BDwbU

m½xwZ 11
f~wgKv
m½uxwZi mv‡_ †eŠ×a‡g©i Mfxi m¤ú„³Zv i‡q‡Q| m½xwZ m¤ú‡K© aviYv bv _vK‡j †eŠ×a‡g©i cÖK…Z BwZnvm Rvbv
m¤¢e bq| ey× Zuvi cÖ`Ë a‡g©vc‡`k wjwLZ AvKv‡i cÖKvk K‡ibwb| Zuvi cÖ`Ë fvlY Zuvi wkl¨iv wbLuyZfv‡e
kÖæwZ‡Z a‡i ivL‡Zb Ges ci¤úivq Zv †gŠwLKfv‡e cÖPvi Ki‡Zb| ey‡×i gnvcwiwbe©v‡Yi ci Zuvi wkl¨iv †mme
a‡gv©c‡`k m½xwZ AvnŸv‡bi gva¨‡g msKjb K‡ib| Zvici wewfbœ mgq m½xwZ AvnŸv‡bi gva¨‡g msKwjZ
ey×evYxi weï×Zv, msiÿY, MÖš’vKv‡i wjwce×KiY Ges cÖPv‡ii e¨e¯’v K‡ib| ZvB ‡eŠ×a‡g©i mv‡_ m½xwZi
f~wgKv Ab¯^xKvh©|

BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 1 mßvn

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq

GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n †eŠ×a‡g©i mv‡_ m½xwZi BwZnvm A½vw½fv‡e RwoZ|

cvV -11.1 : m½xwZi aviYv m½xwZ m¤ú‡K© aviYv bv _vK‡j †eŠ×a‡g©i cÖK…Z
cvV -11.2 : cÖ_g m½xwZ BwZnvm Rvbv m¤¢e bq|
cvV -11.3 : wØZxq m½xwZ
cvV -11.4 : Z…Zxq m½xwZ
cvV -11.5 : m½xwZi ¸iæZ¡

cvV-11.1 m½xwZi aviYv

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 m½xwZi A_© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 m½xwZi gva¨‡g ey×evYx Kxfv‡e msKwjZ n‡qwQj Zvi eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

m½xwZ, m‡e©v”P bxwZwba©viYx mfv, msNvqb, ey×evYx, msMÖnc~e©K wba©viY, msKjb,

msiÿY|
gyL¨ kã (Key Words)

m½xwZ k‡ãi A_©

Ôm½xwZÕ k‡ãi A‡bK A_© cvIqv hvq| †hgb, mfv ev m‡¤§jb, Ave„wË, mg‡eZ D”PviY, MxwZ, cybivq
kªeY BZ¨vw`| GLv‡b Ôm½xwZÕ k‡ãi bvbviKg A_© cvIqv †M‡jI †eŠ×a‡g© Gi A_© mfv ev
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

m‡¤§jb‡KB †evSvq| G‡K ÔmsNvqbÕ ejv nq|

m½xwZi aviYv
ey‡×i RxweZKv‡j Zuvi ag©-`k©b Ges m‡•Ni wewa-weavbmn †h †Kv‡bv wel‡q weZK© ev mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡j Zv ey×
wb‡R A_ev Zuvi wb‡`©kbvq †bZ…¯’vbxq wkl¨MY mgvavb Ki‡Zb| ey‡×i gnvcwiwbe©v‡Yi ci Giƒc mKj mgm¨v
cwÐZ wfÿzm•N mg‡eZ n‡q mfv ev m‡¤§jb AvnŸv‡bi gva¨‡g mgvavb Ki‡Zb| Rvbv hvq, ey‡×i gnvcwiwbe©v‡Yi
ci †eŠ× ag©-m¤^Üxq cÖkœ-gxgvsmv, cÖK…Z ey×evYx wba©viY, msKjb, msiÿY, weï×Zv iÿv Ges cÖPvi-cÖmv‡ii Rb¨
A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq| D³ m‡¤§jb¸‡jvB †eŠ×a‡g©i BwZnv‡m m½xwZ bv‡g cwiwPZ| GK K_vq ejv
hvq, m½xwZ n‡jv wfÿzm‡•Ni m‡e©v”P bxwZ-wba©viYx mfv ev m‡¤§jb| Gme mfvq kZ kZ cÖÁvevb, cÖexY, Ávbx
Ges An©r wfÿz Dcw¯’Z _vK‡Zb| ¸iæZ¡ Abymv‡i Gme m‡¤§jb K‡qKgvm e¨vcx ¯’vqx n‡Zv|

