I. PHONOLOGY (0.

5 points)
Part 1. For questions 1 – 3, choose the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word whose underlined part
differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.
1. A. bough B. drought C. tough D. scout
2. A. chronic B. orchard C. chorus D. orchid
3. A. hostage B. baggage C. damage D. massage

Part 2. For questions 4 – 5, choose the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word that differs from the other
three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.
4. A. ecosystem B. influential C. opportunity D. prehistoric
5. A. satisfactory B. multilateral C. inconceivable D. recuperative

II. LEXICO – GRAMMAR (3.5 points)

Part 1. For questions 6 – 20, choose the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word or phrase which best
completes each blank.
6. ____________ more time to prepare for the presentation, she would be able to deliver an impressive speech
tomorrow.
A. If she has B. Were she to have C. Were she have D. Had she have
7. At this time next week, we ____________ a project on saving energy.
A. are done B. were doing C. will be doing D. have done
8. Chloe eventually ____________ with language barriers after years of working in various countries.
A. got used to dealing B. was used to deal
C. used to be dealing D. was accustomed to deal
9. Losing your wallet is annoying, but much ____________ when you lose your passport abroad.
A. bad B. worse C. worst D. the worst
10. Ella added water to ____________ the mixture because it was too strong.
A. dissolve B. strengthen C. dilute D. expand
11. One of her novels that have been praised for their deep exploration of human emotions ____________ into
many languages.
A. are being adapted B. is being arranged C. are being turned D. is being translated
12. ____________ the time we do not notice that we are solving problems.
A. Many of B. A large number of C. A couple of D. Much of
13. It is strongly advised that the final draft ____________ by the end of this week.
A. be completed B. is completed C. should complete D. complete
14. In 1901, Marconi made the announcement ____________ he will always be remembered.
A. that B. which C. for which D. for that
15. You say “Do you mind opening the window for me? to ____________.
 A. offer help B. ask for help C. give permission D. express obligation
16. Elena ____________ a good chance of passing her exam if she works hard.
A. holds B. runs C. possesses D. stands
17. He’s written one or two books but journalism is his ____________.
A. rice and salt B. bread and salt C. milk and bread D. bread and butter
18. The accountant is responsible for the ____________ of funds.
A. interaction B. allotment C. parting D. sharing
19. They were planning, ____________ to Celia, to throw a surprise party for her.
A. unaware B. unconventional C. oblivious D. unbeknown
20. During the peak season, tourists came in ____________ to visit the castle.
A. blocks B. piles C. droves D. litters

Part 2. For questions 21 – 25, complete each sentence with the correct form of a phrasal verb from the
box below. Each phrasal verb is used once only and there is ONE extra phrasal verb which you do not
need to use.
come down with fall through cut down on
give off drop by take on
21. We are encouraging the people in our community to ____________ plastic bags.
22. I’m ____________ a cold. I have a runny nose and a sore throat.
23. We found a buyer for our house, but then the scale ____________.
24. The flowers in my back garden are ____________ a fragrant perfume.
25. Olive has ____________ more responsibilities, so she has to work overtime to complete the tasks on time.

Part 3. For questions 26 – 30, choose the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the underlined part that needs
correction in each of the following sentences. You do NOT need to fix the error.
26. The temperatures in this region are not so high as that in the northern parts of the country.
A. The B. are C. so high D. that
27. Did you mention to have to book the restaurant when you saw Bella?
A. to have B. book C. when D. saw
28. We had our herb garden water while we were on a package holiday.
A. herb B. water C. were D. on
29. To help policymakers and another, the U.S government spends up to $1.4 billion a year collection statistics.
A. another B. the C. up to D. statistics
30. Natural predators, disturbing by tourists and pollution, have contributed to the decline of the California
condor.
A. disturbing B. have C. to D. decline
Part 4. For questions 31 – 40, fill in each blank with the correct form of the word in brackets.
31. Finding a new career that brings you (SATISFY) ____________ is crucial for long-term happiness.
32. A large international meeting was held with the aim of promoting (SUSTAIN) ____________ development
in all countries.
33. We find the idea of exploring new places (EXHILARATE) ____________, as it brings excitement and joy.
34. Never try to mend a broken machine without (CONNECT) ____________ it from the electricity supply.
35. The number 30 on a road sign (SIGNIFICANT) ____________ that the speed limit is 30 miles an hour.
36. Hana’s scarf was (STRATEGY) ____________ placed to hide a tear in her shirt.
37. David Attenborough, a passionate (PRESERVE) ____________, fights tirelessly to keep the forests alive.
38. In our modern days, stress has an (MEASURE) ____________ more serious effect on our lives than we
realize.
39. His life was carefully (COMPARTMENT) ____________, with his work in one city and his social life in
another.
40. Many of the children were clearly (NOURISH) ____________ and suffering from various disease.

