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Cho 1975

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Higherdimensional unifications of gravitation and gauge theories

Y. M. Cho

Citation: J. Math. Phys. 16, 2029 (1975); doi: 10.1063/1.522434


View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.522434
View Table of Contents: http://jmp.aip.org/resource/1/JMAPAQ/v16/i10
Published by the American Institute of Physics.

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Higher-dimensional unifications of gravitation and gauge
theories
Y. M. Cho"
The Enrico Fermi Institute and the Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
(Received 9 April 1975)

We give a comprehensive geometric treatment of Kaluza-Klein type unifications of non-Abelian gauge


theories with gravitation. The appearance of a cosmological term is noted.

1. INTRODUCTION (n(p), cfJ(p»E UXG such that cp(pa)=cp(p)a for·all


aEG.
A five-dimensional unification of Einstein's theory of
gravitation with that of an Abelian gauge field (e. g. , Notice that the fiber over x defined as rr-1(x) is
that of electromagnetism) has been constructed a long isomorphic to G (see Fig. 1). rr-1(x) , a smooth sub-
time ago by Kaluza 1 and was further developed by manifold itself, will be called the fiber space over x.
Klein. 2 Kaluza's ideas have been generalized to non- The above structure is natural, if one views the fiber
abelian gauge fields by de Witt, Trautmen, and Kerner. 3 degree of freedom rr-l(X) at each space-time point x as
In view of the revived interest in unified field theories the local gauge degree of freedom at x, and the right
we wish to give here a mathematically compelling treat- multiplication Ra as a local gauge transformation corre-
ment of non-Abelian Kaluza-type theories. sponding to a E G.
The idea here is to introduce a (4 +n)-dimensional Now let uS choose a coordinate basis ~,,= a..
(n = the dimension of the internal symmetry group) (J-I. =1 .. ·4) for the base manifold M whose commutation
Riemann space. Its quotient space by the equivalence relations are trivial:
relation of group transformations is the usual four-
dimensional space-time. The enlarged space is called
the principal fiber bundle space in differential geometry. For a basis of G, choose a set of n linearly indepen-
Roughly speaking, the unified field theory emerges by dent left invariant vector fields ~i (i = 4 + 1· ··4 + n) on
identifying 4n of the new components of the metric G which are defined by
tensor with the Yang-Mills gauge potentials of the
internal symmetry group and postulating the Lagrangian 'f:/aEG La~i=~j (i=4+1 .. ·4+n),
of the theory to be the scalar curvature denSity
where La~/ is the mapping of ~i induced by the mapping
R4+n"; - g4+n of the fiber bundle space. This Lagrangian
La of G onto itself by La: bE G- ab E G (i. e., the left
equals the sum of the curvature of the four-dimensional multiplication). 5
space-time R 4 , the Yang-Mills Lagrangian, and a
term R G , the curvature of the group space which plays These ~ i can also be viewed as a baSis of the Lie
the role of a cosmological constant. algebra q of G which forms an n-dimensional vector
space. The commutation ·relations of these vector fieldS
2. THE GEOMETRY are
We require the geometry of the real space-time M [~;, ~jl = tikj ~k'
combined with the internal symmetry Lie group G to be
where the t~ are the structure constants of the group.
that of a principal fiber bundle P with M as the base
manifold and G as the structural group. Namely we Notice that this basis for G is not a coordinate basi s 6
want4: and the commutation relations imply that the directional
derivatives of two basiS vector fields do not commute
D':1: (a) Every element a of G to induce a smooth
in general.
mapping Ra of P into itself, Ra: (p, a) E P x G - pa E P
withp(ab)=(pa)b for all a, bEG, PEP, andpa=p for Also observe that each ~ j generates a one-parameter
some p implying a = e, the unit element of the group. group of transformations cpj(t) on G with4
In short, the group G acts smoothly to the right on P
CPi(t)· a= CPi(t)· La' e=L a • CPj(t)· e
without fixed point.
(b) M is the quotient space of P by the equivalence
relation of the right multiplication R a , and the projection G
II: P- M is smooth.
FIG. 1. The principal fiber bundle P
(c) P is locally trivial, that is, for any XE M there a€G with M as the base manifold and G as
exists an open subset U of M containing x such that the the structural group. p is a point on
set rr-l( U) defined by II(Ir-l( U» = U is isomorphic to the fiber II-I (x) at xEM.
IT(p)~
UXG. By this, we mean that there exists a diffeomor-
phism that takes the points p E rr-l(U) onto the pOints ~M

