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This book is dedicated to BirdLife International and OSME
 CONTENTS
Foreword

Introduction

Bird Conservation

Map of the Region

Good Birdwatching Sites in the Region

Species Accounts

Further Reading and Resources

Photo Credits
 FOREWORD

Birds are all around us. They are present on every continent, utilise almost every
habitat on the planet, and most people around the world will encounter them on a
daily basis. Birds can survive the freezing temperatures of the Antarctic, cross the
highest of mountain ranges and the widest of seas, and endure the oppressive heat
of the great deserts. But, as with so much of the wildlife and natural resources of our
planet, birds are facing an uncertain future. To ensure their continued survival we
need more people to appreciate the wonders of the avian world.
Over 800 different bird species make the Middle East their home for at least some
part of the year. There are species that both breed and winter in various parts of the
region, and others are just visitors during the winter months. The region connects
the landmasses of Europe and Asia in the north to Africa in the south, and each year
tens of millions of birds, large and small, pass through the region on their incredible
migratory journeys. A small number of species are found only in this region and
nowhere else on the planet. The more that people, both those that live in the region
and those that visit, know about the birds around them the more likely they are to
want to protect them and safeguard their futures.
This wonderful photographic guide makes a significant contribution to inspiring
current and future generations to admire, understand and appreciate the wonderful
birds of the Middle East. The high-quality photographs are provided by
AbdulRahman Al-Sirhan and Jens Eriksen, who are lifelong advocates for the birds of
the region. The photos, along with the concise species accounts, will enable the
species most likely to be encountered to be identified and named with a high degree
of certainty. However, as well as being able to name the species that you may
encounter, knowing where to look for them is key. The section ‘Good Birdwatching
Sites in the Region’ is a valuable description of many of the Middle East’s top
locations. A visit to any one of these sites will be an experience not to be forgotten.
This book provides a fantastic introduction to the birds of the region that will
hopefully stimulate a lifelong interest in the avifauna of the Middle East and beyond.

Dr Rob Sheldon,
Chairman, Ornithological Society of the Middle East, the Caucasus and Central Asia
(OSME)
 INTRODUCTION

This photographic guide is aimed mainly at those adventurers who on their travels
in the Middle East would like to spend some time watching the exciting birds that
the region has to offer. We also hope it will encourage those who live in the region
to take an interest in its wonderful birds and their conservation.
It is not comprehensive. For such a large region, which is home to over 800
species of birds, we have had to be selective in those we have chosen to include. In
doing so we have been guided by the thought of what the enquiring visitor is most
likely to see, rather than the specialities – though many of these are included too.
While we hope that it will also provide pleasure and helpful information for serious
birdwatchers, for these there are other, more detailed and comprehensive field
guides that go into the finer points of plumage, voice and distribution that this
dedicated audience requires.
Bird names, both English and scientific, are frequently changing and there is no
one recognised authority, so for those interested in the boring bits, we have
followed the taxonomy and nomenclature used by the International Ornithological
Congress (IOC) as do most other bird books that cover the region (see here).
The area we cover ranges from the Iraq mountains in the north through the whole
of Arabia and west to the countries of the Levant. So we include Bahrain, Iraq,
Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, the
United Arab Emirates and Yemen (but not Socotra) – wonderful countries with a
wonderful array of exciting habitats for any visitor to enjoy. Who can fail to be
enthralled by a palm-fringed oasis, an acacia woodland in bloom, the sandy
beaches, mudflats and mangroves of the Gulf, Red Sea and Arabian Sea coasts,
Iraq’s Mesopotamian Marshes or, of course, the ever-changing moods of the desert?
We have included a section on good sites to watch birds (here–here), selecting a
few of the ‘must visit’ localities that should be on the itinerary of the nature-loving
tourist. In some of these accounts birds are mentioned that are not illustrated in this
guide, but nonetheless we thought it helpful to include them for those with a keener
interest in birds. Furthermore, in the section on useful books and contacts (here)
there is more information, set out country by country, that will help to plan a visit
and make it more rewarding.
Any visitor to the Middle East must be aware of the culture and religious
sensitivities. Whilst some countries are very liberal in their ways, others are
extremely conservative and their customs must always be respected, especially in
the way you dress. So do make sure you are aware of these before you visit. Middle
East countries are famous for their hospitality so always accept any kindnesses
shown to you with grace. Always be friendly and never hold back about sharing
with people your pleasure at watching their birds.
 Finally, remember the birds you are enjoying. Their welfare must always come
first. Don’t go too close to nesting birds, particularly when parents are trying to feed
their young. Remember that roosting and feeding birds, especially waders on shores
and mudflats, are easily disturbed so take care not to approach too closely. There is
always a temptation to get nearer and nearer to birds, especially when taking
photographs, but try to stay at a sensible distance and give them the space they
deserve.

Acknowledgements
For help with preparing ‘Good Birdwatching Sites in the Region’ we would like to
thank Dan Alon (Israel), Nabegh Ghazal Asswad (Syria), Imad Atrash (Palestine),
Oscar Campbell (UAE), Soumar Dakdouk (Lebanon), Laith El-Moghrabi (Jordan),
Gavin Farnell (Qatar), Fouad Itani (Lebanon), Jonathan Meyrav (Israel), Hana Ahmad
Raza (Iraq) and Assad Serhal (Lebanon).
Photographs used in this section were kindly provided by Mansur Al Fahad (Al
Ha’er Wetland, Saudi Arabia), Issam Al-Hajjar (Syria), Abdulla Al Kaabi (Bahrain),
Imad Atrash (Palestine), Samer Azar (Lebanon), Jem Babbington (Al Mahvar Tourist
Park, Saudi Arabia), Oscar Campbell (UAE), Gavin Farnell (Qatar), Nashat Hamidan
(Jordan), Jonathan Meyrav (Israel) and Hana Ahmad Raza (Qara Dagh, Iraq).
 BIRD CONSERVATION