III. READING AND USE OF ENGLISH (3.2 points)

Part 1. For questions 41 – 47, read the passage and fill each of the following numbered blanks with ONE
suitable word.
FIT FOR SPORTS
It’s not always easy to decide which sport to take up. When choosing, it is important to remember that
excellence in sports results (41) ____from________ number of factors. For some sports, the body shape and
structure with (42) __which__________ you are born are important. Top runners are typical examples of
individuals who have selected a sport because of their natural body type. Many other sports are more dependent
(43) _____on_______ training and technique, and anyone following a well-structured and appropriate training
program should do well.
The aim of all sports training is (44) ___to________ improve fitness and skills, and to develop training
programs that are both safe and effective. To do this properly, an understanding of the physical demands of sport
is needed. All sports require a combination of strength, speed, endurance, agility and flexibility to varying
degrees. (45) ____________ is important is how these elements are combined to build up the skills of the sport
in question. Other factors to be (46) ____________ into account in a training program are diet, the importance
of avoiding injuries, your general state of health, and the nature and role of other team players.
Bearing such in mind, anyone prepared to work at it can expect to progress to a very reasonable
competitive level, even (47) ____________ only a few people will go on to break the world records.

Part 2. For questions 48 – 57, read the passage and choose the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct
word that best fits each of the numbered blanks.
FOOD FOR ASTRONAUTS
 It used to be thought that people could not swallow well in space, so the food programs for astronauts
consisted of bite-sized pieces of food pushed out of tubes. But now it is (48) ____________ that you can eat in
space in the same way as on Earth.
The physical constraints lie in the body of the spaceship rather than the body of the astronaut. Limited
storage and cooking facilities, with no space or power to (49) ____________ for complex food preparation,
mean that the (50) ____________ for space nutritionists has gone beyond providing astronauts with food that is
palatable and good for them. The solution has emerged in the (51) ____________ of dehydrated foods. Simply
add water to the freeze-dried granules and... bon appetit!
With space flights often (52) ____________ more than a week, astronauts cannot live on granules alone.
They also take pre-cooked meals (53) ____________ in bags, which they (54) ____________ up in a small
oven. These are tastier than granules but, according to Dr. Helen Lane, a research nutritionist, it is difficult to get
astronauts to eat as much as they need. It's partly that they are so busy but also because there is no stimulation to
eat." So tickling their taste buds is an (55) ____________ struggle, especially since one of the effects of zero
gravity is to reduce the sense of smell.
Weightlessness is an important consideration in space food because of the danger that the food might
(45) ____________ and float off in different directions. “We need foods that coalesce,” says Dr. Lane.
“Yoghurts, puddings, sauces all (57) ____________ together in large droplets. Your spoon may float away, but
the food will stay on it.”
48. A. expected B. thought C. revealed D. known
49. A. spare B. give C. make D. provide
50. A. opportunity B. challenge C. achievement D. ambition
51. A. type B. way C. form D. order
52. A. enduring B. going C. flying D. lasting
53. A. sealed B. tied C. locked D. fixed
54. A. cook B. make C. warm D. serve
55. A. anxious B. intense C. uphill D. impossible
56. A. break B. fragment C. slip D. drop
57. A. maintain B. link C. keep D. hold