2029 Journal of Mathematical PhysiCS, Vol. 16, No. 10, October 1975 Copyright © 1975 American Institute of Physics 2029

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phism of the ~i's and ~i'S. The second set is nothing
more than the right invariance of the L's in the fiber
for every a E G, where the second equality comes from space. To understand the third set, one has only to
the left invariance of ~ /. realize that the horizontal component of the commutator
of any two horizontal lift vector fields [h, E] should be
The basis ~j (i=4 +1···4 +n) of G can be mapped
the same as the horizontal lift of [1'/, 1;] because
in a natural way into the fiber space of the bundle since
R 4J /(t) •• can also be viewed as a one-parameter group IT(H[~, EJ)=IT([~, E])= [1'/, 1;J.
of transformations acting on the bundle.
Therefore, a. . , L]
has to be vertical which is just the
We will write the vector fields in the bundle induced third equation (1). We would like to emphasize that the
by R 4J /(t).e(i=4 +1···4 +n) as ~r (i=5···4 +n), and as commutator of two horizontal vector fields has a
usual call them the fundamental vector fields. 4 These vertical component in general. F~v correspond to
fundamental vector fields are clearly tangent to the Yang-MillS fields, which we will soon justify.
fiber space and form a subspace, called the vertical
There is one more observation to make with the third
subspace, of the tangent space T/P) to P at each pEP.
commutation relations. Since the ~,,'s are defined to be
Now, we want to give one more crucial structure, a right invariant, the commutator -F~v~: should also be
connection r to our bundle. A connection r in P is a right invariant. This immediately dictates the fiber
choice of a tangent subspace called the horizontal sub- space dependence of F~v' In fact, from one of the Jacobi
space Hp at each PEP which satisfies 4 : identities

D-2: (a) The tangent space Tp at each PEP is the


[~j, [~'" Ul +[L, [L ~iJ1 +Uv, [n, L]]
direct sum of the vertical subspace and the horizontal
subspace Hp. = [H, -.F'!v ~:]:= - (oj F~vl ~t - F~v!ikj ~:
=0,
(b)'fI aEG, PEP Hpa=RaHp. we have
(c) Hp is smooth on P. (2)
The condition (b) implies that any two horizontal
spaces at two different points on the same fiber should
r t
Here the derivative 0 = 0 t is meant as the directional
derivative with respect to the vector field ~t.
differ only by a gauge transformation.
Of course, Eq. (2)'is well known once one admits that
Of course, on any principal fiber bundle, such a con- F~v are Yang-Mills fields; for non-Abelian groups
nection exists. 4 these are gauge covariant. They happen to be gauge
Now, given any vector 1: at xEM, we can "lift" it invariant in the Abelian case Simply because they are
"horizontally" into the pOints P E rr-1(x) c P in the follow- then neutral.
ing way. Consider at each point P of the fiber rr-l(X) a
vector EE Hp such that mE) = 1:. Eso defined is ~ique4 3. GAUGE TRANSFORMATIONS
and is called the horizontal lift of 1: at pEP. NotIce
So far we did not say much about ~v except that they
that the fiber space dependence of E is given by right
are the vertical coefficients of the commutator [L, €v J
invariance. This is so because if E(p) is the horizontal and are gauge covariant. Now we will introduce some
lift of 1: at p, then Ra E(p) is the horizontal lift of 1: at more concepts, those cooresponding to vector potentials
pa. Ra E(p) is horizontal and ITCR. E(p» = II(E(p» =1:.
in our geometry, so that one can write down ~ v in
Then the uniqueness implies that Ra E(p) = E(pa), that is, terms of these vector potentials and complete their
g is invariant by Ra. 4 identification with Yang-Mills fields.
In particular, the previously chosen coordinate
Given a connection r in P, one can define a q-valued
basis ~ .. = 0", (iJ. = 1 ... 4) of the base mani!old M can be I-form w on P, i.e., a "covariant" vector field which
lifted horizontally into the bundle P. Let ~'" (iJ. = 1· . ·4) has values not in the space of real numbers but in the
be the horizontal lift of ~",. q q
vector space (as before is the Lie algebra of G)
As for the notation, we will continue to use i, j, k, ... in the following manner.
(= 4 + 1 .. ·4 + n) to label the group degree of freedom, Define w to be a linear mapping which maps ~t into
iJ., II, Q', fl, .• , (= 1···4), the space-time degree of ~iand L into the zero in q. This w is called the con-
freedom. For the whole bundle space degree of freedom nection form of the given connection r.
we will use a, b, ••• (= 1· . ·4 +n).
From the definition D-2, w should satisfy4:
Clearly ~'" (iJ. =1·.·4) and ~j (i=4 +1···4 +n) are
4 +n linearly independent vector fields in the bundle D-2': (a) 'fI H w(~j)= ~i'
space, and their commutation relations are (b) Y aEG Ra·w=ad(a-1)·w
[~r, Ul=ff;;:, i. e., (R a • w)p(1;) = wp.(R a • 1;)=ad(a- 1 ) . w p(1;) for any a E G
[~i, [,,]=0, (1) and any vector field!; in T(P), where ad(a) is the adjoint
representation of a E G, a real n Xn matrix representa-
[~'" U=-~v~:' tion operating on the vector w(I;) E q, a real 1 x n
The first set of relations follows from the isomor- column matrix.

