part.
What part of his dress had he on?—He had his small-clothes, his
shoes, and one stocking.
When he came to you in that condition, did he state to you any thing
that had passed since he left you?—He came to me in a very great
fright, and bid me light my candle; he appeared very much alarmed,
and bid me light my candle, and come along with him.
Where were you to go with him?—Up to the house.
What did he state to you that had passed?—He told me, as we were
going along the garden, that Mr. Church had been to him and
behaved in a very indecent manner.
Did he explain how?—No, he did not.
Did you go into the house with him?—Yes; he unlocked the door, and
we went in.
The door of what?—The back door, where we went into the house.
The outer door?—Yes.
The garden door?—Yes.
When you got to the house, what did you and he do?—He went and
put the remainder of his clothes on.
Well; what did you and he do?—We went and searched every room
in the house, beginning at the bottom, and going on upwards to the
top, except my mistress’s room and Mr. Church’s.
Did you go into all the other rooms; did you open them all?—We
went into all the rooms except Mr. Church’s and Mrs. Patrick’s.
You did not go into Mr. Church’s room, or into that of your mistress?
—No.
Did you open the doors of those two rooms?—We did not open the
door of either of those two rooms.
When you came to Mr. Church’s door, did you say any thing?—Yes; I
said, “I’ll go and pull him out; shall I?” The lad said, “No,” for fear of
disturbing his mistress.
Upon that observation of the lad’s about disturbing his mistress, did
you forbear going into the room?—Yes, I did.
What became of Foreman for the rest of the night?—He came along
with me into the Pottery; he came down stairs, locked the back door,
and staid with me the whole of the remainder of the night; he
returned with me to the Pottery, and staid ’til the morning.
Now, for what purpose did you search in all the rooms of the house?
—To see if there was any other person in the place.
Did you find any window or door open, at which any body could
have got into the house?—No; I saw them all close and fastened.
Cross-examined by the Common Serjeant.
When he came to you, he told you that Mr. Church had been there;
but did not explain what he had done?—No.
That you are quite sure of?—Yes.
Lord Ellenborough.—What words did he use?—He only told me that
Church had behaved in a very indecent manner to him.
Common Serjeant.—You had never any intimation that there were
thieves in the house? You did not go to search for thieves in the
house?—When he told me that Church behaved in a very indecent
manner to him, I went to see if there was any other person in the
place.
Did he not tell you he believed there were thieves in the house?—
No.
Lord Ellenborough.—I think you are misled by what the witness,
Foreman, said. It is a mere form of expression. You are going upon
a wrong scent. The witness did not say, in terms, that he believed
there were thieves in the house.
Common Serjeant.—That was particularly mentioned by Foreman in his
examination.
Lord Ellenborough.—He might have used the word thieves; but it is
very unimportant. It is giving a consequence to a phraze that is in
very common use, and means very little.
Mr. Gurney.—I put the question to him in terms, whether he did not
go to search for thieves in the house.
Mr. Marryatt.—He adopted the whole of the sentence certainly, in the
answer he gave to the question.
Mr. Bolland.—There were two propositions in the question, which
was, whether West and the witness did not go directly in search of
thieves? and the answer applied to the first part of the question—“as
to going together.”
Lord Ellenborough.—It is a very common expression, and no
consequence ought to be attached to it.
Mr. Gurney.—We had heard before that he had made use of that
phrase, and therefore we were desirous of questioning him about it.
Common Serjeant.—You are quite sure he did not explain in what way
this man behaved to him?—No.
Did he say any thing like this:—“That he came to his bed-side, and
laid his hand upon his private parts?”—No, Sir.
This was on the night of the 25th of September?—Yes.
You, I believe, afterwards went before the Magistrate, at the same
time with Foreman the apprentice?—Yes.
To Union Hall?—Yes.
Lord Ellenborough.—Did he not in the course of the morning, when
staying with you, and after you had been to the house, tell you what
Church had done to him, and that he had laid his hand upon his
private parts?—No.
Never, from first to last?—No.
Common Serjeant.—Pray, at what time was it that you went before the
Magistrate with this young man? Was it at all earlier than the 12th
of November following?—I cannot say the day of the month.
Was it not six or seven weeks afterwards?—It was some time
afterwards.
Was it not six or seven weeks after?—I believe it was.