In a region where over 800 species of birds have been recorded, determining those
for conservation intervention is challenging. Fortunately, the International Union for
the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and BirdLife International have developed strict
scientific criteria placing the world’s birds in the following categories: Extinct,
Extinct in the Wild, Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, Near
Threatened, Least Concern, Data Deficient and Not Evaluated. These categories
guide conservation priorities and actions. Top of the list of conservation priorities in
the Middle East is the Critically Endangered Sociable Lapwing, which stops over in
the region on its annual migrations but is, unfortunately, a target for hunters. Such
illegal hunting is a serious conservation concern in the Middle East and tackling it is
now part of a major BirdLife International programme, supported by OSME. The
other Critically Endangered species in the region is Slender-billed Curlew, not
illustrated and not recorded for nearly 40 years; indeed, it may be globally extinct.
Nine globally Endangered species occur, several of them very rare and most
unlikely to be seen. One encountered in all countries in the Middle East is Egyptian
Vulture, the population of which has plummeted globally in recent years. In the
Middle East, however, numbers are healthy. They are rarely subjected to deliberate
poisoning at garbage dumps, nor have they succumbed to the veterinary drug,
diclofenac, as has been the case elsewhere in its range. Fortunately, diclofenac,
which is used for the treatment of cattle, is now being banned in Middle Eastern
countries and replaced with safer alternatives not toxic to vultures when they feed
on livestock carcasses. Another Endangered raptor is Steppe Eagle, which also
congregates at garbage dumps in winter. Large soaring birds, such as the vulture and
eagle, are especially vulnerable on migration, not only from shooting but also from
electrocution by power lines and killing by wind turbines if these are
inappropriately sited on their migration routes. Tackling these threats is now part of
a multi-organisational effort – the Migratory Soaring Birds Programme – which is
supported by the Global Environment Facility, the United Nations Development
Program and BirdLife International.
One of the most Endangered songbirds in the region is Basra Reed Warbler,
famous in the marshes of Iraq, virtually the only place it can be found nesting. A
further 15 species occurring in the region covered by this book are categorised as
globally Vulnerable and 31 as Near Threatened. Full details of all threatened species
can be found on BirdLife’s Data Zone (see here).
Bird conservation is not just about action for individual species. At its heart is the
safeguarding of the environment and especially the places and habitats in which
birds, indeed all wildlife and humans, live. In the Middle East an ambitious BirdLife
project has identified all the Important Areas for Birds and Biodiversity – the IBAs.
These ‘jewels in the crown’ are top priorities for protecting the region’s wildlife.
They are often a country’s first step in developing a protected area network of nature
reserves and national parks. Many are regularly monitored to assess threats and to
ensure they still qualify under the strict criteria that IBA designation requires. As well
as IBAs, the region’s important wetlands have been identified and most countries
have signed the Convention on Wetlands. This intergovernmental treaty, also known
as the Ramsar Convention, provides the framework for national action and
international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their
resources. Two of the most important in the Middle East, the Mesopotamian
Marshes of Iraq and Barr Al Hikman in Oman, are Ramsar wetlands and the Iraq
Marshes are now a World Heritage Site.
Habitats, the places birds live, face many threats, and conservation bodies are
active in tackling them. High on the list of concerns is the drainage of wetlands,
overgrazing of natural grasslands by sheep and goats, the destruction of native
woodlands and the destruction of the intertidal mudflats so important for wading
birds to stop and feed on migration. Much of the conservation action involves
political ‘lobbying’ – intervention at government and decision-making level to
highlight the importance of sustainable land management and the damage that can
be caused to these fragile habitats. Such damage not only impacts on wildlife, but
also on the lives of people.
An overview of conservation is not complete without including the damage that
pollution and the unregulated use of pesticides can cause to birds and our
environment. Although the discharging of oil at sea is now banned, accidents
happen, and the resulting pollution seriously impacts our marine wildlife.
Fortunately, such incidents are rare in the Middle East. Less obvious is the insidious
effects of pesticide poisoning, which occur when chemicals intended to control
agricultural pests affect non-target organisms such as birds, other wildlife and
humans. Accumulating pesticide residues in the air, water, soil, foods, plants and
animals is a wildlife and human conservation issue yet to be seriously addressed in
the Middle East.

A note on the photos

All images show the adult form, unless stated otherwise. Please refer to the key
below for further information:

Adult – ad. Breeding – br. Spring – spr.

Juvenile – juv. Non-breeding – non-br. Summer – sum.
Immature – imm. Winter – win.
 GOOD BIRDWATCHING SITES
IN THE REGION

In this section we have chosen a small selection of sites that we feel would be of
interest to a visitor who wants to spend some time birdwatching. Space does not
allow it to be comprehensive but see here for details of field guides and useful
information to help plan your visit.
Note that in some of the accounts, notably those for Saudi Arabia and Yemen, a
few of the very local species listed are not illustrated in this book but can be found
in Birds of the Middle East (Porter & Aspinall, Helm, see here).

BAHRAIN

Dohat Arad Lagoon 26°15’N 50°37’E.

Shallow waters and scattered mangroves make this a good site for waders. Common
birds include Terek, Marsh and Broad-billed Sandpipers, Lesser and Greater Sand
Plovers, Pacific Golden Plover, Temminck’s Stint, Pallas’s, Lesser Black-backed and
Slender-billed Gulls, Striated and Western Reef Herons, Crab-plover and Greater
Flamingo.

