Name= Studio Days/Time=

Eng. Phys. I Exam 3 - Chs. 7 & 8 - Work & Conservation of Energy Mar. 4, 2022
Write neat & clear work. Show formulas used, essential steps, results with correct units and significant figures.
Points shown in parenthesis. For TF and MC, choose the best answer. Use g = 9.80 m/s2 . Ignore air resistance
unless it is mentioned in a question. You are allowed to use only a calculator and the attached equation sheet.
1. (3) The work done by a constant force that is perpendicular to the displacement of a mass
a. is negative. b. is positive. c. is zero. d. can be anything.
2. (3) If a person weighing 600 N climbs up stairs and increases altitude by 20 m while moving at 2.0 m/s, the work
done by gravity is
a. -12 kJ. b. -1.2 kJ. c. zero. d. 1.2 kJ. e. 12 kJ.
3. (3) The net force on a mass points along the î-axis. If the kinetic energy is increasing, in which direction should
the velocity point?
a. Along −î. b. Along +î. c. Along −ĵ. d. Along +ĵ. e. Along −k̂ f. Along +k̂.
4. (8) For each of the listed forces, write a minus (-), zero (0) or plus (+) in the space according to whether the
work done by that force is negative, zero, or positive, respectively.
a) Frictional force on the tires slows a car as it skids to a stop.
b) A rock falls to the ground under the influence of gravitational force.
c) The normal force acts on your shoes as you walk to class.
d) Static friction force acts on your car tires while accelerating up a hill.

5. (10) A constant force F ~ = (32.0 î + 24.0 ĵ) N is acting on a mass that moves from ~r1 = (−8.00 î + 15.0 ĵ) m along
~
a straight line to r2 = (0.0 î + 0.0 ĵ) m in 2.50 s.
a) (6) Calculate the work done by this force, in joules.

b) (4) Calculate the average power exerted by this force during the motion.

1. / 27
6. (2) T F If the kinetic energy of a mass increases, the net work on it must be positive.
7. (2) T F A joule of work performed in a microsecond equates to a power of 1 MW.
8. (18) A bus of mass m = 1900 kg travels 0.50 km along a 8.0◦ incline while the
static friction force of the road on the tires is a constant value, fs = 0.24 mg. Its
initial speed is 8.0 m/s.
a) (6) Calculate the work done by fs acting on the bus.

b) (6) Calculate the work done by the gravitational force acting on the bus.

c) (6) How fast is the bus moving after traveling the 0.50 km distance?

2. / 22
9. (2) T F When the distance a spring is compressed is doubled, its stored potential energy is quadrupled.
10. (3) As you run up a hill, which of the following is a conservative force acting on you? Check all that apply.
a. The normal force on your shoes. b. The static friction force on your shoes.
c. Gravitational force on your body. d. The force of air resistance on your body.
11. (14) A spring has relaxed length `0 = 50.0 cm and is mounted vertically on the floor as
shown. When a 2.50 kg ball is placed on top of it and allowed to settle to equilibrium, the
spring compresses by 2.00 cm.
a) (6) How large is the spring constant?

b) (8) Now the ball is pushed downward (on the spring) until it is 20.0 cm above the floor,
and then released. What maximum height above the floor does the ball reach?

3. / 19
12. (2) T F When the potential energy of a conservative system increases, the kinetic energy decreases.
13. (2) T F Just as kinetic energy cannot be negative, potential energy cannot be negative.
14. (2) T F The potential energy change associated with a force acting over some distance is the negative of the
work done by that force.
15. (18) With a big initial push from her friends, a child of mass m swings all the
way around in a full circle of radius R on a swing set. The friends have pushed so
hard that the normal force of the chair acting on her at the top of the circle is mg.
After the push, her mechanical energy is conserved. In terms of the given symbols,
a) (6) How large is her kinetic energy at the top of the circle?

b) (6) How large is her kinetic energy at the bottom of the circle?

c) (6) How large is the normal force of the chair acting on her at the bottom of the circle?

4. / 24
16. (2) T F The negative slope of a potential energy function U (x) gives the force component Fx .
17. (2) T F The minima of a potential energy function U (x) are turning points or limits of the motion.
18. (12) On a level highway a 980-kg vehicle comes to a complete stop over a distance of 250 m, starting from an
initial speed of 36 m/s. Assuming smooth braking and constant deceleration, calculate the average rate at which
mechanical energy was converted into thermal energy by braking (a power).