Mr. Marryatt.—Did the lad then go with his father?—Yes.
Common Serjeant.—The lad generally slept at home at his father’s?—
Yes.
Now, how far was his father’s off from his master’s?—About a
quarter of a mile.
Did he not sleep at his father’s the next night?—The next but one he
did.
And yet it was not till about six or seven weeks after that, you went
to the justice?—No.
Lord Ellenborough.—Did you communicate with Mr. Patrick upon the
subject before you went to the Justice.—No, my Lord.
Mr. Patrick sworn. Examined by Mr. Bolland.
You are a potter at Vauxhall?—Yes.
How long was the boy, Foreman, with you?—Ever since I have been
in the pottery business, between five and six years.
Did he sleep in your house?—Only occasionally.
Upon what occasion is it that he does sleep in your house?
Whenever I leave town; and then he has the key of the pottery,
there being no other male in the house.
Were you absent from home on the 25th September last?—Yes.
Was the boy on that occasion to sleep in your house?—Yes.
Where had the bed been put up for him?—It was a chair-bed in the
front parlour; a temporary bed for a nurse occasionally.
Do you know the defendant, John Church?—Yes.
What is he, and when did you become acquainted with him?—He is
a Baptist preacher; and I first became acquainted with him when I
came to Vauxhall.
Did you attend his chapel?—Yes.
And you so became acquainted with him?—Yes.
Where was his residence?—Adjoining the chapel.
Now, in the month of September, upon any occasion, and what, did
he come to sleep at your house, and did you put a bed up for him?
—Yes.
On what occasion was it?—He had complained of ill health
occasionally; and thinking that he was ill, I asked him out of
friendship to take a bed at my house, supposing that the air would
be of service to him.
You live near the river?—No; not very close.
You say you were out from home on the 25th of September. When
did you return?—On the evening of the 26th.
Upon your return, did the boy, Foreman, make any communication
to you?—He did the next morning when I saw him. I returned on
the evening of the 26th.
By Lord Ellenborough.—Then it was the day but one after, namely, the
morning of the 27th that the boy made the communication to you?—
Yes, my Lord.
By Mr. Bolland.—Did you see Foreman on the night of your return?—
Not to speak with him.
But on the morning of the 27th he made the communication to you?
—Yes.
Respecting this transaction?—Yes, respecting this transaction.
What did you do upon the boy’s making that communication?—I told
him I was extremely sorry for what had happened.
You need not tell us what you told him. Did you make it known?—I
had many applications from the Congregation, to whom I made it
known.
Did the communication come first from you, or did they apply to you
for information?—In consequence of the information they had
received from general report, they applied to me for authentic
information.
Several of the Congregation made those applications?—Yes.
What request was made to you, and in consequence of that request
was there any meeting upon the subject?—Yes.
Mr. Gurney.—Unless Church was present, this cannot be received as
evidence.
The Common Serjeant.—And even if he was present I apprehend it
cannot be received, unless it is evidence of a fact.
Lord Ellenborough.—It is no evidence of a fact; but in consequence of
something said by the Congregation respecting this subject, the
witness did something. The question may be put in that shape.
Mr. Gurney.—If my learned Friend goes to that, I have no objection to
that question.
Mr. Bolland.—I was going on to put that question, if I had not been
stopt by my learned Friend.
By Mr. Bolland.—In consequence of applications made to you from
the Congregation, did you go to the Defendant, Church?—I did.
What did you state to Church; and when did you go to him upon this
subject?—I think it was on the 9th of October.
Had there not before that been a meeting of the Congregation, at
which you were present?—No.
By Lord Ellenborough.—Did you take any steps between the 27th of
September, to see Church, and the 9th of October, upon this
subject?—No, my Lord.
That was the first communication you had with Church upon this
subject?—Yes.
By Mr. Bolland.—What did you say to him, or he to you, upon your
going to him?—He took it extremely kind of me in calling upon him.
I told him he might take it as he pleased; that I did not come
willingly, but that some of his Congregation thought that I ought to
see him on the business.
By Lord Ellenborough.—Did he appear to be apprized of the subject
before you began?—I cannot say that, my Lord, exactly. But I
believe he was apprized from what afterwards occurred.