ey× wjwLZ AvKv‡i †Kv‡bviKg a‡g©vc‡`k †`bwb| wZwb wewfbœ ¯’v‡b wewfbœ Dcj‡ÿ¨ †hme a‡g©vc‡`k w`‡Zb Zv
Zuvi wkl¨MY ¯§„wZ‡Z wbLuyZfv‡e aviY K‡i ivL‡Zb Ges †gŠwLKfv‡e cÖPvi Ki‡Zb| wLªóc~e© cÖ_g kZK ch©šÍ
ey×evYx Gfv‡e cÖPvi Kiv n‡Zv| gy‡L gy‡L cÖPvwiZ nIqvq ev MÖš’vKv‡i msiÿY ev wjwce× bv nIqvq ey×evYx wb‡q
gv‡S gv‡S weZK© †`Lv w`Z| G‡Z gvby‡li g‡b mskq †`Lv w`Z| GQvov bvbv Kvi‡Y ey×evYx weK…wZ I cwinvbxi
m¤§yLxb n‡Zv Ges m‡•Ni g‡a¨ AivRKZv †`Lv w`Z| ey‡×i gnvcwiwbe©v‡Yi wZb gvm ci cwÐZ ey×wkl¨MY
wewÿßfv‡e Qwo‡q _vKv ey×evYx msMÖnc~e©K m½xwZ AvnŸvb K‡i GK‡Î msKjb K‡ib| wfÿzm•N m½xwZ AvnŸv‡bi
gva¨‡g me mgm¨v mgvavb K‡i ey×evYx h_vh_fv‡e iÿv K‡ib| ZvB †eŠ×a‡g©i BwZnv‡m m½xwZi ¸iæZ¡
Acwimxg| †eŠ×MY wek¦vm K‡ib G ch©šÍ QqwU m½xwZ AbywôZ n‡qwQj| m½xwZ Abyôv‡bi ¯’vb wb‡q h‡_ó
gZv‰bK¨ i‡q‡Q| bvbv weZK© _vK‡jI †_iev`x †eŠ×iv wek¦vm K‡ib, cÖ_g wZbwU fviZe‡l©, PZz_©wU wmsn‡j Ges
cÂg I lôwU wgqvbgv‡i (evg©vq) AbywôZ n‡qwQj| †eŠ×a‡g©i BwZnv‡m GB QqwU m½xwZ LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| KviY
ey×evYx msKjb Ges A`¨vewa weï×fv‡e Zv msiÿY Kivi †ÿ‡Î G QqwU m½xwZi Ae`vb Acwimxg| ZvB
G¸‡jv‡K Ôgnvm½xwZÕI ejv nq| GLv‡b Avgiv fviZe‡l© AbywôZ wZbwU m½xwZ m¯ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|

mvims‡ÿc :

