Sub Code: KEE603

B. TECH
(SEM-VI) THEORY EXAMINATION 2023-24
POWER ELECTRONICS

Solution

SECTION A

1. Attempt all questions in brief. 2 x 10 = 20

Q no. Question

a. Explain the terms latching and holding current in SCR.

Solution:
Latching current: The latching current of forward-biased SCR is the minimum
current which anode current must attain to continue to remain in forward
conduction mode even when the gate current is removed.
It is related to turn-on process of SCR or thyristor. If the value of the anode current
isless than this value, the SCR will not continue to conduct in the forward direction
if gate signal is removed. However, once the anode current becomes more than the
latching current, the gate loses its control and it may be removed. The SCR will
continue to conduct.

Holding current: Holding current of SCR or thyristor is the minimum value of

current below which anode current must fall to come in OFF state.
It is related to turn-off process of SCR and its value less than the latching current.
b. What are the applications of various power Electronics Devices?
Solution:
Power electronics play a pivotal role in providing power based on the desired
specifications. It is impossible to list all the applications of power electronics today;
it has penetrated almost all the fields where electrical energy is in the picture. This
trend is an ever-increasing one, especially with the present trends of new devices
and integrated design of power semiconductor devices and controllers. The basic
applications show the significance of power electronics in our day-to-day life. Some
applications of Power Electronics are given as:
• Aerospace: Space shuttle power supplies, satellite power supplies, aircraft power
systems.
• Commercial: Heating, air-conditioning, central refrigeration, computer, and
office equipment, uninterruptible power supplies, elevators, light dimmers, and
flashers.
• Industrial: Arc and industrial furnaces, blowers and fans, pumps and
compressors, industrial lasers, transformer-tap changers, rolling mills, textile mills,
excavators, cement mills, welding.
• Residential: Airconditioning. cooking, lighting, space heating, refrigerators,
electric door openers, dryers, fans, personal computers, other entertainment
equipment, vacuum cleaners, washing and sewing machines, light dimmers, food
mixers, electric blankets, and food-warmer trays.
• Telecommunication: Battery chargers, power supplies (DC and UPS).
• Transportation: Battery chargers, traction control of electric vehicles, electric
locomotives, streetcars, trolleybuses, subways, and automotive electronics.

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 • Utility systems: High voltage DC transmission (HVDC), excitation systems, VAR
compensation, static circuit breakers, fans and boiler-feed pumps.
c. What are the different methods for turning on a SCR?
Solution:
With a voltage applied to the SCR, if the anode is made positive with respect to the
cathode, the SCR becomes forward-biased. Thus, the SCR comes into the forward
blocking state. The SCR can be made to conduct or switching into conduction mode
is performed by any one of the following methods.
• Forward voltage triggering
• Temperature triggering
• dv/dt triggering
• Light triggering
• Gate triggering
d. What are di/dt and dv/dt ratings of SCRs?
Solution:
The di/dt rating of SCR is the maximum allowable rate of rise of the anode to
cathode current without causing any damage to the thyristor.
The dv/dt rating of SCR is the maximum allowable rate of rise of the anode to
cathode voltage that will not trigger the device without any gate signal.
e. Give expression of the average voltage of single-phase semi-converters.
Solution:

f. Explain the effect of source inductance on the operation of a 1-phase full

converter.
Solution:
The presence of source inductance means that the commutation of load current from
one thyristor to the next, as they are triggered with a firing angle α, cannot be
instantaneous. Source inductance has a significant impact on the converter's
performance because its presence alters the output voltage of the converter. As a
result, the output voltage reduces as the load current reduces. In addition, the input
current and output voltage waveforms change significantly.
Effect of source inductance is:
• To lower the mean output voltage
• To distort the output voltage and current waveforms
• To modify the performance parameters of the converter
g. Discuss the applications of AC voltage controllers.
Solution:
Applications of ac voltage controllers:
✓ Domestic and industrial heating
✓ Transformer tap changing
✓ Lighting control
✓ Speed control of single-phase and three-phase ac drives
✓ Starting of induction motors
h. List any two merits & two demerits of a cycloconverter.
Solution:
Advantages :
• Cycloconverters can provide variable frequency output, allowing for precise
control of the speed of AC motors and other devices.
• They have simpler circuit designs compared to some other frequency conversion
methods.