By Mr. Bolland.—What passed on that occasion between you and
him?—I told him I waited upon him, having seen a letter wherein he
denied three particular points of the boy’s statement; and I wished
to know what those points were.
You told him you had seen a letter that he had written upon the
subject?—Yes.
By Lord Ellenborough.—You told him you had seen a letter upon the
subject, in which he denied three particular points of the boy’s
statement?—Yes.
By Mr. Bolland.—What did he say to that?—He said that he denied
having hold of the boy, or the boy having hold of him; or he, Church,
saying, that he was the boy’s mistress.
He denied the boy having hold of him, or that he, Church, having
said that he was the boy’s mistress?—Yes.
Did he say whether or not he was in the room?—He admitted that
fact.
But denied the laying hold of the boy’s private parts?—Yes. He
denied the laying hold.
Did he state any reason for being in the room?—Not at all.
By Lord Ellenborough.—When you say that he admitted being in the
room, will you, as far as you can, state the words: state what he
said?—He said that he denied three particular points, two of which I
have already named. The other was something that did not occur to
me to be important, and which I did not take any notice of, and
consequently I do not remember it. I told him that of these two
points, that I have mentioned, the boy was positive, and I had no
reason to doubt any thing that the boy had said, as I had never
known him to tell a lie. He said that he was sorry for it, because
that confirmed ancient reports. I told him it did so; and of course I
told him that now I should believe all that I had heard heretofore;
and I wished him a good morning.
Now did you see him at any time afterwards?—Not to speak to him.
By Lord Ellenborough.—You have seen him, but not spoken to him
since?—I have not spoken to him since, my Lord.
By Mr. Bolland.—What letter was it that you had seen which you
spoke to him about?—A letter dated the 6th of October, addressed to
a Mrs. Hunter, I took an exact copy of it. Mr. Harmer has it.
Is that the copy? (A paper put into the witness’s hand.)
Mr. Gurney.—I cannot see how this can be evidence, until they prove
the original to be destroyed.
Lord Ellenborough.—This is only a provisional question.
By Mr. Bolland.—Is that the copy?—Yes, it is an exact copy.
By Lord Ellenborough.—Did you read that copy of the letter to him?—
No, my Lord, I had not the copy at that time.
By Mr. Borland.—What did you state to him respecting the letter?—I
told him I wished to know what the three things were which he
could deny, as asserted by the boy?
You don’t recollect the third point?—No.
By Lord Ellenborough.—You say it is not material?—No, my Lord.
By Mr. Bolland.—And you say he admitted being in the room, but
denied the laying hold?—Yes.
In what terms did he admit that he was in the room?—He said, “I
was in the room; but I did not lay hold of the boy.”
By Lord Ellenborough.—Did he say why he was in the room?—No, my
Lord.
What did you do with the letter of the 6th of October?—I returned it
to Mrs. Hunter.
From whom did you get it?—From Mrs. Hunter.
And to Mrs. Hunter you returned it?—Yes.
Cross-examined by Mr. Gurney.
You mean to say that he said distinctly to you that he was in the
room?—Yes.
Did you mention to any person after you had seen Mr. Church, that
he was not implicated in the affair at all?—No.—That I said he was
not implicated?—No! I never said any such thing.
Did you give any person an account of the conversation you had
with him, and accompany that account with this observation, “He is
not at all implicated”?—Never.
Not to any person?—No; not to any person.
Did any person go with you to Mr. Church?—Mr. Thomas went to the
door with me.
Is he a friend of your’s?—He is no friend of mine. I had only seen
him at the door. It was his wife and mine that wished me to make
the application to Mr. Church.
Then Mr. Thomas went with you as far as the door, but did not go in
with you?—No.
Do you recollect having any conversation with Mr. Thomas, in which
you told him what had taken place between you and Mr. Church?—I
told him briefly what had transpired; it was very short what did
transpire.
And you told Mr. Thomas what had transpired at the interview with
Mr. Church, when you came out?—Yes.
Then did you tell Mr. Thomas that Mr. Church admitted having been
in the room?—I think I did; but I am not very positive as to that
point. I know I told him that Mr. Church said that he did not lay hold
of the boy.
The question I wish to put to you is this—whether Mr. Thomas did
not ask you this question, “Well, is there any thing against Mr.
Church, or not?”—and whether you did not answer, “No, he is not at
all implicated?”—I never made any such answer to him.