Part 3. For questions 58 – 64, choose which of the paragraphs A – H fit into the gaps in the following
extract from a book. There is ONE extra paragraph which you do not need to use.
TIMING A TALK
When people groan that they have been to a dreadful talk, the most common reason they give for their
misery is 'he went on and on and on'. A poorly presented subject can be suffered, for the sake of the topic itself,
if it keeps to time. But a talk which is both boring and drones on for endless minutes after the clock shows that
the finishing time is passed, is a torture. Even an interesting, well presented talk which goes on for too long is
remembered with little pleasure. The timing of a talk is, then, extremely important.
 58
Why does it matter so much? It is a question which I have thought about a great deal. It is quite obvious
that speakers don’t think it matters greatly. It is equally obvious, both from listening to others, and from
observing one’s own reactions when trapped in the audience for a talk which goes on far too long, that to the
audience timing is vital.
59
The first is the different adrenalin levels in speakers and listeners. Put quite simply, they perceive time
differently. The excitement and fear produced by speaking causes adrenalin to flush into the veins in large
quantities. The result is that speakers have a stamina, a resistance to tiring, an endurance, which is superhuman.
They can go on all day.
60
Speakers, then, are in an abnormal state. They are indifferent to time and tiredness and while they are
speaking they feel as if they could go on all day. But the audience is in quite the opposite state. Sitting down and
having nothing to do but listen actually reduces adrenalin below its normal level.
61
The second reason is that audience and speaker probably have different emotional concerns about the
subject. The speaker has been working on the topic for some time, preparing the talk. It is quite common for the
effort of preparing a talk about a subject to produce a quite profound interest in the topic.
62
The audience, as usual, feels quite differently. Their interest in the subject of the talk is unlikely to be so
great. They may have no more than a polite interest in it. They may have no interest at all in it and may have
come to listen in the hope that the speaker will arouse an interest.
63
The third reason for the different attitudes between speaker and audience is contractual. The timing of
your talk is in effect a contract with the audience. You were invited to talk for a specific time and you have
agreed to talk for this time. The power of this contract is extraordinary. If you have been invited to give a ten-
minute presentation, the audience will become disastrously restless after thirty minutes. They will feel that the
talk was disgraceful and that the speaker is guilty of some great social crime.
64
Of these two mistakes there is no doubt that to over-run the agreed time is more disastrous than to under-
run it. The explanation seems to be that the audience is quietly looking forward to the end of the talk. If that time
comes and passes and the speaker is still industriously talking away, the listeners have lost their security.
Missing paragraphs:
A. It is physically inactive; even the mental activity of talking to others is stopped. The audience, then, is at the
other end of the scale from the speaker. This goes a long way to explain why they have such different views on
the passage of time.
B. On the other hand, if you end early, the audience will feel cheated. What you say may be no different on both
occasions, the organization and effectiveness of what you say may not have changed, but that commitment that
you made has not been honored.
C. Why is there this difference? I have evolved three explanations for it which can be briefly summarized. Let
me outline them.
D. However, this kind of behavior occurs because the average person's span of attention is limited. The simple
fact is that about five to ten minutes is as long as most people can listen without a short day- dream. After a brief
holiday to catch up with all the other thoughts floating round their head, people come back to a talk.
E. Worst of all, they may be there because they have to be, because they want to be seen there or because
someone else (such as a boss) demands they should be. Even if they are keen, they are unlikely to feel as
strongly as the speaker. They may enjoy listening for a reasonable length of time, but then will want to do
something else, like have a break or simply stretch and relax. They will certainly not have the overbearing
enthusiasm speakers often feel.
F. No other aspect of the presentation can do as much damage to the way the audience thinks of the talk. No
other aspect is so easy to control, since it is a simple mechanical matter of looking at a clock face. And no other
aspect is so easy to get wrong. Many people seem to have a casual attitude to the timing of a talk and this can be
fatal.
G. I have seen this new-found concern develop in novice speakers who had difficulty choosing what to talk
about for a practice presentation but who suddenly became passionate advocates for what they finally settled on
and started button-holing people at coffee breaks and meal times to talk more about it. Speakers become deeply
involved in what they are talking about.
H. It is this effect, too, which produces the strange pattern of elation and tiredness when you give a talk.
Typically, you feel keyed-up and ready to go before the talk and are totally unaware of growing tiredness during
it. The body's responses are artificially heightened. You draw on a physical overdraft of energy. After the talk,
this must be paid back and you suddenly feel worn out.