Dohat Arad Lagoon.

Hamala Farm 26°08’59.4’N 50°27’57.9’E.

A site well known for Grey Hypocolius and Egyptian Nightjar, but also for Grey
Francolin, Graceful Prinia, Red-vented and White-eared Bulbuls, Common Myna,
Isabelline, Desert and Pied Wheatears, Namaqua Dove, Eurasian Hoopoe, Indian
Silverbill, Siberian Stonechat, Pallid Swift, Blue-cheeked and European Bee-eaters.

Hamala Farm.

Al Areen Wildlife Park and Reserve 26°00’N 50°29’E.

This site is a nature reserve and zoo. Namaqua and Laughing Doves, Grey Francolin
and African Sacred Ibis (introduced), White-tailed and Northern Lapwings, Little
Ringed Plover, Asian Desert Warbler and Grey Hypocolius can all be seen there.

IRAQ

Tourism is gradually developing in Iraq and the country holds many wildlife
treasures for the enquiring ecotourist and birdwatcher. The following three sites are
top of the list for any visit.

Mesopotamian Marshes

These vast, internationally famous wetlands in the south of the country are best
approached from the town of Basra and comprise the Central Marshes, East
Hammar, West Hammar and Hawizeh. Numerous wetland birds breed in the
marshes, especially herons, waders and kingfishers (Pied Kingfisher is common).
Specialities include Sacred Ibis, African Darter, Marbled Duck, White-tailed Plover,
Iraq Babbler, Grey Hypocolius, Dead Sea Sparrow and Basra Reed Warbler. The
marshes are virtually the only breeding area in the world for the last species. In
winter they host tens of thousands of wildfowl, notably Marbled and Ferruginous
Ducks, and many birds of prey. The marshes are best enjoyed by boat, an option
that the local, friendly Marsh Arabs can help with.
 The Mesopotamian Marshes.

Peramagroon Mountain 35°50’N 45°24’E.

The mountains of Peramagroon and Qara Dagh are relatively close to Sulaimani in
Iraqi Kurdistan. Both offer a good selection of the region’s special birds.
Peramagroon is the highest mountain in the area and its rocky and oak-covered
slopes have an exciting mix of breeding birds. Specialities include Egyptian Vulture,
See-see Partridge, Upcher’s Warbler, Eastern and Western Rock Nuthatches, White-
throated Robin, Finsch’s and Black-eared Wheatears, Cinereous Bunting and
Masked Shrike.

Qara Dagh 35°18’N 45°23’E.

This is one of the most important sites in Iraqi Kurdistan for birds, mammals and
plants. Special birds include Griffon and Egyptian Vultures, Golden Eagle, See-see
Partridge, Eastern and Western Rock Nuthatches, White-throated Robin, Cinereous
Bunting, Masked Shrike and Black-eared Wheatear. The Persian Leopard is still
found here and there are plans to create a national park. Nature Iraq will soon have
an ecolodge where visitors can stay (see here).

Qara Dagh.

ISRAEL
Eilat 29°34’22.8’N 34°58’15.9’E.

Lying on the Red Sea coast and with impressive mountains to the west, Eilat is one
of the best migration spots in the world. It is good all year, but especially from
March to May. The Eilat Bird Watching Park (north of the city and near the Jordan
border crossing), with its salt and freshwater habitats, is good for resident and
migrant waders and passerines. It has a bird ringing scheme and is open for visitors.
The Eilat Mountains are famous for watching migrating soaring birds, and in spring
thousands of buzzards, eagles and storks pass over daily. Resident desert species
include Hooded and White-crowned Wheatears, Sand Partridge and Sinai
Rosefinch. North of the city on route 90 are the vast K20 salt pans, which host
thousands of waders, ducks, herons and gulls and a regular population of Greater
Flamingos.

Eilat.

Hula Valley 33°06’51.1’N 35°35’40.2’E.

Close to Israel’s northern border, this magnificent re-flooded wetland holds huge
numbers of Common Crane, waterfowl, birds of prey and more. It is good all year,
but best in winter. Up to 40,000 Common Cranes, along with Eastern Imperial and
Greater Spotted Eagles and Pallid Harriers, winter in Agamon Hula Park. In the Hula
Nature Reserve (Israel’s first), famous for its historic papyrus reedbeds, there are
Marbled Duck and a large harrier roost.

Hula Valley.
Jerusalem Bird Observatory 31 °46’45.0’N 35°12’21.4’E.

This ‘oasis’ of urban nature in the middle of the city of Jerusalem is the only bird
observatory in the world located on parliament grounds. It includes a small patch of
natural habitat, a pool, bird hide and visitor centre. Open to the public all year, it
offers a safe haven and is great for both migrants and resident birds.

Nizzana 30°50’59.3’N 34°27’08.1’E.

In the western Negev, at the end of road 211 near the Egyptian border, this semi-
desert most notably is home to about 50 pairs of Macqueen’s Bustards, which
display from January to April, the best time to visit. Other species include Cream-
coloured Courser, Spotted, Crowned and Pin-tailed Sandgrouse, Little Owl, and
several species of larks and wheatears. Nizzana is also good for soaring birds and
other migrants.

Ma’agan Michael 32°32’56.8’N 34°54’24.5’E.

On the Mediterranean coastal highway (Road 2) between Tel Aviv and Haifa, this
area of fish ponds, reservoirs and beaches is good for birds all year. The fish ponds
hold large numbers of herons, gulls, storks, ducks, waders and three species of
kingfishers. Large numbers of White Pelicans occur on migration and rare birds
include Pallas’s Gull and Citrine Wagtail. A birdwatching park with trails is due to
open soon.