Neither that, nor any thing conveying that meaning?—Never.
By Lord Ellenborough.—You never did tell him, directly or indirectly,
that there was nothing to implicate Mr. Church?—No, never.
By Mr. Gurney.—Did you either tell Mr. Thomas, or any other person
that you would prosecute Mr. Church, because he had said
disgraceful things of your wife?—I did; but not for this crime, but for
defamation of my wife’s character.
By Lord Ellenborough.—You told Mr. Thomas that you intended to
prosecute Mr. Church for defaming your wife’s character?—I don’t
know that I ever told Mr. Thomas; but I believe I have said that, or
words to that effect, to other persons.
By Mr. Gurney.—Did you not tell Mr. Thomas that you were
determined to prosecute Church for having said disrespectful things
of your wife?—I may have told him amongst other persons.
Did you not mention that, amongst other things, on that very
morning that you had the interview with Mr. Church?—No; certainly
not. Some other time I might.
By Lord Ellenborough.—Was it after that morning?—Yes, my Lord, it
must have been a considerable time after that.
 Re-examined by Mr. Bolland.
What did you inform him that you intended to institute a prosecution
against Church for?—For defamation of my wife’s character.
Lord Ellenborough.—That I suppose is your case?
Mr. Marryatt.—No, my Lord, I am going to call Mrs. Hunter.
Mrs. Hunter sworn.
Examined by Mr. Marryatt.
I believe you are an attendant amongst the congregation, and a
hearer of Mr. Church?—Yes.
Did he at any time write to you, early in the month of October last?
—I received a letter in the beginning of the month of October, but
there was no name to it.
There was no place of abode given, or any thing except the day of
the month?—No.
Did you know from whom it came?—I cannot tell.
Did you put that letter into the hands of Mr. Patrick?—I gave it to Mr.
Patrick’s daughter, who gave it to her father.
Was that letter returned to you again?—It was; but I took no farther
notice of it.
Was that letter returned to you again?—Yes.
You had a subpœna duces tecum to produce it?—I had but it is
impossible to produce it.
Why is it impossible to produce it?—I will tell you why. After the
letter was returned to me, I took no further notice of it. I put it into
a drawer; but I know no more than his Lordship what is become of
it; I looked for it on the Thursday morning before I came, but I
could find no scraps of it. I was not able to find it.
Then you were wholly unable to find it?—I was.
By Lord Ellenborough.—Did you search diligently to find it?—I did,
indeed, my Lord.
By Mr. Marryatt.—Are you convinced there was no name to it?—I am.
Are you acquainted with Mr. Church’s hand writing?—I have seen his
writing, and I have seen it written in a different hand: not always
alike, but sometimes very different: not to say exactly two different
hands, but such a difference in the same hand writing, that you
would hardly think it was the same. I have seen it so different, at
times, that I should not at all times think it was the same.
Upon receiving the letter in question, whose hand writing did you
believe it to be, and state it to be?
Mr. Gurney.—I submit to your Lordship, that this is not a legal
question.
Lord Ellenborough.—It is not evidence of the fact: but it is a proper
question to refresh her recollection, as to whether she did not
receive a letter which she believed to be the hand writing of the
defendant.
By Mr. Marryatt.—Whose hand writing did you think that letter to be?
—I rather think it was Mr. Church’s, but I could not be positive, as
there was no name to it.
Do you now believe that letter to be Mr. Church’s writing.—I cannot
say whether it was or was not. It is not in my power.
By Lord Ellenborough.—You are not asked whether it was or was not:
but what your belief was then, and what it is now?—I believed at
that time, I must own, that it was his hand writing, and I still believe
the same.
By Mr. Marryatt.—Did you not then believe it to be Mr. Church’s hand
writing?—I did rather think it was.
Did you, or not, believe it was?—Is there any difference between
thinking and believing?
That is a phrase we sometimes use in courts of justice.
I could not be positive; but I rather think it was his hand writing.
When you opened it, did you read it as a letter coming from him?—I
was very much struck with the similarity, for it had very much the
appearance of his hand writing; but, as no name was subscribed at
the bottom, I could not be certain. It had the appearance of his
hand writing.
Is it your belief now, that it was or was not, his hand writing?—It is
exactly the same as it was then.