2030 J. Math. Phys., Vol. 16, No. 10, October 1975 Y.M. Cho 2030

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The condition (a) is trivial by the definition. To :::::R a1xl ' (a· ~) + (a'(x)' a-1(x» . (a 0 ~.J
prove (b), it is enough to verify it in the following two
:::::Ra(xl (a·~) +a'(x) (L.-l(xl a
0 0 0 ~u),
cases since w is linear in t:
where u, when acting on a vector a ~" in T(G), is 0

(i) If t is horizontal, so is Ra • 1:. Hence both w(Ra • /;)


viewed as the mapping from Ta(G) to T.1X)'.(P) induced
and ad(a- 1) . w(t) vanish.
by u(x) : a E G - u(x) • a E P and similarly for a' acting
(ii) If I: is fundamental, Ral:::::: ad(a- 1) I: because I: is on La-l(x)a • ~ ... 5 So, taking the values of w on both sides
induced by a R",q )'e and Ra'l: is by R.R"'(t) .• Ra-l of the equality, we obtain
:::::Ra-l.",(t)'e'a:::::Ra-1",(t>a'e which will in turn induce
ad(a- 1). t. Therefore wp.(R a 1:) :::::ad(a- 1). wp(t).
Conversely, given any q-valued 1-form w which
~iA (0'1 ~ =w(a' 0 ~,,)

satisfies D-2', one can always define a connection r =0 ~ iwi[Ralxl . (u 0 ~u) +a'(x) L a-1lxP ~"l
0 0

whose connection form is w. For this, one has only to


::::: [ad(a-1(x» 0 ~ ilwi(u ~.J 0 + w(a'(x) • La-llxla • ~,,),
define H p as the set of tangent vectors at p which are
mapped into the zero element of q by w. (5)

We can decompose w using the basis ~i of q: where we have used the fact that w is linear and have
i
taken into account the property (b) of D-2'.
W =w ~i> (3)
We now notice that w reverses the mapping a'. Indeed
where the wi are now real valued 1-forms, i. e., if I: is the left invariant vector field on G which is equal
covariant vectors in the usual sense, which satisfy to a ~" at a(x) E G, then the value of /; at the origin
0

wi(H)::::: w~ ~r::::: oL e EGis La-l1xl a ~" and a' . (L a-11xla ~,,) is the value of
0 0