Kfar Ruppin 32°27’27.2’N 35°33’46.9’E.

Near Beit Shean in the north Jordan Valley and located off Road 90 close to the King
Hussein border crossing, this is an area of fish ponds, fields and natural habitats.
Besides large numbers of herons, gulls, pelicans, waders, storks and birds of prey,
the natural areas are good for Black Francolin, Desert Finch, Namaqua Dove and
Blue-cheeked Bee-eater. In autumn it is one of the best places to see flocks of
migrating White Storks and European Honey Buzzards. A birdwatching park with
hides is due to open soon.

JORDAN

Azraq Oasis 31°50’N 36°49’E.

Once considered the most important stopover for waterbirds in the Levant, it
currently hosts a sliver of the numbers it used to have 60 years ago. The remaining
areas of permanent ponds and reedbeds are worth visiting during migration seasons,
especially in spring. In good winter seasons, its mudflat (Qa’) becomes flooded and
it once again becomes the waterbird refuge that it once was, with a wide variety of
ducks and waders. The main oasis has boardwalks and a bird hide.
 Azraq Oasis.

Wadi Dana 30°40’N 35°35’E.

Located in the heart of Dana Biosphere Reserve, the wadi offers a wide variety of
special birdwatching experiences. From the main viewpoint, several Middle Eastern
specialities can easily be spotted, including Tristram’s Starling and White-spectacled
Bulbul. The same spot provides a raptor migration spectacle during the spring, with
tens of thousands of Steppe Buzzards, Black Kites and several species of eagles. It is
possible to hike down the wadi from Dana village all the way to Feynan in Wadi
Araba. This walk passes through a variety of different habitats, from Mediterranean
woodland to Saharo-Arabian gravel desert.

Wadi Dana.

Aqaba 29°32’N 35°00’E.

Located at the northern tip of the Gulf of Aqaba, Aqaba is the main migration
bottleneck for raptors in Jordan, especially during spring migration. Hundreds of
thousands of more than 30 species of soaring birds pass over during spring and
autumn migration. Aqaba Bird Observatory to the west of the town has a series of
wastewater lagoons surrounded by strips of trees that attract a wide variety of
waterbirds and passerines breaking their migration to rest and feed.
El-Harrah Desert 31°58’N 37°29’E.

This huge expanse of roughly 300km2 of basalt rock desert lies between Azraq
Oasis and the Iraqi border. It has two of Jordan’s unique specialities: Basalt
Wheatear and the dark morph Desert Lark known only from this desert. Several
recently dug ponds (to provide water for the Bedouins and their livestock) have
become resting places and drinking sources for resident desert species such as
Thick-billed Lark and Black-bellied Sandgrouse, and also for wintering Steppe and
Eastern Imperial Eagles. A four-wheel drive vehicle is required off the main highway.

KUWAIT

Jahra Pools Reserve 29°21’N 47°41’E.

This coastal wetland is close to Jahra town on Road 80, to the west of Kuwait City.
Greater Spotted Eagles spend six months of the year here. Mountain Chiffchaff,
Moustached Warbler, shrikes, three species of lapwings and three species of
kingfishers can also be seen. Waders include Terek and Broad-billed Sandpipers,
and Lesser and Greater Sand Plovers.

Jahra Pools Reserve.

Sulaibiya Pivot Fields 29°15’N 47°45’E.

A large private farm irrigated by centre-pivot irrigation, this site is a wintering

ground for eagles, buzzards, four species of lapwings, larks, wagtails, shrikes and
warblers.

Al-Shaheed Park 29°22’N 47°59’E.

A large park in Kuwait City with pools and lawns, attracting many wintering and
migrating birds, including shrikes, buntings and warblers. The saline depression with
a small reedbed, in the northern corner, is the best place to start. Fintas Park and
Green Island are other good sites in Kuwait.

Jahra Farms 29°21’N 47°40’E.

These traditional farms with green fields in the centre of Jahara City are a good site
for thrushes, pipits, shrikes, stonechats, flycatchers, mynas and White-eared Bulbul.

Jahra Farms.

LEBANON

Aammiq Wetland Reserve 33°43’N 35°47’E.

The top birdwatching site and largest remaining freshwater wetland in Lebanon, this
reserve is surrounded by areas of rough grazing, cultivation and trees, all of which
add to its rich biodiversity. Breeding birds include Little and Great Crested Grebes,
Little Bittern, Western Marsh Harrier, Water Rail, Calandra Lark, Penduline Tit and
Black-headed Bunting. It is also very important for migrant and wintering birds. In
addition to the thousands of raptors, herons, storks, pelicans and cranes, specialities
include Marbled and Ferruginous Ducks, Greater Spotted and Eastern Imperial
Eagles, Pallid Harrier and Syrian Serin.

Aammiq Wetland Reserve.

Ras Baalbek semi-desert 34°17’N 36°22’E.

In the northern Beqaa region this dry, barren area hosts many species rarely found
elsewhere in Lebanon. Residents include Long-legged Buzzard, Little Owl,
Temminck’s Lark, Western Rock Nuthatch, Streaked Scrub and Spectacled
Warblers, Mourning Wheatear and Trumpeter Finch. In summer you can find
Eurasian Stone-curlew, Cream-coloured Courser, Bar-tailed, Lesser Short-toed and
Desert Larks, and Pale Rock Finch. On migration Eurasian Dotterel, Northern
Lapwing and Finsch’s Wheatear also occur.

Anjar-K’far Zabad 33°44’N 35°56’E.