†eŠ×a‡g©i mv‡_ m½xwZ Mfxifv‡e mshy³| †eŠ×a‡g© m½xwZi A_© mfv ev m‡¤§jb‡K ‡evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| ey× cÖ`Ë
wewfbœ a‡g©vc‡`k Zuvi kÖæwZai wkl¨iv ¯§„wZ‡Z a‡i ivL‡Zb Ges gy‡L gy‡L Zv cÖPvi Ki‡Zb| ey‡×i
gnvcwiwbev‡Y©i ci ag© m¤^Üxq cÖkœ, cÖK…Z ey×evYx wba©viY , msKjb, msiÿY I weï×Zv iÿv Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨
A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq| D³ m‡¤§jb¸‡jvB m½xwZ bv‡g cwiwPZ| Gme m½xwZ‡Z A‡bK cÖÁvevb
Ges An©r wfÿz Dcw¯’Z _vK‡Zb| wewÿßfv‡e Qwo‡q _vKv ey×evYx msMÖn K‡i m½xwZi g‡a¨‡g GK‡Î msKjb
Kiv nq| G‡Z ey×evYx weK…wZ I cwinvbxi nvZ †_‡K iÿv cvq| †eŠ×a‡g© ZvB m½xwZi Ae`vb Acwimxg|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1 :
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| Ôm½xwZÕ k‡ãi A_©-
K. eÜzZ¡ Kiv L. mfv ev m‡¤§jb
M. Av‡jvPbv mfv N. e‡m e‡m Mí Kiv

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq †eŠ×ag© I ˆbwZK wkÿv

2| fviZe‡l© †gvU KqwU m½xwZ AbywôZ n‡qwQj?

K. cvuPwU L. AvUwU
M. PviwU N. wZbwU

DËigvjv : 1. L, 2. N

BDwbU-11 154
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-11.2 cÖ_g m½xwZ

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 cÖ_g m½xwZ AvnŸv‡bi KviY Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cÖ_g m½xwZi djvdj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

myf‡`ªi Dw³, ey×kvm‡bi cwinvbx, ivRM„‡ni mßcY©x, gnvKvk¨c ¯’wei, ÿz`ªvbyÿz`ª
wkÿvc`, ivRv AvRvZkÎæ, cÂkwZKv msMxwZ|
gyL¨ kã (Key Words)

cÖ_g m½xwZ AvnŸv‡bi KviY t

ey‡×i gnvcwiwbe©v‡Y wfÿzMY fvweZ I †kvKvwff~Z n‡q c‡ob| An©r cÖvß ¯’we‡iiv AwbZ¨ fvebvq iZ
_v‡Kb| be cÖeªwRZiv †kv‡K †f‡O c‡ob| GKgvÎ ey× cÖeªwRZ myf`ª wfÿz Zvi e¨wZµg wQ‡jb|
myf`ª bv‡g †mB `ywe©bxZ wfÿz †kvKvwff~Z wfÿz‡`i m‡¤^vab K‡i ej‡jb, ÒeÜzMY! fv‡jvB n‡q‡Q, †Zvgiv †kvK
‡Kv‡iv, wejvc †Kv‡iv bv| Avgiv †mB gnvkªgY n‡Z gy³ n‡qwQ| GUv †Zvgv‡`i Dchy³, GUv †Zvgv‡`i Abychy³
BZ¨vw` evK¨ev‡Y Avgiv Dc`ªæZ nZvg| GLb Avgiv hv B”Qv ZvB Ki‡Z cvie| hv B”Qv n‡e bv Zv Ki‡ev bv|Ó
A_©vr `ywe©bxZ wfÿz ey‡×i gnvcwiwb©ev‡Y Lywk| †Kbbv, Zviv ey‡×i AeZ©gv‡b h‡_”Qfv‡e Rxebhvcb Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|

ey‡×i gnvcwiwbe©v‡Yi mgq gnvKvk¨c ¯’wei KzkxbM‡i wQ‡jb bv| cvev n‡Z wZwb KzkxbM‡i hvIqvi c‡_ ey‡×i
cwiwbe©v‡Yi K_v Rvb‡Z cv‡ib| Gmgq wZwb myf`ª bvgK Awebqx †eŠ× wfÿyi Dw³ m¤ú‡K© AewnZ nb| `yweb©xwZ
wfÿzi Giƒc A‡kvfbxq Dw³‡Z gnvKvk¨c ¯’wei cÖgyL kª×vevb wfÿziv kswKZ n‡q D‡Vb| Zuviv fwel¨‡Z
ey×kvm‡bi cwinvbxi welq †f‡e wPwšÍZ n‡q c‡ob| fve‡jb, ey‡×i ke‡`n eZ©gvb _vK‡ZB hw` wfÿz‡`i g‡a¨
myf`ª wfÿzi aviYvi m~ÎcvZ nq Z‡e AwP‡iB ey×kvmb wejyß n‡q hv‡e| Gme wPšÍv K‡i gnvKvk¨c ¯’wei Ges ag©-
web‡q c~Rbxq cÖÁvevb wfÿzMY ey×evYx msiÿ‡Y cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Dcjw× K‡ib| ZvB ey×kvmb‡K wPi¯’vqx Kivi
j‡ÿ¨ ey×evYx msMÖ‡ni ¸iæZ¡ Abyaveb K‡i cÖ_g †eŠ× m½xwZ AvnŸv‡bi D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡ib|