(4) the fundamental vector field /;* at a'(x) E P and hence


wi(L>=w!€~:::::o. w(u'(L.- 1 (Xp· ~u)) :::::La-11xP' ~". By using this and the
definition D-3, Eq. (5) can be rewritten in the form
This immediately tells us that the Wi are nothing more 1
than the dual vector fields to the H. ~iA la')~::::: [ad(a- ) . ~i loA (a~i + L -l(xl a . ~". (5') a

One can express a connection form w on P by a family Now, by observing that in the adjoint representation
of forms each defined in an open subset U of M in the ~j:::::(~j)\=f/~
following way. 7
and
Let a cross section a(x) be a submanifold in P which
a(x)::::: etJ9jlxl,
is diffeomorphic to U with II(a(x» ::::: x and let a' ~<! be a
vector in the tangent space Ta1X)(P) to P at a(x) induced where eJ(x) (j::::: 4 + 1· .04 + n) are the canonical coordi-
by the mapping a:XE U-a(x)EW1(U). nates of a(x)E G, Eq. (5') can be written as
Given a connection r with the connection form w in t Ala')j-e-tJ9J(X)t etJ9jlX)A(ali+e-'J8J(xla (etj9jlX»
Si ,,- Si " " •
P, for every cross section u(x) of the bundle we can
q
define a -valued connection form Ala) on U by (5")

D-3: We recognize this as the familiar transformation law


of the vector potentials in gauge theory.
A (a)(~~) =A (a)~ ~ i :::::w(a· ~,)::::: wi(a· ~")~i'
Conversely, by running the argument backwards one
Notice that A (a) depends upon the choise of the cross can verify that for every family ofe; -valued 1-forms
section a(x). A(a) can be viewed as a connection form on {A IO)} on U of M satisfying the condition (5"), there
the cross section a(x) since U is diffeomorphic to a(x). exists a unique connection which gives rise to {A lal}
Now we want to identify A la)~::::: wi(a' ~<!) as the vector by the prescription D-3. 7
potentials. To do this we will first show that they trans-
In short, the gauge dependent vector fields A~ in
form under different choice of cross section precisely
gauge theory are nothing more than the coefficients of
the way vector potentials transform under gauge
the cross section dependent connection forms on U. A
transformations.
choice of a cross section corresponds to a chOice of
First, observe that any two cross sections can be gauge in this picture. This was first pOinted out by
related by a transition function a(x) E G, i. e. , Trautmen. 8
va(x), a'(x), 3 a(x) E G
4. CHOICE OF A METRIC
a'(x) = CT(X) a(x) =R a1x ) a(x).
0

We will now introduce a metric on the bundle space


Now, for ~<!ETx(M) let a' ~<!E Ta1x)(G) be the vector in- so that we can establish there a Riemann geometry.
duced by a(x) :XE U-a(x)E G, where Tx(M) and T.1x)(G)
are the tangent spaces of M at x and of G at a :::::a(x). We assume that M is a metric manifold with a metric
Then CT' • ~~ is the image of (a' ~<!, a • ~<!) E T alx)(P) g"v' For G we choose the invariant metric gik 9
+Ta1x)(G) under the mapping (a(x), a(x»EPXG-a'(x) (6)
E P. From Leibniz' rule, we have
We will assume G to be semisimple so that the metric
CT' 0 ~<! ::::: (a· ~ .. ). a(x) +a(x) (a • ~<!)
0
defined above can be inverted. We call a metric 1141> on