Located in the eastern Beqaa Valley, at the foot of the Anti-Lebanon mountain
range, this site consists of farmland, freshwater wetland, mixed woodland and open
scrubby hillsides. The historic ruins of Anjar are a breeding site for Syrian Serin.
Other breeding birds include White Stork, Eurasian Hoopoe, Western Rock
Nuthatch and Cretzschmar’s Bunting as well as several species of shrikes, wheatears
and warblers. The reedbeds hold good numbers of Black-crowned Night Herons,
Little Bitterns and Penduline Tits.

Al Shouf Cedar Nature Reserve 33°45’N 35°43’E.

Located on the slopes of Barouk Mountain, this is Lebanon’s largest nature reserve,
stretching from Dahr Al-Baidar in the north to Mount Niha in the south. The oak,
juniper and magnificent cedar forests are a home and stop-over site for over 200
species, including Chukar, Golden Eagle, Griffon Vulture, Turtle Dove, Eurasian Jay,
Common Raven, Horned Lark, Woodlark, Common Redstart, Rock Sparrow, Rock
Bunting and Syrian Serin.

Horsh Ehden Nature Reserve 34°17’46.6’N 35°58’18.2’E.

On the north-western slopes of Mount Lebanon, with its beautiful cedar, juniper and
fir forest, this reserve offers a great opportunity to watch the impressive soaring-bird
migration of storks, pelicans, eagles and buzzards. During autumn, visit the ABCL
observatory (34°17’58.6”N 35°58’36.3”E) for a chance to participate in counts of
soaring birds. Other species here include Bonelli’s Eagle, Western Rock Nuthatch
and Syrian Woodpecker.

OMAN

As Sayh, Musandam Peninsula 25°59’N 56°13’E.

This site, at an altitude of 1,200m, lies along the graded road from Khasab south
towards Jabal Harim and Wadi Bih. It is an excellent spring migration site,
especially for shrikes (nine species have been recorded), wheatears (10 species),
buntings and vagrants. April is the best month to visit.
 As Sayh.

Al Ansab Wetland 23°34’N 58°20’E.

A series of wastewater treatment lagoons in Muscat. From the main highway from
the airport take the exit for the Oman Exhibition and Convention Centre and
continue to the treatment plant. This location provides an excellent introduction to
birdwatching in Oman with a good variety of ducks (including Ferruginous Duck),
herons, waders and rails. It is best visited during the cooler months. There are trails
and hides. Reservation is free but essential (see here).

Barr Al Hikman 20°42’N 58°42’E.

These extensive tidal mudflats on the east coast of mainland Oman, opposite
Masirah Island, are probably the most important site for migratory and wintering
shorebirds in the Middle East. Hundreds of thousands of waders can be seen from
September to May. Highlights are large numbers of Greater Flamingo (10,000),
Great Knot (up to 1,000), Broad-billed Sandpiper (hundreds), Bar-tailed Godwit
(80,000) and Crab-plover (8,000).

Ayn Hamran 17°06’N 54°17’E.

This excellent site comprises a park with lush vegetation around a permanent spring
in the hills 13km east of Salalah. It is well signposted. Ayn Hamran has all the
special passerines, owls and eagles of southern Oman. Highlights are Arabian Scops
Owl, Arabian Warbler, Palestine and Shining Sunbirds, Black-crowned Tchagra and
Arabian Golden-winged Grosbeak.

Khawr Rawri 17°02’N 54°26’E.

A large coastal lagoon about 35km east of Salalah, this location is well signposted as
it is also an archaeological site (Sumhumran). One of Oman’s best birdwatching
locations, it has an excellent variety of waterbirds and landbirds. Highlights include
Arabian Partridge, Cotton Pygmy Goose, Pheasant-tailed Jacana, Black Stork, and
Steppe, Eastern Imperial and Greater Spotted Eagles.

Wadi Darbat 17°06’N 54°27’E.

A valley (wadi) with permanent water in the Dhofar Mountains just north of Khawr
Rawri, Wadi Darbat has an interesting variety of migratory and resident birds.
Common species include Arabian Partridge, Eastern Imperial Eagle, Bruce’s Green
Pigeon, Grey-headed Kingfisher, African Paradise Flycatcher, Blackstart, Abyssinian
White-eye, Rüppell’s Weaver, Cinnamon-breasted Bunting, Tristram’s Starling and
Fan-tailed Raven.

Wadi Darbat.

PALESTINE

Jenin 31°42’N 35°19’E.

Situated at the foot of the rugged northernmost hills (Jabal Nablus) of the West Bank,
Jenin is one of the most important sites in Palestine for biodiversity. The national
flower of Palestine, Iris haynei, grows here. In spring and autumn, the Jenin district
is one of the most important localities for observing the migration of soaring birds,
notably White Stork, Common Crane, White Pelican and Lesser Spotted Eagle. The
wet plains also attract many migrant birds in winter, including birds of prey. The
waste dump in Zahrat Al-Finjan attracts Black Kites, vultures, storks and gulls.
 Jenin.

Jerusalem Wilderness Site (Judean Desert) 32°21’N 35°16’E.

With breathtaking scenery and unforgettable views over the Dead Sea, this is an
excellent location for watching many species of migrating birds of prey, notably
Egyptian Vulture, Levant Sparrowhawk, Lesser Spotted Eagle and European Honey
Buzzard. The biodiversity doesn’t end with birds; interesting mammals include Rock
Hyrax, Syrian Jackal, Red Fox and Striped Hyena, as well as many lizards and
beetles.

Judean Desert.

QATAR

Shamal Coast 26°08’39.6’N 51°16’10.5’E.