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 • They enable direct AC-AC conversion without the need for an intermediate DC
link, reducing complexity.
• Cycloconverters do not require commutation components such as capacitors or
inductors, simplifying the overall system.
• Well-suited for applications requiring variable speed control of AC motors,
particularly in industries.
Disadvantages:
• Large number of thyristors are required in a cyclo-converter, and its control
circuitry becomes more complex.
• Cycloconverters can introduce harmonics into the power system, potentially
causing power quality issues and requiring additional filtering.
• Efficiency may decrease at lower output frequencies due to increased switching
losses.
• The control of cyclo converters, especially in three-phase configurations, can be
more complex compared to simpler converters.
i. Explain the function of feedback diodes used in antiparallel with transistors in
inverters.
Solution:
Feedback diodes are used for freewheeling the current for inductive loads. In bridge
type VSI, for inductive loads when one pair of switches are turned off it causes a
reverse polarity voltage spike as energy in an inductor cannot dissipate
instantaneously and has no path to go. So, these diodes provide a path for the current
to flow.
In the case of inductive load the feedback diode provides a discharging path for
inductors. For resistive load, feedback diodes are not required.
✓ For RL loads, load current will not be in phase with load voltage and the diodes
connected in antiparallel will allow the current to flow when the main
transistor/thyristors are turned off. These diodes are called feedback diodes.
j. What is meant by PWM control in inverters?
Solution:
PWM stands for pulse width modulation. In this method, a fixed dc voltage is given
to the inverter and a controlled ac output voltage is obtained by adjusting the on and
off periods of the inverter components. This is the most popular method of
controlling the output voltage of an inverter and this method is called the PWM
control method.
✓ The output voltage can be obtained without any additional components.
✓ Lower order harmonics can be eliminated or minimized along with its output
voltage control. As the higher-order harmonics can be filtered easily, the
filtering requirements are minimized.

SECTION B

2. Attempt any three of the following:

Q no. Question
a. Draw the static characteristics of the power diode. Also, explain the reverse
recovery characteristics of the power diode.
Solution:
A power diode is a type of diode that is commonly used in power electronics
circuits. Just like a regular diode, a power diode has two terminals and conducts
current in one direction.

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 • A power diode is built differently than a conventional diode to allow for
this increased current rating. To improve its power handling capability, the
power diode’s structure is modified slightly from a simple p-n junction
diode.
• In regular diodes (also known as “signal diode”), the doping level of both
P and N sides is the same and hence we get a PN junction.
• In power diodes, we have a junction formed between a heavily doped P+
and a lightly doped N– the layer which is epitaxially grown on a heavily
doped N+ layer. Hence the structure looks as shown in the figure below.

• The N– layer is the key feature of the power diode which makes it suitable
for high-power applications. This layer is very lightly doped, almost
intrinsic, and hence the device is also known as a PIN diode, where ‘I’
stands for intrinsic.
• The increased thickness of the depletion region or the space charge region
helps the diode to block larger reverse-biased voltage and hence have a
greater breakdown voltage.
• However, adding this N– layer significantly increases the ohmic resistance
of the diode leading to more heat generation during the forwarding
conduction state. Hence power diodes come with various mountings for
proper heat dissipation.
V-I Characteristics of Power Diodes:

The V- characteristics of a diode are shown in Fig. The V-I characteristics depicted
in Fig. can be expressed by an equation, known as Shockley diode equation, and it
is given under dc steady-state operation by

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Where
vD = diode voltage with anode positive w.r.t. to the cathode,
Is = leakage or reverse saturation current, typically in the range 10-6 to 10-
15
A
η = emission coefficient or ideality factor.
• The value of η depends on the material and the physical construction of the
diode. For germanium diodes η is taken to be 1 while for silicon diodes, the
predicted value is 2. For most practical silicon diodes, the value of η lies in the
range 1.1. to 1.8.
VT is the volt-equivalent of temperature (or thermal voltage) and is defined as

where k’ = Boltzmann’s constant (1.38 x 10-23 J/K),

T = absolute temperature in Kelvin and e is electron charge (1.602 x 10-19 coulomb).
At a junction temperature of 25 °C, Eqn. gives

• At a specified temperature, the leakage current Is is a constant for a given diode.