2031 J. Math. Phys .• Vol. 16, No. 10, October 1975 Y.M. Cho 2031

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the bundle P compatible with the metrics g"v and gik [~IL' ~J= [a,., avJ=o.
on M and G if Y.b~:~e =g"v and Yabn·nb=gik' If, in
addition to the compatibility with the metrics g "v and Now from the definition D-3 we can attach gauge poten-
gik, we require the metric ')lab to make the horizontal
tials A (aa)'; to the family of trivial cross sections aa(x),
aEG:
and vertical subspaces orthogonal to each other, then
the metric Yab is unique. This metric is given by (8)
These trivial cross sections ("gauges") a.(x) form a
D-4: (1) ')Iab~~~e=g,,", family parametrized by the group element a, i. e" to
(2) Y.b~~~:b=O, every a E G there corresponds such a cross section.
In other words, for every a, aa(x) determines a gauge.
(3) Y.b~ra~:b =gik'
For simplicity we introduce the notation
Notice that this definition is independent of the choice B~ (x, a) =A (Oa)'; = W j(~,,(x, a»). (8')
of a basis. Such a metric has been previously con-
structed by Kaluza 1 for the Abelian (with g55 = 1) and As a consequence of Eq. (4), the horizontal lift €,.
by deWitt and Kerner 2 for the non-Abelian caseS can be written in this local direct product basiS as
respectively. (see Fig. 2)

We now consider the Riemann geometry of the bundle L = ~IJ. - ~iWi([IJ.)


with the so-defined metric. =0,. - tB~(:x,a)
5. CHOICE OF A BASIS =DIJ.' (9)

We still did not prove that F!v can be viewed as From the group transformation properties of the con-
Yang-Mills fields. To show this and to calculate the nection form w specified by property (b) of D-2', we
curvature of the bundle space, we now introduce a basis have
for the bundle. aiB~(x,a)=atB~=-f:jB~(x,a). (10)
Remember that from (c) of D-1, the bundle is locally From Eqs. (9) and (10) we can reconfirm the commu-
trivial and we can always parametrize locally P E WI(U) tation relations (1):
by (II(p), rp(p») =(x,a) E UXG.
In this parametrization WI( U) is diffeomorphiC to the * * ] = [-~i'~j
[ ~i'~j k - k *
- J=fij~k=fjj~k'
direct product space UXG, and we will write p=(x,a) [~t, ~,,] = [~I> L - ~j B~] = [~it D" J= 0,
whenever convenient.
[~'"
U= [~ll - ~iB~, ~v tB~l = [D", DJ -
Given any bases of U and G, one can always introduce
a basis in WI( U), the local direct product baSis of the = - F:v ~k = - F!v~:, (I')
two bases of U and G. In particular, one can take the
local direct product basis E:" (IJ. = 1 .. ·4) and t where now F:v are determined in terms of the potentials
(i = 5···4 +n) of the coordinate baSis ~IJ. (IJ. = 1· ··4) of B~ by
U and the left invarient basis ~ i (i = 4 + 1 .. ·4 + n) of G F~" == iJ"B~ - iJvB~ +fi~B~B~,
for our basis of n -I( U).
the usual Yang-Mills form.
We clearly have "(I = ~i (i = 5· . ·4 +n). But notice that
~,,"* L (the horizontal lift). This is so because for every One can also derive from Eq. (10) the gauge covari-
a E G the ~u (IJ. = 1···4) form a basis of the tangent ance of F!v:
space of the trivial cross section aa(x) defined as the set (2')
of pOints p = (x, a) with fixed a, which is by itself a
smooth submanifold. Consequently, tIL (1J.=1 .. ·4) Thus we have proved our claim that F~v do corre-
should form a closed Lie algebra within themselves. spond to Yang-Mills fields.
On the other hand L
in general do not by themselves From one of the Jacobi identies
form a closed Lie algebra: The commutator [L, t], as
we have seen in Eq. (1), does acquire a vertical
component. we have
A connection which gives vanishing vertical compo- DpF!,. +DjJ,Fv~ +DvFpk" =0 (11)
nent to all [g", tJ
is called the flat connection, in which
case F:v vanish identically although the cross section
dependent vector potentials A (a)'; need not vanish.

From their definition, the commutation relations of


Ia now as vector fieldsin the bundle are FIG. 2. Relation between the lo-
cal direct product basis" fa and
the horizonal lift basis ~a'
[~;, ,[j] = ft ~k'
(7)
[~i' ~J= [~i' 0,.1=°,

2032 J. Math. Phys., Vol. 16, No. 10, October 1975 Y.M. Cho 2032

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for every /J., I), p, and k, which are the well-known where r;k and r~v are the torsion free Christoffel
gauge Bianchi identies. In particular, they guarantee coefficients of G and M with the metrics glk and g"v,
the absence of non-Abelian magnetic monopoles. and