cÖ_g m½xwZi djvdj t

ey‡×i cwiwbe©v‡Yi wZbgvm ci ivRM„‡ni mßcYx© ¸nvq cÖ_g gnvm½xwZ AbywôZ nq| ivRv ARvZkÎæi
c„ô‡cvlKZvq me©m¤§wZµ‡g G mfvq mfvcwZZ¡ K‡ib gnvKvk¨c ¯’wei| D³ m½xwZ‡Z cuvPkZ An©r wfÿz Ask
†bb| Dcvwj ¯’wei webq Ges Avb›` ¯’wei m~Î ev ag© Ave„wË K‡ib|
cÖ_g m½xwZi Kvh©µ‡g gnvKvk¨c ¯’wei wb‡RB cÖkœKZ©v wbhy³ nb| cÖ_‡g webq m•Nvqb Kiv n‡e w¯’i Kiv nq|
gnvKvk¨c ¯’wei m‡•Ni AbygwZ wb‡q Dcvjx ¯’wei‡K webq m¤úwK©Z cÖkœ K‡ib| cÖ_‡g cvivwRKv, Zvici
ch©vqµ‡g †Z‡ivwU m•Nvw`‡mm, `yÕwU AwbqZ, Pvwi cwU‡`mbxqv ag©, wÎkwU wbm&mMwMq, weivbeŸBwU cvwPwËqv G‡K
G‡K Ave„wË K‡i w¯’i Kiv nq| Zvici Dfq wef½, gnveM&M, PyjeM&M I cwievi cv‡Vv Ave„wË Kiv nq| Dcw¯’Z
m½xwZKviK wfÿzMY Dcvwj ¯’we‡ii webq Ave„wË Mfxi g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i kªeY K‡i me©m¤§wZ·g Zv Aby‡gv`b
K‡ib| GQvov Ôÿz`ªvbyÿz`ªÕ wkÿvc` wb‡qI wm×všÍ †bqv nq| KviY ey× RxweZ _vK‡Z Gme wel‡q wfÿziv B”Qv

BDwbU-11 155
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq †eŠ×ag© I ˆbwZK wkÿv

Ki‡j cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb e‡jwQ‡jb| cvuP‡kv An©r wfÿzi Aby‡gv`b jv‡fi ci webq m•Nvqb †kl nq| webq
ey×kvm‡bi Avqy¯^iƒc| ZvB ag© I web‡qi g‡a¨ webq Av‡M msM„nxZ nq|
Zvici web‡qi g‡Zv ag© ev myË Ave„wË Kivi Rb¨ Avb›` ¯’we‡K AvnŸvb Kiv nq| gnvKvk¨c ¯’wei cÖkœKZ©vi
Avm‡b e‡m kÖæwZai Avb›`‡K ag© wel‡q cÖkœ wRÁvmv K‡ib| Zuv‡K eªþRvj m~‡Îi wb`vb, cy`&Mj m~Î, kªvgY¨dj
m~Î m¤ú‡K© cÖkœ Kiv nq| wZwb h_vh_fv‡e Zvi DËi cÖ`vb K‡ib| Gfv‡e `xN©wbKvq, ga¨gwbKvq, mshy³wbKvq,
A½yËi wbKvq Ges LyÏK wbKvq Ave„wË Kiv nq| cuvP‡kv An©r wfÿzi Aby‡gv`‡bi ci ag© m•Nvqb †kl nq|
cÖ_g m½xwZ m¤úbœ n‡Z Pvigvm mgq †j‡MwQj| cuvP‡kv An©r Øviv cÖ_g m½xwZ m¤úbœ n‡qwQj e‡j G‡K
ÔcÂkwZKv m½xwZÕI ejv nq| ey×evYx msMÖn I msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ G m½xwZwUi ¸iæZ¡ me‡P‡q †ekx| G m½xwZ‡Z
wÎwcUK msKj‡bi g~jwfwË iwPZ nq|