The diode characteristic depicted in Fig. 8.52 (b) can be divided into three
regions:
• In the forward-biased region (vD > 0), the diode current ID is very small when
the diode voltage vD is less than a specific value, known as threshold
voltage, cut-in voltage, or turn-on voltage. Beyond cut-in voltage, the diode
current rises rapidly and the diode is said to be conducting. For silicon diode,
the cut-in voltage is around 0.7 V. In the conducting state of diode, the forward
voltage drop is of the order of 0.8 to 1 V.
• The V-I characteristics of power diode are similar to those of signal diode with
the exception that the current in power diodes varies linearly rather than
exponentially with voltage.
• The high magnitude of current in a power diode leads to ohmic drop that hides
the exponential part of V-I curve. The N– region, or drift region, forms a
considerable drop in the ohmic resistance of power diodes.
• In the Reverse-biased region, when vD is negative (vD < O), and |vD| ≫
VT which occurs for vD < – 0.1 V, the exponential term of Eq. becomes
negligibly small compared with unity and the diode current becomes which
indicates that the diode current ID is in the reverse direction and is constant and
is equal to Is.
• In the Breakdown region, the reverse voltage is high, usually exceeding 1,000
V. The magnitude of reverse voltage may exceed a specified voltage, called the
breakdown voltage VBR. With a small change in reverse voltage beyond VBR,
the reverse current increases rapidly.

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Reverse Recovery Characteristics of Power Diodes:
The current in a forward-biased junction diode is due to the net effect of
majority and minority carriers. Once a diode is in a forward conducting state
and then its forward current is reduced to zero (due to the natural behavior
of the diode circuit or by applying a reverse voltage), the diode continues
to conduct due to minority carriers that remain stored in the P-N junction
and the bulk semiconductor material. The minority carriers require a certain
time to recombine with opposite charges and to be neutralized. This time is
called the reverse recovery time of the diode.

Reverse recovery characteristic of a power diode.

• Whenever the diode is switched off the current decays from IF to zero and
further continues in reverse direction owing to the charges stored in the space
charge region and the semiconductor region.
• This reverse current attains a peak IRM and again starts approaching zero value
and finally, the diode is off after time trr.
• The reverse recovery time, abbreviated as trr, is the interval of time between the
instant the forward diode current reaches zero and the instant the reverse
recovery current decays to 25% of its reverse peak value (IRM).
• From the figure above, we see that
Where, ta = time when charge from depletion region is removed.
tb = time when charge from semiconductor region is removed.
• Also from the figure, we can say that
𝒅𝒊
𝑰𝑹𝑴 = 𝒕𝒂
𝒅𝒕
where, di/dt is the rate of change of reverse current.
The stored charge, or reverse recovery charge, QR, seen as the shaded region in Fig,
must be eliminated during the reverse recovery period trr.
𝟏
𝑸𝑹 = 𝑰𝑹𝑴 𝒕𝒓𝒓
𝟐

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 Now, for 𝒕𝒂 ≈ 𝒕𝒓𝒓
𝟐𝑸𝑹 𝒅𝒊
𝑰𝑹𝑴 = = 𝒕𝒓𝒓
𝒕𝒓𝒓 𝒅𝒕

2𝑄𝑅
𝑡𝑟𝑟 = √[ ]
𝑑𝑖⁄
𝑑𝑡
1⁄
2
2𝑄𝑅 𝑑𝑖
𝐼𝑅𝑀 =[ ]
𝑑𝑖⁄ 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝟏⁄
𝒅𝒊 𝟐
𝑰𝑹𝑴 = [𝟐. 𝑸𝑹 ]
𝒅𝒕
From eq. we can see that trr and IRM depend on QR which in turn depends upon the
initial forward diode current IF.

b. Explain the working of the Buck-Boost converter with the help of neat
diagrams.
Solution:
The buck–boost converter is a type of DC-to-DC converter, that has an output
voltage magnitude which is either greater than or less than the input voltage
magnitude. The output voltage of the magnitude depends on the duty cycle.
A typical Buck-Boost converter is shown below.