A bottleneck in spring for migrant birds funnelling up the Qatar peninsula and a
resting place for tired autumn birds that have crossed the Arabian Gulf. This is
probably the best place in Qatar to see Crab-plover and Cream-coloured Courser
(August to September are the best months) one can expect all manner of waders,
gulls and terns throughout the year. The coastal path alongside the mangroves to the
east of the town often turns up good birds, including many passerines. Nearby
Shamal Park (26°07’28.8’N 51 °12’38.0’E) is always worth a visit. Its lawns, gardens
and maintained trees and bushes cover 2.5 ha.

Shamal Coast.

Qatar 02 MIA Park and Al Bidda Park 25°17’39.1’N 51 °32’36.7’E and

25°17’58.4’N 51 °31’03.7’E.

These two coastal parks in the heart of Doha are often overlooked by local birders,
but regularly turn up good birds and are a great place for the short-stay visitor to
watch birds. Expect wagtails, pipits, shrikes and buntings during migration. The
parks consist of many hectares of lawns, with pockets of shrubs, and pathways. Long
lenses (500mm+) can draw unnecessary attention and require special permission.

SAUDI ARABIA

Al Ha’er Wetland 24°22’N 46°54’E.

This is also called the Riyadh River, which runs from Riyadh Sewage Treatment
Plant for about 50km. A good starting point is at the coordinates above. It is a good
a site for wetland birds, including Purple Heron, Little Bittern, Black-crowned Night
Heron, Great Reed, European Reed and Moustached Warblers. Spur-winged and
White-tailed Lapwings are also common. Raptors are represented by Greater
Spotted, Eastern Imperial and Steppe Eagles and Pallid Harrier in winter and on
migration. Also, Arabian Green and Blue-cheeked Bee-eaters are common.
 Al Ha’er Wetland.

Haradh 24°9’N 48°54’E.

Haradh is an industrial city in Ahsa Governorate with a large number of pivot

irrigation fields. Sociable Lapwing is now seen every winter together with Spur-
winged and Northern Lapwings. Haradh is also excellent for raptors such as Pallid
Harrier and Greater Spotted, Steppe and Eastern Imperial Eagles. Larks may occur in
their thousands, with Greater and Lesser Short-toed Larks the commonest and
Greater Hoopoe-Lark regular. The nearby large escarpment is good for Desert and
Bar-tailed Desert Larks and Black-crowned Sparrow-Lark, as well as Cream-
coloured Courser.

Al Mahvar Tourist Park 18°57’N 42°07’E.

The best site to see Arabian endemics. These include the Arabian Woodpecker,
Arabian and Philby’s Partridges, Arabian Scops Owl, Arabian Wheatear, Arabian
Serin, Yemen Serin, Yemen Thrush, Red-breasted Wheatear, Yemen Linnet and
Yemen Warbler. Some otherwise mainly African species such as Arabian Eagle-Owl,
Little Rock Thrush, Brown Woodland-Warbler, Abyssinian Nightjar, Abyssinian
White-eye and Diedrik Cuckoo are also found.

Al Mahvar Tourist Park.

Al Sadd Lake 18°12’N 42°29’E.

This location features a lake surrounded by trees and bushes. The endemic Arabian
Waxbill can be seen, together with Helmeted Guineafowl, White-browed Coucal,
Abdim’s Stork, Pink-backed Pelican, Hamerkop, Gabar Goshawk, Dark Chanting-
Goshawk, Grey-headed Kingfisher, White-throated and Blue-cheeked Bee-eaters,
Abyssinian Roller, Black-crowned Sparrow-Lark, Singing Bushlark, Zitting Cisticola,
Eastern Olivaceous and Upcher’s Warblers, Arabian Babbler, Black Scrub Robin,
Nile Valley Sunbird, Rüppell’s Weaver, African Silverbill, Goliath and Striated
Herons and African Grey Hornbill.

Tabuk Northern Farms 28°36’N 36°24’E.

These centre-pivot irrigation farms are mostly fenced but access can be granted from
the owners or they can be birded from outside. Sociable Lapwing winters annually
now, and resident birds include Spur-winged Lapwing, Black-winged Stilt, Desert
Finch, Desert Lark, Sinai Rosefinch and Brown-necked Raven.

SYRIA

Jabboul 36°05’N 37°48’E.

A 40km drive south-east of Aleppo, the Jabboul shallow brackish wetland is the
most important wetland in Syria. In winter it hosts more than 120,000 birds of 70
species including over 22,000 Greater Flamingos (there are about 4,000 breeding
pairs) and 20,000 Eurasian Coots as well as many species of geese, ducks, waders,
gulls and terns. Dead Sea Sparrow also occurs. Among the threatened species are
White-headed and Marbled Ducks, also Sociable Lapwings during the spring on the
adjacent steppe.

Jabboul.

Coastal mountains 35°62’N 36°10’E.

This bottleneck mountain range, which concentrates soaring birds on migration,

rises to 1,000–1,500m above sea level. There are several types of humid and sub-
humid woodlands and maquis overlooking the steep slopes of the Al-Ghab Valley,
which is considered the northern end of the Rift Valley. Sites along the ridge are
very good for watching thousands of birds of prey, storks and pelicans on spring and
autumn migration.
 Coastal mountains.

Abu Zad and west of Damascus mountains 33°72’N 36°12’E.

This elevated area at the southern end of the Anti-Lebanon mountain range is a
50km drive from Damascus. Snow-covered in winter it comprises open semi-arid
highland steppe with sparse grassland, small orchards, vertical cliffs and steep rocky
slopes. It is located on the flyway for migrating soaring birds and is also home for
several passerines, including Syrian Serin, Western Rock Nuthatch and Alpine
Accentor, as well as rock thrushes, redstarts, larks and warblers.

Abu Zad and west of Damascus mountains.

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

Abu Dhabi Island 24°28’N 54°22’E.