mvims‡ÿc :

ey‡×i gnvcwiwbe©v‡Yi wZbgvm ci ivRM„‡ni mßcY©x ¸nvq cÖ_g †eŠ× gnvm½xwZ AbywôZ nq| ivRv ARvZkÎæi
c„ô‡cvlKZvq G mfvq mfvcwZZ¡ K‡ib gnvKvk¨c ¯’wei| m‡¤§j‡b cvuPkZ An©r wfÿz AskMÖn Y K‡ib| Dcvwj
¯’wei webq Ges Avb›` ¯’wei m~Î ev ag© Ave„wË K‡ib| mg¯Í ey×evYx msM„nxZ nq cÖ_g gnvm½xwZ‡Z| ey‡×i
evYx msMÖn I msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ G m½xwZwUi ¸iæZ¡ me‡P‡q †ewk| `xN© Pvi gvm e¨vcx G m½xwZ AbywôZ nq|
D‡jøL¨ †h, cÖ_g m½xwZ‡Z wÎwcUK msKj‡bi g~j wfwË iwPZ nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2 :
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| webq ey× kvm‡bi-
K) Avqy ¯^iƒc L) †evSv ¯^iƒc
M) Aej¤^b ¯^iƒc N) AvNvZ ¯^iƒc
2| cÖ_g m½xwZ Kq gvm a‡i P‡jwQj?
K) bq gvm L) mvZ gvm
M) cvuP gvm N) Pvi gvm

DËigvjv : 1. K, 2. N

BDwbU-11 156
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-11.3 wØZxq m½xwZ

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 wØZxq m½xwZ AvnŸv‡bi KviY ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wØZxq m½xwZi djvdj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ew¾cyÎxq wfÿzMY, `meÌybx, cwUmviYxq Kg©, DK&‡Lcbx `Ð, †_iev`, gnvmvw½K,

mßkwZKv gnvm½wZ|
gyL¨ kã (Key Words)