Part 4. For questions 65 – 72, read the passage and do the tasks that follow.
ATTITUDES TO LANGUAGE
It is not easy to be systematic and objective about language study. Popular linguistic debate regularly
deteriorates into invective and polemic. Language belongs to everyone, so most people feel they have a right to
hold an opinion about it. And when opinions differ, emotions can run high. Arguments can start as easily over
minor points of usage as over major policies of linguistic education.
Language, moreover is a very public behavior so it is easy for different usages to be noted and criticized.
No part of society or social behavior is exempt: linguistic factors influence how we judge personality,
intelligence, social status, educational standards, job aptitude, and many other areas of identity and social
survival. As a result, it is easy to hurt, and to be hurt, when language use is unfeelingly attacked.
In its most general sense, prescriptivism is the view that one variety of language has an inherently higher
value than others, and that this ought to be imposed on the whole of the speech community. The view is
propounded especially in relation to grammar and vocabulary, and frequently with reference to pronunciation.
The variety which is favored, in this account, is usually a version of the ‘standard’ written language, especially
as encountered in literature, or in the formal spoken language which most closely reflects this style. Adherents to
this variety are said to speak or write ‘correctly'; deviations from it are said to be “incorrect”.
All the main languages have been studied prescriptively, especially in the 18th-century approach to the
writing of grammars and dictionaries. The aims of these early grammarians were threefold: [A] they wanted to
codify the principles of their languages, to show that there was a system beneath the apparent chaos of usage.
[B] they wanted a means of settling disputes over usage, and [C] they wanted to point out what they felt to be
common errors, in order to “improve” the language. The authoritarian nature of the approach is best
characterized by its reliance on 'rules' of grammar. Some usages are prescribed; to be learnt and followed
accurately; others are prescribed to be avoided. In this early period, there were no half-measures: usage was
either right or wrong, and it was the task of the grammarian not simply to record alternatives but to pronounce
judgment upon them.
These attitudes are still with us, and they motivate a widespread concern that linguistic standards should
be maintained. Nevertheless, there is an alternative point of view that is concerned less with standards than with
the facts of linguistic usage. This approach is summarized in the statement that it is the task of the grammarian
to describe not prescribe to record the facts of linguistic diversity, and not to attempt the impossible tasks of
evaluating language variation or halting language change. In the second half of the 18th century, we already find
advocates of this view, such as Joseph Priestley, whose Rudiments of English Grammar (1761) insists that “the
custom of speaking is the original and only just standard of any language”. Linguistic issues, it is argued, cannot
be solved by logic and legislation. And this view has become the tenet of the modem linguistic approach to
grammatical analysis.
In our own time, the opposition between “descriptivists” and “prescriptivists” has often become extreme,
with both sides painting unreal pictures of the other. Descriptive grammarians have been presented as people
who do not care about standards, because of the way they see all forms of usage as equally valid. Prescriptive
grammarians have been presented as blind adherents to a historical tradition. The opposition has even been
presented in quasi-political terms - of radical liberalism vs elitist conservatism.
Questions 65 – 68. Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in the reading passage?
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
65. There are understandable reasons why arguments occur about language.
66. People feel more strongly about language education than about small differences in language usage.
67. Prescriptive grammar books cost a lot of money to buy in the 18th century.
68. Both descriptivists and prescriptivists have been misrepresented.

Questions 69 – 71. Complete the summary using the list of words, A – H, below.
 The language debate
A. descriptivists B. language experts C. popular speech D. formal language
E. evaluation F. modern linguists G. prescriptivists H. change
According to (69) ____________, there is only one correct form of language. Linguists who take this
approach to language place great importance on grammatical rules.
Conversely, the view of (70) ____________, such as Joseph Priestley, is that grammar should be based
on (71) ____________.