Mode I : Switch is ON, Diode is R.B (OFF)

• The Switch is ON and therefore represents a short circuit ideally offering
zero resistance to the flow of current so when the switch is ON all the current
will flow through the switch and the inductor and back to the DC input
source.
• The inductor stores charge during the time the switch is ON.
Mode II : Switch is OFF, Diode is ON
• In this mode the polarity of the inductor is reversed and the energy stored in
the inductor is released and is ultimately dissipated in the load resistance and
this helps to maintain the flow of current in the same direction through the

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 load and also step-up the output voltage as the inductor is now also acting as
a source in conjunction with the input source.

𝜶
𝑽𝑶 = 𝑽𝒔 .
𝟏−𝜶

𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝑽𝟎 = 𝑽𝒔
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝟎 < 𝜶 < 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝑽𝟎 < 𝑽𝒔 It operates as a step-down chopper.
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝟎. 𝟓 < 𝜶 < 𝟏, 𝑽𝟎 > 𝑽𝒔 It operates as a step-up chopper.

c. Explain the working of a single-phase half-wave controlled converter with RL

load. Draw the output voltage & output current waveforms and derive an
expression for the average output voltage.
Solution:

Average Output Voltage across the Load:

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d. A single-phase voltage controller has an input of 230 V and a load of 10 Ω
resistive. For 4 cycles on and 3 cycles off, determine the (a) RMS output voltage
(b) input power factor and (c) average and RMS thyristor currents.
Solution:

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e. Explain the operation of a 1-phase current source inverter. Also, describe the
merits & demerits of this inverter.
Solution:

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 SECTION C
3. Attempt any one part of the following:
Q no. Question
a. Explain in detail the switching characteristics of BJT with relevant waveforms.
Solution:

BJT Switching Characteristics

𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐵𝐸
𝐼𝐵 =
𝑉𝐵 − 𝑅𝐵 𝐼𝐵 − 𝑉𝐵𝐸 = 0 𝑅𝐵
Or
𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 𝑉𝐶𝐸 + 𝑅𝐶 𝐼𝐶 𝑉𝐶𝐸 = 𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 𝑅𝐶 𝐼𝐶
or or
Current amplification factor in CE configuration
𝐼𝐶
𝛽=
𝐼𝐵 𝐼𝐶 = 𝛽. 𝐼𝐵
or
𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 𝑉𝐶𝐸𝑆
𝐼𝐶𝑆 =
𝑅𝐶
Saturated collector current (Ics)

Fig. shows the various switching waveforms of an npn power transistor with
resistive load between collector and emitter.

(1) When VB= -V2 Emitter base junction is R.B IB= 0 IC = 0

VCE =VCC
(2) When VB= +V1 IB rises to IB1 , After t1 VBE rise gradually from -V2 and IC
begins to rise from 0 (small leakage current ICEO exists as shown) and VCE
starts falling from its initial value +VCC.
(3) After delay time (td): IC rises from 0.1 ICS 0.9 ICS
VCE falls from 0.9 VCC 0.1VCC in rise time
(tr)
VBE reaches VBES = 0.7V
Rise time (tr) depend upon junction capacitances.
Power BJT turn on time, ton = td+tr = 30 to 300 nano-seconds.
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 The BJT remains in the ON or saturated state so long as the input voltage stays
at V1.
Turn-off process:
(4) At time t2: IB changes from IB1 - IB2
VB changes from V1 -V2
Storage time (ts) – time required to remove excess carrier from base.
(5) After (ts): IB2 begins to decrease towards zero. And BJT comes out of
saturation only after ts, IC begins to fall and VCE started building up.
Fall time (tf) : IC falls from 0.9 ICS 0.1 ICS
VCE rises from 0.1 VCC 0.9 VCC
Power BJT turn-off time, toff = ts+tf

b. Explain the construction, working and V-I characteristics of SCR with suitable
diagrams. Also, explain its advantages and applications.
Solution:
The Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) is a semiconductor device that is a member
of a family of control devices known as Thyristors. SCR is the oldest member and
the head of this family; and is usually referred to with the name “thyristor”.

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 • SCR is a four-layer, three-junction p-n-p-n semiconductor switching device.
• It has three terminals; anode, cathode and gate. A thyristor consists of four
layers of alternate p-type and n-type silicon semiconductors forming three
junctions J1, J2 and J3.
• The terminal connected to the outer p-region is called the anode (A), the
terminal connected to the outer n-region is called the cathode (K) and that
connected to the inner p-region is called the gate (G).