And it is now your belief that it was his hand writing?—I cannot say I
firmly believe it, because it was not signed.
You are only asked whether you so acted as if it was his hand
writing?—I did not communicate it to anybody but Mr. Patrick.
Did you communicate to Mr. Patrick that you had received a letter
from Mr. Church?—I did.
Cross-examined by the Common Serjeant.
The search which you made for this letter was not until last
Thursday?—Exactly so.
For any thing you know, might it not be in your house now?—I have
no reason to believe that it is, for I did not leave a drawer or place
unsearched.
Lord Ellenborough.—As far as evidence can go of the loss of an
original letter, to let in the copy, we have it in this case; for I asked
her whether she made diligent search after the original, and she
says, she has made diligent search.
Mr. Patrick examined again by Mr. Marryatt.
Were you acquainted in October last with the hand-writing of Mr.
Church?—Yes.
You told us you made this copy from the letter you had from Mrs.
Hunter. Was the letter from which you made this copy, and which
you returned to Mrs. Hunter, in your belief, the hand-writing of Mr.
Church?—It was.
Mr. Marryatt.—Now, my Lord, I propose reading this copy of the
letter in question.
The following letter was then read in evidence:—

“October 6, 1816.
“Dear Mrs. Hunter,
“My heart is already too much affected. Your letter only adds
affliction to my bonds. But I forbear. I would have called on
you this morning, but I was too low in mind to speak to any
friend but Jesus! There I am truly comfortable. Pardon me; but
I make no remarks on what you have been told. I must bear it,
though I am able to contradict three things I would rather not.
Mr. and Mrs. Patrick have always dealt kindly to me. I am only
grieved that dear Mrs. P. whom I really loved, that she should
try to injure me in the estimation of those who are real friends
to my dear children. The thought affects me. Why hurt my
poor family? But I am too much depressed to enlarge. I shall
never forget their kindness. God will reward them, as he has
many who have dealt well to me. But he will resent cruelty in
those who have and are still trying to degrade me. Mrs. P. will
live to see it. Dear Mrs. Hunter, I am grieved at heart I cannot
relieve your mind. I am truly sorry to lose you as a hearer,
because your soul has been blest; and you know both the
plague of the heart and the value of Jesus. May he be
increasingly present to you in his person, love, and grace!
Farewell, my dear kind friend! The Lord Jesus will reward you
for your love to me, and your kindness to mine. God is not
 unrighteous to forget your work of faith and labour of love.
With many tears I write this. May we meet in glory, when no
enemy shall distress my mind, nor sin nor death shall part us
more! I need not remind my dear friend that I am a Child of
Peculiar Providence; and that heart of eternal love, and that arm
of invincible power has protected me—has called me to himself;
and for every act of straying, will correct me with his own hand,
but will resent every other hand, sooner or later. This you will
live to see.
“Adieu, dear friend, accept the starting tear,
“And the best wishes of a heart sincere.
“Your’s, truly,
“Till we shall meet above.”

Mr. Marryatt.—My Lord, that is the case on the part of the

prosecution.

DEFENCE.
Mr. Gurney then addressed the Jury on the part of the defendant, as
follows:—
May it please your Lordship—
Gentlemen of the Jury—Gentlemen, I must agree with my Learned
Friend, in entreating you to bestow your most serious attention upon
this case, and in requesting you to consider (which, indeed, my
Learned Friend fairly confessed you ought to bear in mind), that as
the charge is heavy the proof ought to be clear; and that you will
take care that your indignation against the crime shall have no
influence upon your judgment respecting the person accused. That
is a duty, Gentlemen, which is one of the most important, for a
Juryman to attend to in this species of case, but it in one of most
difficult performance; for such is, and such I trust ever will be, the
feeling of abhorrence which Englishmen entertain against this
detestable crime, that it is extremely difficult indeed, when a person
is accused of it, to consider the case which in laid before us, in that
dispassionate and unprejudiced manner, which is essential to the
administration of justice. We all wish that no such occurrences could
exist; and if a wish could blot them out of existence, we should be
almost tempted to form that wish: but, Gentlemen, when these
cases do come before us, they claim our very serious attention; and
more particularly on this account, that it is a charge which,
whenever made upon an individual, depends almost always upon the
testimony of one witness, and where there is but one witness to
make the accusation,—I mean one witness to the fact charged, so
that the person accused can have no witness in his defence;—that,
however innocent a man may be who is accused of this crime,
provided the party is in a situation in which he cannot shew that he
was fifty miles off at the time, it is quite impossible for him to have a
witness to negative the fact. It must stand or fall upon the
testimony of the principal witness, whose testimony, however, I need
not tell you, is to be watched most scrupulously, and to be compared
with the evidence of other witnesses; and if found inconsistent with
the testimony of other witnesses, it is hardly then to be carried to
the extent of full credence and of conviction.