Question 72. Choose the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to the following question.
What is the writer’s purpose in the reading passage?
A. to argue in favor of a particular approach to writing dictionaries and grammar books
B. to present a historical account of differing views of language
C. to describe the differences between spoken and written language
D. to show how a certain view of language has been discredited

IV. SENTENCE REORDERING (0.3 points)

For questions 73 – 75, choose the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or
sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions.
73.
a. Marina: No, Michael, where is it?
b. Marina: Oh. Is it good?
c. Michael: In Long Road. You know, near Bridge Street, behind the station. D,
d. Michael: Hello, Marina. Have you been to the new sports center yet?
e. Michael: Yes, it’s great! You can do a lot of sports. I played table tennis and volleyball last week.
A. d – a – c – b – e B. c – b – d – a – e C. d – a – e – b – c D. e – a – c – b – d
74.
Dear Patty,
a. Looking forward to your suggestions and hearing from you soon.
b. I know you have traveled to many beauty spots and I hope that you can make some suggestions for me.
c. I would like to stay at a comfortable and peaceful hotel overlooking the beach, but I can’t spend too
much money.
d. How is everything?
e. It’s been a while since we last caught up, and I’ve been thinking about planning a summer vacation soon.
Love,
Cathy
A. e – b – d – a – c B. c – d – e – a – b C. d – e – b – c – a D. d – b – e – a – c
75.
 a. Another advantage is personal growth, like joining a yoga class or learning how to cook a new dish you
enjoy.
b. For example, employees in multinational corporations may find that acquiring a new language enhances
their remuneration or facilitates opportunities for international assignments.
c. “Lifelong learning” refers to the continuous pursuit of new knowledge and competencies throughout
one’s lifetime.
d. In sum, lifelong learning constitutes a vital component of both personal and professional advancement.
e. First, lifelong learning fosters significant benefits for career progression.
A. c – e – b – a – d B. c – b – a – e – d C. a – b – e – d – c D. e – a – b – c – d

V. WRITING (2.5 points)

Part 1. For questions 76 – 85, rewrite each of the following sentences in such a way that it has a similar
meaning to the original sentence, beginning with the given word(s).
76. The teacher doesn’t let us use our phones in class.
→ We are not allowed to use our phones in class............................................................................................
77. My younger brother doesn’t intend to find a part-time job this summer.
→ My younger brother has no intention of finding a part…...........................................................................
78. I don’t think it was easy for Victoria to change her hairstyle.
→ It can’t have been easy for Victoria.............................................................................................................
79. Her views on this subject are exactly the same as yours.
→ There isn’t any difference between her views on this subject from your...................................................
80. Could you guard my handbag while I go to the shop?
→ Could you keep an eyes on my handbag while….......................................................................................
81. I’m surprised at her knowledge of French literature.
→ What surprises me is her knowledge of French literature...........................................................................

Part 2. For questions 86 – 95, complete the second sentence in such a way that it has a similar meaning to
the first sentence, using the word given in brackets. DO NOT change the word given. You must use
between THREE and SIX words, including the word given in brackets.
86. We chose not to drive because we thought there would be too much snow. (FEAR)
→ We chose...........................................................................................................................too much snow.
87. People think that hunting has resulted in the extinction of the dodo. (BROUGHT)
→ The extinction of the dodo is thought to be brought ...............................................................by hunting.
88. The secretary said that there wasn’t any paper left for the photocopier. (RUN)
→ The secretary said that they have run out of.......................................................left for the photocopier.
89. She regrets not contacting Eddy when she was in California. (TOUCH)
→ She wishes that she had get in touch with..........................................Eddy when she was in California.
90. After discovering the theft, the only option open to us was calling the police. (BUT)
→ We had no option left but to call the police.............................................after our discovery to the theft.
91. Cindy would do almost anything to win a scholarship to Eton. (LENGTHS)
→ Cindy would go to great lengths to win................................................................a scholarship to Eton.
92. She was amazed because there were no problems throughout the holiday. (WENT)
→ To her amazement, nothing went wrong.............................................................throughout the holiday.
93. David forgot his daughter’s birthday and didn’t know how to compensate for it. (AMENDS)
→ David didn’t know how to make amends for forgeting......................................his daughter’s birthday.
94. Why did you reveal my plan to Cynthia? (BREATHED)
→ I’d rather you not to breathed a word of..................................................................my plan to Cynthia.
95. Nobody could believe the story Ellie told us although it was true. (BEYOND)
→ The story Ellie told us was beyond belief................................................................although it was true.