5. / 16 Score = / 108.
.
Prefixes
z=10−21 , a=10−18 , f=10−15 , p=10−12 , n=10−9 , µ = 10−6 , m=10−3 , c=10−2 , k=103 , M=106 , G=109 , T=1012 , P=1015 , E=1018 , Z=1021
zepto, atto, femto, pico, nano, micro, milli, centi, kilo, mega, giga, tera, peta, exa, zeta.

Physical Constants
g = 9.80 m/s2 (gravitational acceleration) G = 6.67 × 10−11 N·m2 /kg2 (gravitational constant)
ME = 5.98 × 1024 kg (mass of Earth) RE = 6380 km (mean radius of Earth)
me = 9.11 × 10−31 kg (electron mass) mp = 1.67 × 10−27 kg (proton mass)
c = 299, 792, 458 m/s (speed of light) 1 amu = 1 u = 1.6605402 × 10−27 kg (atomic mass unit)

Units & Conversions

1 inch = 1 in = 2.54 cm 1 foot = 1 ft = 12 in = 0.3048 m
1 mile = 5280 ft =1760 yards 1 mile = 1609.344 m = 1.609344 km
1 m/s = 3.6 km/hour 88 ft/s = 60 mile/hour
1 acre = (1 mile)2 /640 = 43 560 ft2 1 hectare = (100 m)2 = 104 m2
1 lb = 4.45 N 1 N = 0.225 lb 1 J = 1 joule = 1 N·m

Algebra
√

Quadratic equations: ax2 + bx + c = 0, solved by x = −b ± b2 − 4ac /(2a).

Geometry
Triangles: A = 12 bh, Circles; C = 2πr, A = πr2 , arc = s = rθ. Spheres: A = 4πr2 , V = 4π 3
3 r

Trigonometry
sin θ = (opp)/(hyp), cos θ = (adj)/(hyp), tan θ = (opp)/(adj), (opp)2 + (adj)2 = (hyp)2 .
sin β sin γ
sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1, a2 + b2 − 2ab cos γ = c2 , sin α
a = b = c , α + β + γ = 180◦ = π rad.
Chapter 1 - Units, measurements, errors or uncertainties
(old units) × new units


Unit conversions: value = # (old units), old units = (new units).
Significant figures: ÷ or ×, use the least no. of sig. figs., + or −, drop the insignificant digits.
Sig. figs. “1” rule: if 1st digit=1, keep 1 extra digit, ←− for division or multiplication only.
Measurements: measurement = x ± δx, x = observed value, δx = error or uncertainty.
Percent error: measurement = value ± error, percent error =
p(error / value)×100%.
Combining errors: ÷ or ×, add the % errors, + or −, δx = (δx1 )2 + (δx2 )2 + ... .
Chapter 2 - Vectors - Magnitude & Direction
q
2D Vectors: ~a = ax î + ay ĵ magnitude = a = a2x + a2y direction → tan θ = ay /ax
Components: ax = a cos θ ay = a sin θ θ=angle to +x-axis.
Addition: ~a + ~b, head to tail. Subtraction: ~a − ~b is ~a + (−~b) −~b is ~b reversed.

Scalar product: ~a · ~b = ab cos φ ~a · ~b = ax bx + ay by + az bz î · î = 1, î · ĵ = 0, etc.

Cross product: |~a × ~b| = ab sin φ î × ĵ = k̂, etc. î × î = ĵ × ĵ = k̂ × k̂ = 0

Chapter 3 - 1D Kinematics - Straight-line motion

dx
Velocity: vavg = ∆x/∆t ∆x = x − x0 v(t) = dt = slope of x(t)
dv
Acceleration: aavg = ∆v/∆t ∆v = v − v0 a(t) = dt = slope of v(t)
Rt Rt
Integrals = areas: x(t) = x0 + 0
v(t0 )dt0 , v(t) = v0 + 0
a(t0 )dt0 .