1.8.1 Static I-V characteristics of SCR:

Fig. shows the static I-V characteristics of SCR. Here Va is the anode voltage across
SCR terminal A, K and Ia is the anode current. Typical SCR, I-V characteristic
shown in Fig. (b) reveals that a SCR has three basic modes of operation; namely
1. Reverse blocking mode,
2. Forward blocking (off-state) mode
3. Forward conduction (on –state ) mode.

1. Reverse blocking mode:

The cathode is positive with respect to anode with the gate open. SCR is in reverse
bias i.e., junctions J1 & J3 are in reverse bias J2 is in forward bias. The device acts
as two PN diodes connected in series with reverse voltage applied across it. Small
leakage current of the order of a few milliampere or microampere flows, this is off-
state of SCR. If reverse voltage increases, then at critical breakdown level or reverse
breakdown voltage (VBR) an avalanche occurs at J1 & J3 & reverse current increases
rapidly, so more loss in SCR. This may lead to SCR damage because the junction
temperature is increasing.
The maximum working reverse voltage across SCR does not exceed VBR. If applied
reverse voltage across SCR < VBR, then the device offers high impedance in the
reverse direction. SCR is treated as an open switch.
• Note: V-I characteristic after avalanche breakdown during reverse blocking
mode is applicable only when the load resistance is zero. In case load
resistance is present, a large anode current associated with avalanche
breakdown at VBR would cause a substantial voltage drop across the load
and as a result, V-I characteristics in the third quadrant would bend to the
right of the vertical line drawn at VBR.
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 Fig. (a) Elementary circuit for obtaining thyristor V-I characteristics
(b) Static V-I characteristics of a thyristor.
2. Forward Blocking mode:
When the anode is positive with respect to the cathode, with gate current zero, the
thyristor is said to be forward-biased. Junctions J1, J3 are forward biased but
junction J2 is reversed biased. In this mode, a small current, called forward leakage
current, flows. In case the forward voltage is increased, then the reversed biased
junction J2 will have an avalanche breakdown at a voltage called forward breakover
voltage VBO.
• If forward voltage < VBO; SCR offers high impedance. Hence SCR is treated
as an open switch even though it is forward blocking mode.

3. Forward Conduction mode:

In this mode, the thyristor conducts currents from the anode to the cathode with a
very small voltage drop across it. A thyristor is brought from forward blocking
mode to forward conduction mode by turning it on by exceeding the forward
breakover voltage or by applying a gate pulse between gate and cathode. In this
mode, the thyristor is in on-state and behaves like a closed switch. The voltage
drop across the thyristor in the on-state is of the order of 1 to 2 V depending on the
rating of SCR. It may be seen that this voltage drop increases slightly with an
increase in anode current. In conduction mode, anode current is limited by load
impedance alone as the voltage drop across SCR is quite small. This small voltage
drop Vt across the device is due to the ohmic drop in the four layers.

4. Attempt any one part of the following:

Q no. Question

a. Explain the working of the step-down chopper with the help of neat diagrams.
Solution:

• A chopper can be said as a high speed on/off semiconductor switch. Source

to load connection and disconnection from load to source happens in a rapid
speed.

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 • A Step-down chopper is a static device that step downs its DC input voltage.
The value of average output DC voltage of this chopper is less than that of
its fixed DC input source voltage. This type of chopper is more common.
• To get the variable DC voltage, we will switch ON and OFF the chopper
CH at some frequency called the chopping frequency (f).

Working Principle:

Case-1: When Switch/chopper is switched ON

• When SW (or CH) is switched ON, the source is directly connected to load
and hence the output voltage Vo becomes equal to Vs. The time period for
which chopper is kept ON is called ON Time of chopper and represented
by TON. Thus, Vo will be equal to Vs for time TON.
• Free-wheeling diode (D) is reversed biased during TON, hence it doesn’t
come into circuit during this period.
• During the ON period of chopper, the current will build in the load
exponentially and will reach its maximum value at the end of TON (It is
assumed that TON is less than the time required for load current to reach its
steady state value). This, simply means that the maximum value of load
current io will be less than the steady state value.
• For a small time period, the exponential rise of current may be
approximated to the linear rise.