Now, Gentlemen, the story which this young man has told you, is,
upon his statement, a very extraordinary one, of the attack made
upon him. Were any attack made upon him by Mr. Church, it would
indeed be most extraordinary under the circumstances which he has
stated. He represents himself to have been previously acquainted
with him—that he had been one of his hearers—and yet from the
hour of that acquaintance commencing, to the moment of this
supposed abominable attack, that Mr. Church had never, either by
word or gesture, made any indecent overture to him of any kind,
signifying his intention, or had done any thing whatever to ascertain
if he, the prosecutor, was ready to gratify any brutal of unnatural
passion he might form. Now, it is a very extraordinary thing, that it
should be supposed, that a person should get out of his own bed,
and go to the bed of another, and commence the attack with the
indecencies described by the witness, without any preparation of any
kind whatever, without having any reason to believe, that the object
of his attack would accede to his base, and unnatural purposes, with
the full knowledge, (one should think,) that he was encountering
certain detection and punishment, by the resistance that every man
would be likely to make, to such an abominable attack; and it is, to
be sure, most extraordinary to observe in what manner this is done.
The young man states that he did not see the face of the person—
that he felt the arm, and found that it was a shirt sleeve; but he did
not feel any part of the flesh, so as to make any distinction between
male und female; but he concludes that it was the shirt of a man,
because the arm was covered down to the wrist. And when my
Learned Friend, Mr. Marryatt, supposed that females are not covered
down below the elbow, I have only to say, that I certainly always
thought that females in their night clothes were covered down to
their wrists. I ever understood that was the case; and therefore a
person awakened out of sleep, in the fright that such a circumstance
was likely to produce, and finding the arm of the person making the
attack covered down to the wrist, would not, I think, be very well
able to say whether it was the sleeve of a shirt or that of a woman’s
bed-gown; and that is all the means of knowledge which the witness
has, as far as regards feeling the person.
Now I go on to the next evidence of identity. The next is the voice
of the person who, he tells us, said in a feigned female voice, “Don’t
you know me, Adam? I am your mistress.” Now, recollect,
Gentlemen, the voice, it is thought, is a female voice; and whether it
be feigned or not, depends upon his judgment and capacity of
forming an opinion at a moment when he was in the greatest alarm
and agitation; because if it was a female voice, then the voice was
not feigned, and it could not be Mr. Church who was in the room.
Now, I don’t mean to suggest (far be it from me) that it was Mrs.
Patrick; but it is rather extraordinary and somewhat remarkable,
considering the industry and the acrimony with which this case has
been got up against Mr. Church, that they should not have produced
Mrs. Patrick as a witness, and that they should think it right to
withhold from your observation the other maid servant, who slept
with Adam Foreman’s sister. I think it is rather remarkable, that
considering the industry with which I know this case was got up,
they have not thought fit to produce that other female before you as
a witness in order to say, “I was not out of my bed room that night,
and I did not go into the apprentices bed room.” Now, I think, that
considering that the Prosecutors must have been aware of the
powerful effect of such evidence, it is most surprising that they did
not call forward the other persons in the house that night as
witnesses, for the purpose of shewing, by their testimony, that they
remained in their beds during the whole of that night, and for the
purpose of giving some colour of probability to this very
extraordinary and incredible story. But, no, Gentlemen, they choose
to leave the case to the testimony of a frightened young man,
wakened out of his sound sleep, and who, without seeing the face of
Mr. Church, ventures to swear that the feigned female voice which
he heard was that of the Defendant. I think, Gentlemen, in a case
in which every thing depends, not so much upon his veracity, but
upon the accuracy of his judgment in the course of his observation
upon circumstances, with respect to which he was very little likely to
draw any very accurate conclusions, that that servant ought to have
been produced here, the more especially when the young man from
the Pottery, going afterwards through the house for the purpose of
seeing who was there, did find the female servant’s door ajar; a
circumstance not observable with respect to any other room in the
house.
