Mechanics of Materials

Engr. Khadija Saliha

Department of Civil Engineering, NFC IEFR Faisalabad
 Outline

• Torsion

• Torque

• Torsional deformation

• Shear strains & shear stresses in sections

• Transmission of power in circular shafts

• Examples
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 Torsion
Torsion refers to the twisting of a straight bar
when it is loaded by moments (or torques) that
tend to produce rotation about the longitudinal
axis of the bar.
For instance, when you turn a screwdriver (Fig.
a), your hand applies a torque T to the handle
(Fig. b) and twists the shank of the screwdriver.
Other examples of bars in torsion are drive
shafts in automobiles, axles, propeller shafts,
steering rods, and drill bits.

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𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃

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(Or at any point inside, where p = variable)

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𝛾𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑟𝜃

𝛾 = 𝜌𝜃
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 The Torsion Formula
▪ Because shear stresses act continuously around the cross section,
they have a resultant in the form of a moment (a moment equal to
the torque T acting on the bar).
▪ To determine this resultant, consider an element of area dA
located at radial distance p from the axis of the bar.
▪ The shear force acting on this element is equal to
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝜏𝑑𝐴
Distribution of the shear
stresses acting on a cross
section

Torsion Formula
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 The Torsion Formula

Torsion Formula

▪ This equation shows that the maximum shear stress is proportional to the
applied torque T and inversely proportional to the polar moment of inertia Ip.
▪ In SI Units, torque T is usually expressed in newton meters (N⋅m), the radius r
in meters (m), the polar moment of inertia Ip in meters to the fourth power (m4),

and the shear stress 𝜏 in pascals (Pa).

▪ In USCS units, T is often expressed in pound-feet (lb-ft) or pound-inches (lb-

in.), r in inches (in.), Ip in inches power 4 (in4), and 𝜏 in pounds per square inch
(psi).
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The Torsion Formula

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Polar Moment of
Inertia (Ip)
Appendix E from
Textbook

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𝜏 = 𝐺𝜌𝜃

𝑇𝜌
𝜏=
𝐼𝑝

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 Example #1
A solid steel bar of circular cross section has a diameter d = 1.5 in., length L = 54 in.,
and shear modulus of elasticity G = 11.5x106 psi. The bar is subjected to torques T
acting at the ends.
(a) If the torques have a magnitude T = 250 lb-ft, what is the maximum shear stress in
the bar? What is the angle of twist between the ends?
(b) If the allowable shear stress is 6000 psi and the allowable angle of twist is 2.58,
what is the maximum permissible torque?

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Solution:

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Solution:

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 P (units)
Watts (SI), Foot-pound per second (FPS)
1 Watt = Nm/sec
1 HP = 550 ft-lb/sec

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Example # 2

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 Example # 3

What is the maximum power that can be delivered by a

hollow propeller shaft (outside diameter 50 mm, inside
diameter 40 mm, and shear modulus of elasticity 80 GPa)
turning at 600 rpm if the allowable shear stress is 100 MPa
and the allowable rate of twist is 3.0o/m?

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 Solution:
(1) d1 = 40mm; d 2 = 50mm;
G = 80GPa; n = 600rpm;
allow = max = 100MPa
allow = max = 3.0 / min
= 3.0 / 180rad min = 0.0523rad / min

(2) Calculate the maximum torque based on the allowable shear stress
 4
IP = (d 2 − d14 ) = 0.3623  10 6 mm 4
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(Tmax )1 (d / 2)
max =
IP
 max I P
(Tmax )1 = = 1449 Nm
(d / 2)
(3) Calculate the maximum torque based on the allowable rate of twist

(Tmax )2
max =
GI P
(Tmax )2 = max GI P = 1517 Nm

(4) Compared (Tmax)1 and (Tmax)2, the torque 1449Nm governs.

(5) Maximum power

2nTmax 2 (600 rpm)(1449 Nm)

Pmax = = = 91 .0W
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 Nonuniform torsion
In each segment the torque is same. Cut each
segment, and then the torque can be calculated by
the equilibrium of torque.
For segment AB,
T = T + T 1 AB =0 TAB = −T1
For segment BC,

T = T + T
1 2 + TBC = 0 TBC = −T1 − T2

For segment CD,

T = T + T
1 2 − T3 + TCD = 0 TCD = −T1 − T2 + T3
Total angle of twist,
n n
Ti Li
 =  i = 
i =1 i =1 G i ( I P ) i
 Example # 4
A stepped shaft ABC consisting of two solid circular segments is subjected to torques T1 and T2 acting
in opposite directions, as shown in the figure. The larger segment of the shaft has a diameter of d1 = 58
mm and length L1 = 760 mm; the smaller segment has a diameter of d2 = 45 mm and length of L2 = 510
mm. The material is steel with shear modulus G = 76 GPa, and the torques are
T1 = 2300 N m and T2 = 900 N m.
(a) Calculate the maximum shear stress τmax in the shaft and the angle of twist φc (in degrees) at end C.
(b) If the maximum shear stress in BC must be the same as that in AB, what is the required diameter of
segment BC? What is the resulting twist at end C?