The island has urban parks, golf courses, fringing coastline, intertidal mudflats and
mangroves. Migrant species such as shrikes and wheatears occur in spring and
autumn. Western Marsh Harrier and Crested Honey Buzzard winter annually in
small numbers. Greater Flamingos and Western Reef Egrets may be seen along
shorelines. White-cheeked, Saunders’s and Bridled Terns, along with Osprey, breed
on offshore islets. See here for precise site details.
 Abu Dhabi Island.

Al Wathba Wetland Reserve 24°15’N 54°35’E.

A Ramsar site 20km south-east of Abu Dhabi Island. Greater Flamingos have bred
since 2011 and are easily observed at close range. Up to 5,000 shorebirds and
waterfowl winter annually; more than 50 Western Marsh Harriers roost each
evening in winter with Great Spotted Eagle present most winters. The reserve is
open from 08:00, Thursdays and Saturdays, between November and April. There are
trails, hides and visitor facilities.

Jebel Hafit, Al Ain 24°03’N 55°46’E.

This spectacular limestone mountain reaches an altitude of 1,240m. Recently

declared a national park, it is immediately south-east of Al Ain, an oasis city with
many tourist sites 130km east of Abu Dhabi Island. Jebel Hafit has breeding species
typical of eastern Arabian montane habitats, including Hume’s Wheatear and Desert
Lark (both common), Sand Partridge and Lichtenstein’s Sandgrouse. It is the only
UAE site for Egyptian Vulture, which still occurs in small numbers. Persian
Wheatear and Plain Leaf Warbler winter from October to March. Green
Mubazzarah is a parkland area with springs at the foot of the mountain; a
spectacular tarred road ascends Jebel Hafit from nearby.
 Jebel Hafit, Al Ain.

Ra’s al-Khor, Dubai 25°11’N 55°19’E.

Intertidal mudflats and mangrove plantations on the edge of Dubai Creek. There are
large overwintering populations of shorebirds, herons and Greater Flamingo. More
than 20 Greater Spotted Eagles, along with Ospreys and Western Marsh Harriers,
occur in winter; they are best observed as they start to thermal from 09:00–11:00.
There are several viewpoints with hides, although navigating busy highways is
necessary to get from one to another.

Al Mamzar Park, Sharjah 25°19’N 55°20’E.

A ‘green lung’ along the coastline of urban Sharjah, 10km from central Dubai. It is
famous for rarities and migrants, including many warblers, shrikes, redstarts and
flycatchers in spring and autumn. Purple Sunbird, Eurasian Hoopoe and Indian
Roller all breed commonly and are easy to see. The park is open from 08:00 daily.

Khor al-Beida, Umma al Qwain 25°31’N 55°34’E.

Mainland UAE’s most bird-rich intertidal wetland, lying north of the town of Umm
al Qwainn (40km north of Dubai). Very large numbers of migrant and wintering
shorebirds, with Crab-plover a local speciality; small numbers of Great Knot also
occur. A large colony of Socotra Cormorant breeds in winter on Siniyia Island,
which shelters the site from the Arabian Gulf.

Khor Kalba, Sharjah 25°00’N 56°21’E.

A beautiful narrow creek on the Gulf of Oman, lined extensively by old, gnarled
mangroves, in the far south-east of the UAE. It is the only UAE site for Collared
Kingfisher of the endemic subspecies kalbaensis. These are best seen at low tide, as
are small numbers of shorebirds and terns (the latter mainly in the nearby harbour).
Small numbers of breeding Sykes’s Warbler, the only UAE population, breed in the
mangroves and are best located when singing, from March to May. Indian Pond
Heron winters regularly. Many interesting seabirds have been recorded from boat
trips into adjacent waters.

Khor Kalba, Sharjah.

YEMEN

Because of the tragic conflict in Yemen, this account is limited since visiting this
wonderful country to watch birds is either not possible or unsafe. We hope that this
will soon change as the mountains of Yemen are very special, holding many species
that are endemic to south-west Arabia. Visiting any highland area, such as the Ibb
Mountains (35°33’N 45°29’E), between Sana’a and Taizz, or Kawkaban (35°33’N
45°29’E), just an hour from Sana’a, will be rewarding as the wooded, agricultural
terraces hold many of the south-west Arabian endemic species, including Philby’s
and Arabian Partridges, Arabian Woodpecker, Yemen Warbler, Yemen Thrush,
Arabian Wheatear, Arabian Accentor, Arabian and Yemen Serins and Yemen Linnet.

Terraces near Ibb

The Red Sea and Arabian Sea coasts provide good opportunities to watch seabirds,
especially gulls and terns, and many waders. Amongst the most notable species are
Pallas’s and Slender-billed Gulls, Lesser Crested and Greater Crested Terns, Greater
and Lesser Flamingos and Crab-plover. Chestnut-bellied Sandgrouse and Black-
crowned Sparrow-Lark are common on the neighbouring Tihama coastal plains.
Yemen Terraces.
Chukar Partridge
Alectoris chukar 33cm

A chicken-sized bird, very like an Arabian Partridge in plumage, but

with a different face pattern and bolder stripes on the sides of the body.
The male and female are similar in appearance. This partridge is more
often heard than seen – a characteristic, chuckling chukara-chukar,
chukara-chukar, which can carry a long distance.

Where to see Rocky and stony hillsides in those countries bordering the
Mediterranean coast, as well as in Musandam, Oman and neighbouring
mountains of UAE.
Arabian Partridge
Alectoris melanocephala 36cm

A chicken-sized bird that is similar in pattern to Chukar Partridge but

always told by the black crown (grey in Chukar) and the fine barring on
the sides of the body. Often heard calling, a far-carrying kok, kok, kok,
kok, kok, chok-chok-chok chook, which accelerates and descends.