wØZxq m½xwZ AvnŸv‡bi KviY t

ey‡×i gnvcwiwbe©v‡Yi GKk eQi ci ew¾cyÎxq wfÿzMY m‡•N webq ewn©f~Z `kwU wewa-weavb ev
`keÌybx (`k e¯‘) cÖPjb K‡ib| Zuviv D‡cvm_ w`e‡m wfÿzm‡•Ni ga¨Lv‡b cvwbfwZ© ZvgªcvÎ †i‡L
DcvmK-DcvwmKv‡`i ¯^Y© I †iŠc¨ gy`ªv cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ Aby‡iva Ki‡Zb| Ab¨vb¨ webqai wfÿz‡`i Zviv `kwU webq
ewn©f~Z weavb‡K mg_©b Rvbv‡bvi Rb¨ AvnŸvb K‡ib| wKš‘ hk ¯’wei ew¾cyÎxq wfÿz‡`i webq ewn©f~Z I m•N
cwicš’x Mwn©Z AvPiY †_‡K weiZ _vKvi Aby‡iva K‡ib| ew¾cyÎxq wfÿzMY Zuvi Aby‡iva cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡ib| ZLb
hk ¯’wei ew¾cyÎxq wfÿz‡`i webq we‡ivax Kg© n‡Z wbe„Ë Kivi Rb¨ webqx wfÿz I avwg©K †jvK‡`i Aby‡iva
K‡ib| G‡Z Zvuiv wÿß n‡q hk ¯’wei‡K ÔcwUmvibxq Kg©Õ cÖ`vb K‡ib| A_v©r cyb©evi wgj‡bi ev eÜzZ¡ ¯’vc‡bi
AvnŸvb Rvbvb| Gmgq hk ¯’wei `ywe©bxZ wfÿz‡`i K_vq KY©cvZ bv K‡i ag©‡K iÿvi Rb¨ ˆekvjxevmx‡`i Aby‡iva
Rvbvb| G‡Z Zuviv hk ¯’wei‡K ÔDK&†Lcbx `ÐÕ cÖ`vbc~e©K m•N n‡Z ewn®‹vi K‡ib| hk ¯’wei G mgm¨v mgvav‡bi
Rb¨ webqx wfÿy I avwg©K †jvK‡`i kiYvcbœ nb| Zuvi AvnŸv‡b mvov w`‡q webqx wfÿzMY ew¾cyÎxq wfÿz‡`i
cÖPwjZ `keÌybx hv `kwU wewa-weavb webqm¤§Z wKbv G wm×všÍ †bIqvi Rb¨ wØZxq m½xwZ AvnŸvb K‡ib|
`keÌybx ev `kwU wewaweavb n‡jv wbgœiƒc t
1. wfÿzMY B”Qv Ki‡j wms-Gi g‡a¨ jeY Rgv †i‡L cÖ‡qvR‡b e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| wKšÍ
cÖvwZ‡gv‡ÿi cuqwÎk msL¨K cvwPwËqv Abymv‡i wfÿzMY Zv Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv|
2. ga¨v‡ýi ci m~‡h©i Qvqv `yB AvOyj †n‡j co‡jI wfÿzMY Lv`¨ MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| wKšÍ
cvwZ‡gv‡ÿi wbqg Abymv‡i wfÿzMY ga¨v‡ýi ci †fvRb Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv|
3. wfÿzMY GKevi †fvRb K‡i cybivq Ab¨ MÖv‡g wM‡q †fvRb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| wKš‘ cÖvwZ‡gv‡ÿi cuqwÎk
msL¨K cvwPwËqv Abymv‡i wfÿzMY Zv Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv|
4. GK mxgvfy³ wfbœ wfbœ Avev‡mi wfÿzMY c„_K c„_Kfv‡e D‡cvm_ cvjb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| wKš‘ GwU
mxgv I Avevm-m¤úKx©q wewa-weav‡bi cwicš’x|
5. Abycw¯’Z wfÿzi AbygwZ c‡i †bIqv n‡e Giƒc wPšÍv K‡i wfÿzMY webqKg© m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
wKš‘ GwU m•Nwbq‡gi cwicš’x|
6. wewa-weav‡bi Av‡jv‡K wePvi bv K‡i ci¤úiv-cÖPwjZ AvPvi ev cÖ_v‡K wfÿzMY gvb¨ wn‡m‡e MÖnY
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| wKš‘ †eŠ×g‡Z, †Kv‡bv welq mwVK Ges webqm¤§Z bv n‡j ci¤úiv cÖPwjZ n‡q
Avm‡jI MÖnY Kiv hvq bv|
7. wfÿyMY weKv‡j `ya I `wai ga¨eZx© Ae¯’vi cvbxq ev †Nvj RvZxq Zij c`v_© cvb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
wKš‘ GwU cÖvwZ‡gv‡ÿi cuqwÎk msL¨K cvwPwËqv wewai cwicš’x|