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 Solution:
(1) T1 = 2300Nm; d1 = 58mm; L1 = 760mm
T2 = 900Nm; d 2 = 45mm; L1 = 510mm
G = 76GPa

(2) Reaction at A:  T =T A − T1 + T2 = 0
TA = T1 − T2 = 2300 Nm − 900 Nm = 1400 Nm
(3) Segment AB
Cut segment AB, according to the torque equilibrium for left-hand side:
 T =T AB + TA = 0
IP =
d 4
TAB = −1400 Nm 32

T (d / 2) 16T 16  ( −1400000Nmm) ( AB )max = 36.5MPa

( AB )max = = 3 = = −36.5MPa
IP d 3.14(58mm) 3

TL TL 32 ( −1400000Nmm)  (760mm)  32
AB = = = = −0.0126rad
GIP G d 4
(76  10 MPa) (58mm)
3 4
 (3) Segment BC
Cut segment BC, according to the torque equilibrium for left-hand
side:
T =TBC + TA − T1 = 0 IP =
d 4
TBC = −TA + T1 = 900 Nm 32

T (d / 2) 16T 16  (900000Nmm)
( BC )max = = 3 = = 50.3MPa ( BC )max = 50.3MPa
IP d 3.14(45mm) 3

TL TL 32 (900000Nmm)  (510mm)  32
BC = = = = 0.015rad
GIP G d 4
(76  10 MPa) (45mm)
3 4

(4) Comparing |(τAB)max| and |(τBC)max| give the maximum shear stress in
the bar is 50.3MPa
The angle of twist at point C is:
AB + BC = −0.0126 + 0.015 = 0.0024 rad = 0.138 o
 Example # 5
Four gears are attached to a circular shaft and transmit the torques shown in the
figure. The allowable shear stress in the shaft is 70 MPa.
(a) What is the required diameter d of the shaft if it has a solid cross section?
(b) What is the required outside diameter d if the shaft is hollow with an inside
diameter of 40 mm?

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 Solution:
TA = 900Nm; TB = 2100Nm;
TC = 450Nm; TD = 750Nm;
 allow =  max = 70MPa
d1 = 40mm: inner diameter for hollow shaft
(a) Segment AB
 T =0 TAB + TA = 0 TAB = −TA = −900Nm
Segment BC
 T =0 TBC + TA − TB = 0 TBC = −TA + TB = 1200 Nm

Segment CD
 T =0 TCD + TA − TB + TC = 0 TCD = −TA + TB − TC = 750 Nm

The maximum torque value occurs at Segment BC

Tmax = 1200 Nm
(3) Solid shaft
d 4 max =
Tmax (d / 2) 16Tmax
=
IP = IP d3
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16Tmax 16(1200 Nm)
d =
3 16Tmax d=3 =3 = 44 .4mm
max max (70 MPa )

(4) Hollow shaft

 4 Tmax (d / 2) 16 Tmax d 2
I P = (d 2 − d14 )  max = =
32 IP (d 42 − d14 )

(  max )d 42 − 16 Tmax d 2 − (  max )d14 = 0

 Numerical solution (iteration method)
(  max )d 42 − 16 Tmax d 2 − (  max )d14 = 0

(16 Tmax )d 2 + ( max )d14 (16 Tmax )d 2 + ( max )d14

= d 42 4 = d2
max max

Initial guess for d: d=10mm (any value)

(1) d2 = 10mm 4
16(1200 Nm)(10 mm ) + (70 MPa )( 40 mm )4
= 43 .05mm d 2 = 43.05mm
(70 MPa )

(2) d = 43.05mm 4
16(1200 Nm)( 43 .05mm ) + (70 MPa )( 40 mm )4
= 50 .14 mm d 2 = 50.14mm
(70 MPa )
2

16(1200 Nm)(50 .14 mm ) + (70 MPa )( 40 mm )4 d2 = 51.33mm

(3) d2 = 50.14mm 4
(70 MPa )
= 51 .33mm

16(1200 Nm)(51 .33mm ) + (70 MPa )( 40 mm )4 d 2 = 51.52mm

(4) d2 = 51.33mm 4
(70 MPa )
= 51 .52 mm

16(1200 Nm)(51 .52 mm ) + (70 MPa )( 40 mm )4 d 2 = 51.54mm

(5) d2 = 51.52mm 4 = 51 .54 mm
(70 MPa )
Practice
Problems

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Practice Problems

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Practice Problems

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 THANKS

QUESTIONS?

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