Where to see Dry, rocky and stony hillsides with bushes in Oman and
parts of southern Arabia.
See-see Partridge
Ammoperdix griseogularis 24cm

Much smaller than the Chukar or Arabian Partridge and similar to Sand
Partridge, but with a different distribution. Note the head pattern of the
male and the rusty stripes that sweep down the sides of the body. The
female is a rather featureless sandy grey. Runs fast when disturbed or
flies low with whirring wingbeats. Has characteristic, far-carrying,
repeated who-wit call.

Where to see Dry, stony hillsides and barren areas in Iraqi Kurdistan.
Introduced on Sir Bani Yas island, UAE.
Sand Partridge
Ammoperdix heyi 24cm

Similar in size and plumage to See-see Partridge, especially the female,

but sandier in coloration. The male has a white patch behind the eye,
which is not bordered by black, and bolder stripes on the sides of the
body. Calls a monotonous qwei-qwei … from a prominent look-out.

Where to see Rocky hillsides and sandy wadis in the UAE, Oman and
southern and western Arabia – a completely different range to See-see
Partridge.
Grey Francolin
Francolinus pondicerianus 30cm

A greyish-brown, finely barred and vermiculated gamebird with no real

distinguishing features apart from a black necklace on the male; slightly
smaller than Chukar Partridge. Can often be seen in small parties in the
open and is not secretive like other gamebirds. Has a loud, far-carrying
call of up to 15 notes.

Where to see Scrubby areas and margins of fields close to the Gulf and
in northern Oman.
Common Quail
Coturnix coturnix 17cm

The smallest gamebird in the region, just the size of a Common Starling.
Rarely seen on the ground, where it creeps quietly through low
vegetation. More often observed when flushed, and in flight note the
plain, pointed wings, striped back and fast wingbeats.

Where to see In cereal fields, meadows and grassland almost anywhere

in the region, mainly in spring and autumn when on migration.
Greylag Goose
Anser anser 80cm

Probably the commonest goose to be seen in winter (but Greater White-

fronted Goose Anser albifrons, not illustrated, identified by white
surrounding the bill and black bars on the belly, can be fairly common
in Oman). Note its large size, heavy pink bill and pink legs. Loud call,
uttered in flight, is like that of domestic goose. Usually occurs in flocks.

Where to see Fields, marshes and estuaries throughout the region,

except in much of Arabia.
Common Shelduck
Tadorna tadorna 63cm

A large duck, the size of a small goose. The white body, green head, red
bill and broad chestnut band around the breast and across the back
make it unmistakable. Male and female are similar in plumage.

Where to see Coasts, marshes and wetlands in spring, autumn and

winter throughout the region, though it is uncommon or rare in much of
Arabia.
Ruddy Shelduck
Tadorna ferruginea 64cm

Similar in size to Common Shelduck, but the orange-chestnut body and

paler head make this duck unmistakable. Sexes similar, but in the
breeding season the male has a narrow black neck-collar. In flight note
the conspicuous large white wing patches.

Where to see Similar wetlands to Common Shelduck, but also in fields

throughout the region, mainly in spring, autumn and winter, though rare
in southern Arabia.
Cotton Pygmy Goose
Nettapus coromandelianus 33cm

This rare visitor from Asia is the smallest duck to occur in the region.
The male is distinct with a white head and neck, and a black cap, eyes
and band across the breast. Female is less distinct, but both sexes have
stubby goose-like bill. In flight shows conspicuous white trailing edge to
the wing.

Where to see A bird of well-vegetated lakes, it is a rare winter visitor

mostly to Oman, but vagrants have occurred throughout the region.
Garganey
Spatula querquedula 39cm

One of the smallest ducks. The male is easily distinguished by the

noticeable long white stripe on a chocolate head and blue forewing in
flight. Female very similar to Eurasian Teal, but with longer bill and
white and dark stripes on head. Like the other dabbling ducks, it doesn’t
dive. Often occurs in large flocks.

Where to see Can occur on almost any wetland throughout the region
on spring and autumn migration.
Northern Shoveler
Spatula clypeata 51cm

The huge spatulate bill readily identifies both sexes of this dabbling
duck. The male’s plumage is distinctive with a green head, white breast
and chestnut flanks and belly. The female is drab brown. In flight shows
a blue forewing.

Where to see A migrant and winter visitor that can be seen on any
wetlands throughout the region from autumn through to spring.
Gadwall
Mareca strepera 51cm

Very similar to the much commoner Mallard, only the male is easy to
distinguish with its dark grey plumage, black surround to the tail and
black bill. Both male and female can be identified in flight by a white
patch on the hindwing, close to the body.

Where to see A migrant and winter visitor that can be seen on any
wetlands throughout the region from autumn to spring.
Eurasian Wigeon
Mareca penelope 48cm

The rufous head with a yellow forehead and grey body with a black tail-
end distinguishes the male from all other ducks. The female has a rather
rufous-grey plumage, but both sexes show white belly in flight. Often
seen grazing on short grasses at the edge of a wetland.

Where to see Migrant and winter visitor to coastal marshes and

freshwater wetlands throughout the region from autumn to spring.
Mallard
Anas platyrhynchos 56cm

The green head, brown breast, white neck-ring and yellow bill make the
male of this large duck distinctive, but the brown female can appear
very similar to the females of other ‘dabbling’ ducks – ducks that do not
dive.

Where to see Although it breeds in a few places in the region, it occurs

mostly as a migrant and winter visitor to coastal marshes and freshwater
wetlands from autumn to spring.
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