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq †eŠ×ag© I ˆbwZK wkÿv

8. wfÿzMY B”Qv Ki‡j Zvwo RvZxq cvbxq cvb (‡bkv RvZxq `ªe¨) Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| wKš‘ GwU
cÖvwZ‡gv‡ÿi GKvbœ msL¨K cvwPwËqv wewai cwicš’x|
9. wfÿzMY B”Qv Ki‡j Svjihy³ K¤^j e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| wKš‘ GwU cÖvwZ‡gv‡ÿi EbbeŸB msL¨K
cÖvwPwËqv wewai cwicš’x|
10. wfÿzMY B”Qv Ki‡j †mvbv, iƒcv ev gy`ªv wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ `ªe¨ MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| wKš‘ GwU
cÖvwZ‡gv‡ÿi AvVvi msL¨K wbmM&Mxq wewai cwicš’x|
wØZxq m½xwZi djvdj t
ey‡×i cwiwb©ev‡Yi GKk eQi c‡i wØZxq m½xwZ AvnŸvb Kiv nq| ivRv Kvjv‡kv‡Ki c„ô‡cvlKZvq ˆekvjxi
evjyKviv‡g wØZxq m½xwZ AbywôZ n‡qwQj| mvZkZ An©r wfÿy G‡Z Ask †bb| m½xwZwU AvU gvm ¯’vqx nq|
†ieZ ¯’wei mfvi †bZ…Z¡ †`b| `yc‡ÿi wfÿy‡`i g‡a¨ A‡bK ZK©weZK© nq `keÌybx wb‡q| Ae‡k‡l AvURb cÖexY
I web‡q AwfÁ ¯’wei wb‡q GKwU ÔKvh©KviK KwgwUÕ MVb Kiv nq| G AvURb gnvcwÐZ‡`i wb‡q MwVZ KviK
mfvq `keÌybx cy•Lvbycy•Lfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| Av‡jvPbv †k‡l `keÌybx webq ewnf~©Z e‡j †NvlYv Kiv nq Ges
ew¾cyÎxq wfÿz‡`i m•N ‡_‡K ewn®‹vi Kiv nq| cÖ_g m½xwZ‡Z msM„nxZ ey×evYx cÖK…Z ey×evYx wn‡m‡e Aby‡gvw`Z
nq | Zv ag© webq wn‡m‡eI M„nxZ nq| wØZxq m½xwZ‡Z G ai‡bi wm×všÍ GK`j †g‡b wb‡Z cv‡ibwb| hvuiv †g‡b
wb‡Z cv‡ibwb Zvu‡`i msL¨vI Kg bq| Zuviv wb‡Riv wb‡R‡`i mycÖwZwôZ Kivi cÖvYcY ‡Póv K‡ib| cieZx©Kv‡j
ew¾cyÎxq wfÿzMY GKwU mfvq wgwjZ nb| wØZxq m½xwZi dj¯^iƒc †eŠ× m•N Ô†_iev`Õ (¯’weiev`) I gnvmvw½KÕ
G `yB fv‡M fvM n‡q hvq|
wØZxq m½xwZ‡Z cÖ_g Awa‡ek‡bi g‡Zv ey‡×i ag© webq Ave„wË Kiv nq| webqai wfÿziv webq‡K cÖvavb¨ w`‡q
m‡•Ni cweÎZv iÿv K‡ib| mfvq wm×všÍ †k‡l †_iev` ev cÖvPxb m•N‡K ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vb Kiv nq| mvZ‡kv An©r
wfÿzi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z G m½xwZ AbywôZ n‡qwQj e‡j G‡K ÔmßkwZKv gnvm½xwZÕI ejv nq|

mvims‡ÿc :