6. THE CURVATURE OF THE BUNDLE Rik=Rik +tgijgklg""'gBF~.vF~B'

Since the bundle space P has been organized into a R"k=Rk" =tgkIB! +tgklgjjg''''gMB~F~BF;6
(4 +n)-dimensional Riemann space, we can calculate + igkl g"'BVocF!s,
the curvature of the bundle P. In the local direct prod-
uct basis the metric defined by D -4 can be written R"v=R"v +tgikB~B~ +tgiJgklg"'YgBO B!B~F~BF:o
explicitly as _tg"BgikF~"'~B +tgik~B(B~ V,,.F~8 +B~V",F:B)'

Yab= (g "+gk~j~
B
B~ ) (12) (16)
gik " gik
where Rjk = tg ik and R"v are the Ricci tensors of G and
and M, and Voc is the gauge and generally covariant
derivative, e. g.,

where Finally we find


R =g""R,," +lkRik -tgikg""'gBF~vF~B .
~RM +RG - t F2. (17)
and
7. UNIFIED ACTION INTEGRAL
The Einstein-Hilbert action integral/n +4 of the bundle
To calculate the curvature, one has to keep in mind space P is written as
that we are using a noncoordinate basis here and must In+4= JJ-y Rd4 xd nG. (18)
take into account the nonvanishing commutators.
It can be formally integrated out over the group degree
In the torsion free theory the formulas for the of freedom to give a four-dimensional action integral 14:
Christoffel coefficients r~c and the curvature tensor
e
R4b/ in a noncoordinate basis a (a = 1· . ·4 +n) with the 14= VG X JJ-gM(R M+RG - tp2)d 4 x (19)
metric Yab are given bylo (VG = the volume of the group manifold =const), which
r~c =iyad(abYcd + aCYbd - adYbc- c:dYce - C~iYbe) is postulated as the unified action.

+ic~e, (13) Notice that if the space-time manifold M is not flat,


the constant RG plays the nontrivial role of a cosmologi-
Rabe
d
= C~br~e - a.r~e +a br~e - r~r:e + r:er~, cal constant in the theory. This will be discussed in
where oa is meant as the directional derivative a'a and more detail in Sec. 9.
the c~e are the coefficients of the commutation relations
of the (noncoordinate) basis e.: 8. OTHER BASES
We have proved our statement by choosing an explicit
basis, the local direct product basis of the bundle de-
We assume, for simplicity, the torsion-free fined by Eqs. (7), which corresponds to choosing a
Christoffel coefficients for the bundle. In the local specific class of gauges. Of course, one can choose
e
direct products basis a =~. and from Eq. (7) we deter- different bases and obtain the same result.
mil'le the commutation coefficients:
For example, given any arbitrary cross section (7(x)
on U, one can span the whole rr-l( U) by the family of
(14) cross sections R • . (7 with every a E G. Now one can
choose a basis for Wl( U) in the follOwing way. Choose
Using Eqs. (12), (13) and (14), we find l l ~i ~ HU = 5· . ·4 + n) and define L
(/J. = 1 .. ·4) at each
point of P E rr-l(U) to be the mapping of ~ .. = a.. (p.
r;k ==! fj~ == rJk' = 1 .• ·4) into the tangent space Tp of P by one of
r~k=O, R • • (7 : x E U - P E Wl( U).

r~jL = rL=Hfj~B~ +gklg"~B~F~jL)' Clearly these ~. form a basis for the tangent spaces
of !r l( U) and their commutation relations are
~k=r:.. =ig"8gkzF~~, (15)
r~,,=i(a .. Bi +o"B~)+ig"~gikB!(F~"B~ +F~"B:) [~j, ~Jl=fi~ ~k'
-r~"B~, [~j,~.. J=O, (20)
r~"=r~" +tg"'B gik(B~F:,B +B~F';,B)' [~'" U=O.
2033 J. Math. Phys., Vol. 16, No. 10, October 1975 Y.M.Cho 2033