Case-2: When Switch/chopper is switched OFF

• When chopper is switched OFF, the load is disconnected from the source
Vs and hence load voltage Vo will be ZERO during the entire period for
with switch is OFF. The time for which chopper is kept OFF is known as
OFF time and represented by TOFF.
• As soon as the CH is switched OFF, the current through the inductor L (io)
cannot suddenly drop to zero. Rather, it starts decreasing and hence the
polarity of induced emf across the inductor reverses.
• This induced emf of inductor makes free-wheeling diode forward biased
and hence, free-wheeling diode (D) acts as a short during TOFF. Thus, the
load current continues to decay through inductor L, free-wheeling diode D
and load even though the source Vs is disconnected.
• The load current reaches its minimum value during OFF time and then CH
is again switched ON.

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 The formula for Average DC Output Voltage of step-down chopper is shown
below.
𝑇𝑜𝑛 𝑇𝑜𝑛
𝑉0 = 𝑉 𝑉0 = 𝑉 𝑉0 = 𝛼𝑉𝑠
𝑇𝑜𝑛 + 𝑇𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑠 𝑇 𝑠

Where, α = Duty cycle = (TON / T)

T = TON +TOFF
Chopper frequency f = 1/T
𝑰𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒔, 𝜶 = 𝑰𝒏 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟏 𝒔𝒐 𝑽𝟎 < 𝑽𝒔
The load voltage depends on two factors.
• The supply voltage
• The duty cycle of the chopper

b. A step-up chopper is used to feed a load at 400 V DC from a 250 V DC source.

The inductor current is continuous. If the off time of the switch is 20 µs, then
find the switching frequency of the chopper in kHz.
Solution:

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5. Attempt any one part of the following:
Q no. Question

a. Draw the waveforms for the Three-Phase half-wave (M-3) converter with R-
load for firing angle (α) < 30⁰. Also, derive an expression for the average
output voltage.
Solution:

b. Explain the Dual converter and derive the expression for the circulating
current of a single-phase dual converter in the circulating current mode. Also,
comments on how a circulating current-mode type dual converter is better
than a non-circulating type?
Solution:
• An arrangement using two full converters in antiparallel connected to the
same dc load is called a dual converter. OR The back to back connection
of two fully controlled converters across the load circuit is named as Dual
converter.

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 • The dual converters consists of two full converters one with positive and
another with negative output voltages.
• Device designed for four-quadrant operation
• Types of Dual Converters
1) Single-phase dual converter
2) Three-phase dual converter

• Non-circulating current mode

• Circulating current mode
1. Non-Circulating Current Mode Type Dual-converter
• One converter will perform at a time. There is no circulating current
between the converters.
• During the converter-1 operation, the firing angle (α1) will be 0<α1< 900
(Vdc and Idc are positive)
• During the converter-2 operation, firing angle (α2) will be 900 <α2< 1800
(Vdc and Idc are negative)
2. Circulating Current Mode Type Dual-converter
• In this mode, both converters will be in the ON condition at the same time.
So circulating current is present.
• The firing angles are adjusted such that α1 + α2 =1800. Firing angle of
converter-1 is α1 and firing angle of converter-2 is α2.
• In this mode, the Converter-1 works as a controlled rectifier when the firing
angle is 0<α1 < 900 and Converter-2 works as an inverter when the firing
angle is 900 < α2 < 1800. In this condition, Vdc and Idc are positive.
• Converter-1 works as an inverter when firing angle be 900 < α1 < 1800 and
Converter-2 works as a controlled rectifier when the firing angle is 0< α2 <
900 in this condition, Vdc and Idc are negative.

Single-phase circulating current type Dual-converter:

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 Applications of Dual Converters
• Direction and Speed control of DC motors.
• Applicable wherever, the reversible DC is required.
• Industrial variable speed DC drives.

6. Attempt any one part of the following:

Q no. Question

a. Explain the principle of on-off control in single phase full wave AC voltage
controller with R load. Also, derive the expression for the RMS value of load
voltage for an AC voltage controller with on-off control.
Solution:

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b. With the help of a circuit diagram and relevant waveforms explain the
operation of a mid-point type step-up cycloconverter.
Solution:

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7. Attempt any one part of the following:
Q no. Question

a. With the help of a neat circuit diagram and associated waveforms, explain the
operation of a single-phase full-bridge voltage source inverter for resistive
load.
Solution:

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b. Explain the operation of the 3-phase inverter in 1800 mode with the resistive
star-connected load.
Solution:

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