Now, I come to the next observation of identity; and I do think it is a
most extraordinary one. There is a lamp, it seems, in the footpath
of the terrace, five or six yards from the door. My Learned Friend,
Mr. Bolland, inquired what sort of a lamp it was—whether it was a
parish lamp, or a gas light? And he found by the answer, that it was
the worst kind of lamp in the Metropolis—a parish lamp. Well, then,
there is a dull parish lamp, five or six yards from the door, which
gives a light through a large window—No, through a fan-light! and
the person, whoever it is, opens the door to go out, and, as the door
is opened the Lad sees that the person has a shirt on. Now, I beg to
ask you, as men of sense and of experience in the world, whether it
was possible for him to see whether that garment was a shirt, a
shift, or a bed-gown—was it possible? Recollect, the light is not in
the room—there is some light in the passage. The back of the
person is towards him; and he is to tell you that it is Mr. Church,
although he only saw his back! But then the next observation after
the shirt, is as to the height of the person. Why, Gentlemen,
nothing magnifies more than fright: nothing! We, all of us, have
often heard the descriptions of persons in great fright. They always
magnify the objects they see. If a person is robbed, the thief is a
monstrous tall man! Why, Gentlemen, fright does magnify every
object; and, therefore, we must make allowances for the situation in
which this young man was placed at the time. He is disturbed in his
sleep—the thing happens in a moment—and he sits up in his bed in
a great fright—and he tells you it is Mr. Church, because of the
height of the person he saw. Now if you can say that a person in
that station is capable of distinguishing between a tall and a short
person, I think it is a great deal too much in a case of this sort. But
what has the person on his head? My Lord Ellenborough asked the
question, whether it was a man’s or woman’s night-cap? and he
says, “I cannot tell whether it was a night-cap or a handkerchief.”
And upon being asked the colour, he says, “I cannot tell.” And there
does not seem to be light enough to distinguish whether it was
white or coloured. From this circumstance, therefore, Gentlemen,
you will judge what sort of light there was to distinguish objects.
Now, Gentlemen, we come to the confirmation of this extraordinary
story, particularly by Mr. Patrick. It is quite clear that Mr. Patrick has
conceived some great anger against Mr. Church, on account of
supposed slander of the character of his wife. Mr. Patrick himself is
quite satisfied that his wife is not guilty, any more than the maid
servant. But Mr. Patrick is angry, because he says, that Mr. Church
has slandered the character of his wife. Why then, Mr. Patrick goes
to Mr. Church, and he has some conversation with him. He tells him
that he has seen some letter, but he does not mention what letter—
he has seen some letter in which he, Mr. Church, has said that he
could deny three points in the boy’s story: and he puts questions to
him, and he states to you, that Mr. Church having distinctly denied
the indecent attack upon the boy, yet that he nevertheless admitted
that he was in the room. Now, Gentlemen, upon that subject I must
necessarily give you some evidence, as well as upon another part of
this case; for I understand that Mr. Patrick distinctly stated to Mr.
Thomas, who accompanied him as far as the house of Mr. Church,
and whom he joined directly after he came out, that Mr. Church was
not at all implicated; for on that occasion Mr. Thomas said to him,
“Well, is there any thing against Mr. Church?” Upon which Mr.
Patrick answered “No: Mr. Church is not all implicated.” Mr. Patrick
has denied it. I am told that Mr. Thomas will positively state that to
have occurred. I am told so. Then, Gentlemen, if Mr. Patrick be
contradicted in that most material circumstance—if you discredit him
upon that part of the case, how can you give him credit in that part
upon which my leaded friend fastened, as the confirmation of the
story of the boy—“that he admitted to Mr. Patrick, that he had been
in the boy’s room.” But the contradiction will not end there,
Gentlemen. You have already one very important contradiction in
the case; for the boy went directly to the Pottery, and he made a
communication to West; and I asked him distinctly, and more than
once, whether he stated to Mr. West that the person who attacked
him in the manner he had described, had his hand upon his private
parts? and he said that he had distinctly told Mr. West, that Mr.