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It is straightforward to retrace every previous step We now want to comment on the cosmological term 12
in this basis and to obtain the same result. We will not RG..J-g" in the action Eq. (19). The only dimensional
duplicate the arguments here. constants in the theory are the universal gravitational
It is worthwhile mentioning that there exists yet
constant G and the typical length in group space (i. e. ,
another basis where the calculations become particular- essentially the magnitude of glj)' Using units 1i=c=l,
ly simple. Notice that L
(f.1. = 1 .. ·4) and (/ =' ~;
one can therefore consider the Planck length Lp = rc
(i = 5 ... 4 + n) can also be used as a basis for the bundle
and the length in group space L G. If LGis left arbitrary,
then so is the cosmological term. It is not clear what
with the commutation relations (1). We will call this
dynamical considerations are to determine it. If LG
basis the horizontal lift basis.
were to be of the order of the Planck length, so that G
In this horizontal lift basis Yab can be written as be the only dimensional parameter, one would obtain
a by far (-10 '20 ) too large cosmological term. In that
Yab=(~\ case, one might try a metric for G which gives a
\ 0 'gik) vanishing RG and remove the cosmological term al-
and (21) together. Otherwise, one can add a countercosmological
term "by hand. "
We also emphasize at this point that the universal
coupling constant g of the Yang-Mills field is also
arbitrary in this theory. For Simplicity we have set
Again assuming the torsion-free Christoffel coeffi- g = 1 in this paper. The theory for arbitrary g is then
cients for simplicity, we find in this horizontal lift basis obtained by systematically replacing A~(J)I and B~ by
A
gA~)i and gB~.
r j"=2fj~=rjk'
ill I

One might also try the Jordan-Thirry version '3 of the


r~k=O' theory by letting YaDna~r= <Plk{X) become scalar
A i A

r"k=r~,,=o, fields. 14
(22) Beyond these technicalities, however, we would like
to emphasize more the general structure of the theory:
the combined geometry of the space-time with the in-
ternal symmetry space. In this geometry, once an
internal symmetry is given, one is led to have gauge
and
fields without referring to the existence of any "matter"
Rlk = Ri~ + tg lj gkl g" 6g YO F~y F1o, fields.
R"k=R k " =~gklg"'6'VOlF~B' (23) Of course, one can always introduce matter fields in
our geometry by hand by introducing another bundle
-R uv-2gik5
R j.l.V-
A !. n<>BFI Fk
j"HI! vB, space: the fiber bundle associated to the principal fiber
and bundle. 15 It would be very interesting if one could obtain
the Fermi fields as a part of the gauge fields of some
(24)
supersymmetry.16
Again we get the same result we had before. Notice It is well known that the usual theory of gravitation
that, although the components of tensor quantities do itself can be viewed as a theory of connections of the
depend upon the choice of a basis, the curvature R bundle P with the space-time as the base manifold and
being a scalar does not depend upon the choice of a G = 0(1,3) as the structural group. 17 In this picture the
basis. Christoffel coefficients r:v
appear as the cross section
dependent connection forms on Uwith G=0(1,3). This
In this horizontal lift basis ~" are not the basis vec- explains the well-known nontensorial transformation
tors of the tangent space to any cross section a(x), be- properties of r:v' One is led to Einstein's theory from
cause they do not commute under commutation. the torsion-free connection, Cartan's theory 'S from the
Potentials A~(Jli = wi(a' ~..) can be introduced as before, torsional connection. 19 Utiyama's and Kibble's work 20
since they are defined independent of choice of a basis can be argued more elegantly and conSistently in this
in the bundle space. The horizontal lift basis is very picture.
convenient for calculations.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
9. DISCUSSION It is a great pleasure to thank Professor P. G. O.
Freund for suggesting this problem and for the continu-
We thus have combined gravitation with gauge theory ous advice which was essential in completing this paper.
in the context of a unified geometric theory in the bundle I am grateful to Professor Y. Nambu for careful reading
space with the metric D-4. of the manuscript and Professor R. Lashof in the
In the process of the argumant we have assumed the Department of Mathematics of the University of Chicago
torsion-free Christoffel connection for our bundle P and for helpful discussions. I am also indebted to R. M.
the space-time independent metric Yab~ja~:b =glk for Wald, J. Friedman, and P. S. Jang for many discus-
the fiber space. In general one can relax these assump- sions. Finally, I would like to thank S.O. Ahn for
tions and obtain different variants of the theory. encouragement.