Constant acceleration: v = v0 + at, vavg = 12 (v0 + v), ∆x = vavg ∆t.

x = x0 + v0 t + 21 at2 , x = x0 + vavg t, v 2 = v02 + 2a∆x.
(position from acceleration) (using average velocity) (timeless equation)

Free fall (+y-axis is up): y = y0 + v0y t − 21 gt2 , vy = v0y − gt, vy2 = v0y
2
− 2g∆y.

Eq.-1
Chapter 4 - 2D and 3D Motion - Vector displacement, velocity, acceleration
Position: ~r = xî + y ĵ + z k̂ ~r = (x, y, z) ∆~r = (∆x, ∆y, ∆z)
Velocity: ~vavg = ∆~r/∆t ~v = d~r/dt ∆~r = ~r − ~r0
Acceleration: ~aavg = ∆~v/∆t ~a = d~v/dt ∆~v = ~v − ~v0

Projectiles: ax = 0 vx = v0x x = x0 + v0x t

(+y-axis is up) ay = −g vy = v0y − gt y = y0 + v0y t − 12 gt2
Range: R = (v02 /g) sin(2θ0 ) ← (range on level ground only)

Relative Motion: ~vBS = ~vBW + ~vWS B=Boat, S=Shore, W=Water. BS is “boat relative to shore”, etc.
Circular motion: ac = v 2 /r = ω 2 r v = 2πr/T = ωr ω = 2π/T , T =period of 1 rev.
Chapter 5 - Newton’s laws and forces
~a = d~v /dt = 0 unless F~net 6= 0 F~net =
P~
Newton’s 1st Law: Fi = sum of all forces on a mass.
Newton’s 2nd Law: F~net = m~a Fnet,x = max , Fnet,y = may , Fnet,z = maz
Newton’s 3rd Law: F~AB = −F~BA Forces exist in action-reaction pairs.

Gravitational force near Earth: Fg = mg, downward. Apparent weight is force measured by a scales.
Gravity components on inclines: Fg,k = mg sin θ, Fg,⊥ = mg cos θ ← for incline at angle θ to horizontal.
Spring force: Fs = −kx x is the displacement from equilibrium.
Chapter 6 - Friction, circular motion
Static friction (object is stuck): fs ≤ µs N Can balance other forces in any direction.
Kinetic friction (object sliding): fk = µk N Acts against the relative motion of surfaces.

Centripetal acceleration: ac = v 2 /r Points towards the center of the circle.

Centripetal force: Fnet,inward = mac “Centripetal force” is the sum of forces inward.
Rates of circular motion: v = 2πr/T = 2πrf frequency f = 1/T , T =period of one revolution.
Chapter 7 - Work and kinetic energy
RB
Work done by a force: dW = F ~ · d~r = F dr cos θ WAB = A F ~ · d~r (along the path A → B)
Work of a constant force: ~
W = F · ∆~r ∆r = ~rB − ~rA = displacement.
Work done by gravity: Wg = −mg∆y ∆y = yB − yA (final minus initial height)
Work done by a spring: Ws = − 21 k(x2B − x2A ) B=final stretch, A =initial stretch.
Work done by friction: Use formula for constant force. Friction’s work can be positive or negative!!

Work-KE theorem: ∆KE = Wnet = all works on m. KE = 21 mv 2 , ∆KE = 21 m(vB

2 2
− vA )

Instantaneous power: P = dW/dt ← the rate of doing work by some force.

When F ~ acts on m: P =F ~ · ~v ← instantaneous power only due to F~
Average power: Pave = ∆W/∆t ← average over time interval ∆t.
Chapter 8 - Potential energy and Conservation of energy
Potential energy: ∆U = UB − UA = −WA→B , WA→B = work done by a conservative force.
PE for gravity: ∆U = mg∆y, U (y) = mgy+ constant.
PE for springs: ∆U = 21 k(x2B − x2A ), U (x) = 12 kx2 + constant.
Force from potential: Fx = −dU/dx, ← the force component along x-axis.
Conservative system: ∆Emec = 0, Emec = K + U only.
Non-conservative system: ∆Emec = Wnc , Wnc = work of nonconservative forces.
Isolated system: ∆Etotal = 0, Etotal = Emec + Ethermal + Eother .
(nothing is left out of energy accounting).

Eq.-2