Church had laid his hand on his private parts: but, when West came
to be examined, he told us that the boy did tell him that Mr. Church
had behaved in a very indecent manner to him: but that he never,
before the search was made, nor in the course of the night, nor from
first to last, said a word to him about that circumstance.
Now, Gentlemen, that is a very strong contradiction of the story told
you to-day by this man; and if that induces you to disbelieve him, or
to doubt respecting his evidence, it will be impossible for you to find
the Defendant guilty of this charge.
Gentlemen, I asked the boy at first, whether, instead of going to
search in request of Mr. Church, he and the potter, West, had not
gone to search for thieves? and he answered me, “Yes.” But
afterwards, he gave us some explanation, and said, “that he did not
search the house particularly for thieves, but made a search to find if
any body was about.” Now, Gentlemen, upon this subject I am also
enabled to give you some evidence, because I understand that both
the boy and West distinctly stated, when they were before the
Magistrate, that they did go and search the house for thieves, and
that they made no other search but for thieves. Now, if there was
any search made for thieves—if there was any notion in the mind of
this boy that thieves were in the house, it would be quite impossible
that he could be correct in the story he has told you to-day. And
whether he has not magnified the thing—whether something which
he has supposed to have happened between sleeping and awake
that never happened—whether he has not been giving you a
connected account now of what he had a confused notion then—is
for your consideration.
But there is another circumstance respecting the case which is very
important. The transaction, if it ever did take place, took place in
the night of the 25th of September. On the 9th of October, and not
until the ninth of October, does Mr. Patrick go to Mr. Church. There
is a lapse of a fortnight. The witness whom I shall call to you will
state, that after coming out from Mr. Church’s, Mr. Patrick expressed
himself satisfied that Mr. Church was not implicated. Now let us try
that by the conduct of Mr. Patrick and of this boy. This is the 9th of
October, and until the 12th of November no charge before a
Magistrate is made. I beg to ask you whether the conduct of Mr.
Patrick, in forbearing to make any charge before a Magistrate until
the 12th of November, is not the strongest evidence that what my
witness will state to you is true? That he was then satisfied that Mr.
Church was not implicated in this abominable, odious, and unnatural
transaction. Gentlemen, such charges ought never to be slept
upon. No, not for an hour. If there be such a charge as that, and if
it be really true that such things have taken place, no man ought to
rest on it for a single hour.—The charge ought to be made directly.
But, what excuse is urged for this delay? “Oh,” says my learned
friend, “At last the transaction reached the ears of the apprentice’s
father.” Why, you wont suppose that the apprentice’s father had just
returned from an East-India Voyage, and that the transaction coming
to his ears on the 11th of November, he brought forward the
charge. Gentlemen, there is no pretence for such an excuse. The
boy slept at his father’s. He did not sleep at his master’s. Did he
return to his father’s house? His father lived within a quarter of a
mile of Mr. Patrick, and he was in daily intercourse with his father,
and had abundant opportunities of conferring with him upon the
subject; and yet, for six weeks, no steps whatever are taken to bring
Mr. Church before a Magistrate. My learned friend then told you that
the father was the person who made the charge: but he has not
called the father. The only person who appears here as the
prosecutor is Mr. Patrick, and not the father; and they have not
ventured to call the father as a witness; and there is no pretence
made for the delay of this charge, unless it was that at this interview
with Mr. Church, the prosecutor, Mr. Patrick, was satisfied, as I am
told he expressed himself to be to the person who accompanied him,
and waited at the door till he came out, that there was no ground
for implicating the Defendant in this charge: and, Gentlemen, I say
that his sleeping on the charge for upwards of a month after that
interview with Mr. Church, is the strongest evidence that at that time
he was satisfied of his innocence, and that this charge is brought
forward on account of some anger, or some supposed declaration
respecting Mr. Patrick’s wife, which would make him extremely
angry. If you find, Gentlemen, that there were no other motives
than this to induce a charge of this kind, I have no doubt you will
immediately acquit the Defendant.
Gentlemen, I have no further observations to make. The charge is
most odious. The crime is most odious; and if it can be more
attrocious in one person than another, it is in a person who is a
public teacher of religion. If such a person, in defiance of every law
human and divine. In contravention of those Sacred Scriptures,
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