2034 J. Math. Phys., Vol. 16, No. 10, October 1975 Y.M. Cho 2034

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*Work supported in part by the National Science Foundation, SOf course, g ..~ and gu are in terms of the previously chosen
Contract No. MPS75-08833. coordinate basis of M and the left invariant basis of G.
IT. Kaluza, Sitzber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss., 966 (1921). lOsee, for example, C. W. Misner, K. S. Thorne, and J.A.
20. Klein,'. Z.Physik 37, 895 (1926). Wheeler, Ref. 6.
3B. DeWitt, Dynamical Theories of GrouPs and Fields (Gordon HOur argument in this section is similar to that of R. Kerner,
and Breach, New York, London, Paris, 1965), p. 139; R. R,ef. 3. However, our results [Eq. (14), (15), and (16)] differ
Kerner, Ann. !nst. H. Poincare 9, 143 (1968); A. Trautman, from his.
Rep. Math. Phys. 1, 29 (1970). 12 As for cosmological models with a cosmological constant,
(For general mathematical background we refer to S. Stern- !me, for example, H. Bondi, Cosmology (Cambridge U. P.,
berg, Lectures on Differential Geometry (Prentice-Hall, Cambridge, 1960), 2nd ed., Chap. IX. See also S. Weinberg,
Englewood Cliff, N.J., 1964); S. Kobayashi and K. Nomizu, Gravitation and Cosmology (Wiley, New York, 1972), pp.
Foundations of Differential Geometry (Interscience, New 1!>5, 613-16.
York, 1963); K. Nomizu, Lie GrouPs and Differential Geom- 13p. Jordan, Z. Phys. 157, 112 (1959); Y.R. Thirry, C. R.
etry, Publ. Math. Soc. Japan #2, (Math. Soc. Japan, Tokyo, Acad. Sci. Paris 226, 216 (1948); see also, C. Brans and
1956); R. L. Bishop and R. J. Crittenden, Geometry of Mani- R.H. Dicke, Phys. Rev. 124, 925 (1961).
folds (Academic, New York and London, 1965). 14y. M. Cho and P. G. O. Freund, to be published.
'For Simplicity we will use in this paper the same notation for 15s.~e, for example, A. Trautman, Ref. 3; K. Nomizu, Ref.
a mapping of a manifold to another and for the corresponding 4. or S. Kobayashi and K. Nomizu, Ref. 4.
mapping of a vector (I. e., an element of the tangent space) I GFor a similar approach but in somewhat different context,
to another induced by the mapping of the manifolds. For ex- Sl3e D. V. Volkov and V. P. Akulov, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz.
ample, if L. hits an element of the group G, it should be in- Fis'ma Red. 16, 621 (1972) [JETP Lett. 16, 438 (1972)];
terpreted as a mapping of G into itself, and if L. hits a vec- D. V. Volkov and V. A. Soroka, ibid. 18, 529 (1973) [ibid. 18,
tor, it should be interpreted as a mapping of the vector to 312 (1973)J.
another vector induced by the mapping L. of G. I7For a precise mathematical justification, see S. Kobayashi
6For a noncoordinate basis, see for example, C. W. Misner, and K. Nomizu, R~f. 4, p. 158.
K.S. Thorne, and J.A. Wheeler, Gravitation (Freeman, tBE. Cartan, Ann. Ecole Normale 40, 325 (1923); 41, 1 (1924).
San FranciSCO, 1973). 1'1:. W. B. Kibble, J. Math. Phys. 2, 212 (1960).
7Se e , for example, S. Kobayashi and K. Nomizu, Ref. 4, p. 2DJl. Utiyama, Phys. Rev. 101, 1592 (1956); T. W.B. Kibble,
66. Ref. 19.
BA. Trautman, Ref. 3.

2035 J. Math. Phys., Vol. 16, No. 10, October 1975 Y.M. Cho 2035

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