ey‡×i gnvcwiwbev‡Y©i GKk eQi ci ivRv Kvjv‡kv‡Ki ivRZ¡Kv‡j ˆekvjxi evjyKviv‡g wØZxq m½xwZi
Awa‡ekb AbywôZ nq| e¾xcyÎ wfÿz‡`i `kwea webqewn©f~Z AvPi‡Yi Rb¨ G mfv AvnŸvb Kiv nq| hk
¯’we‡ii mvwe©K cÖ‡Póvq mvZk An©r wfÿz G‡Z AskMÖnY K‡ib| †ieZ ¯’wei G mfvi †bZ…Z¡ †`b| wfÿz‡`i `ywU
`‡ji g‡a¨ `kwea wb‡q A‡bK ZK©-weZK© nq| Ae‡k‡l me©m¤§wZµ‡g G¸‡jv‡K webqewnf~©Z e‡j †NvlYv Kiv
nq| mfvq e¾xcyÎ wfÿziv ewn¯‹„Z nb| wØZxq m½xwZi dj ¯^iƒc †eŠ× msN `ywU `‡j wef³ n‡q c‡o| `ywU
`‡ji bvgKiY Kiv nq †_iev` I gnvmvswNK|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3 :
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| KqRb m`m¨ wb‡q Kvh©KviK KwgwU MwVZ n‡qwQj?
K. cvuP Rb L. GMvi Rb
M. AvU Rb N. wek Rb
2| †Kvb `yÕwU MÖnY Kiv wfÿz‡`i Rb¨ wbwl×?
K. Lv`¨-`ªe¨ L. Kvco-‡Pvco
M. Abœ-cvbxq N. †mvbv-i~cv
DËigvjv : 1. M. 2. N
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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-11.4 Z…Zxq m½xwZ

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 Z…Zxq m½xwZ AvnŸv‡bi KviY ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Z…Zxq m½xwZi djvdj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

m¤ªvU A‡kvK, `ywe©bxZ wfÿz, wefvR¨ev`x, †gvM&MjxcyÎ wZl¨, A‡kvKvivg wenvi,

K_veÌy, ag©`~Z gnvcvÎ|
gyL¨ kã (Key Words)

Z…Zxq m½xwZ AvnŸv‡bi KviY t

mgªvU A‡kv‡Ki ivRKxq c„ó‡cvlKZvq †eŠ×ag© fviZe‡l© e¨vcK cÖPvi cÖmvi jvf K‡i| †eŠ×
wfÿz‡`i gh©v`v eûjvs‡k e„w× cvq| wfÿzm‡•Ni Giƒc †mŠfvM¨ †`‡L A‡bK AwfÿzI my‡hvM-myweav
†fvM Kivi gvb‡m cvÎ-Pxei MÖnY K‡i wfÿz e‡j cwiPq w`‡Zb| Zviv Am`ycvq Aej¤^bc~e©K wenvi I gw›`i `Lj
K‡i emevm ïiæ K‡ib| Zuviv ag©‡K Aag© Ges Aag©‡K ag© e‡j cÖPvi Ki‡Zb| Zuv‡`i webq ewn©f~Z AvPi‡Y
webqx wfÿziv †KvYVvmv n‡q c‡ob| d‡j m‡•N AivRKZv †`Lv †`q| webqai wfÿziv Awebqx `ywebx©Z Awfÿz‡`i
mv‡_ D‡cvm_, cÖeviYv, Dcm¤ú`v cÖf„wZ webq Kg© m¤úv`b Ki‡Z A¯^xKvi Ki‡jb| Gmgq ag©vbyôvb `xN©w`b eÜ
_v‡K| ZLb Awebqx wfÿziv PµvšÍ K‡i D‡cvm_ Kg© cvjb Kivi Rb¨ mgªvU A‡kv‡Ki gva¨‡g Av‡`k Rvwi
Kiv‡jb| ZeyI webqx wfÿziv D‡cvm_ Kg© cvjb Ki‡Z m¤§Z n‡jb bv|

mgªvU A‡kvK avwg©K-webqx wfÿz‡`i nZ¨vi Lei ÁvZ n‡q LyeB gg©vnZ nb| AmsL¨ wfÿzi cÖvYmsnv‡i Zuvi ü`q-
gb †f‡½ c‡o| wZwb AbyZß nb| G cvc Kv‡h©i Rb¨ wZwb `vqx wKbv Zv Rvbvi Rb¨ A‡nvM½v ce©Z †_‡K
gnvcwÐZ †gvM&MwjcyÎ wZl¨ ¯’wei‡K Avbqb K‡ib| †gvM&MwjcyÎ wZl¨ ¯’wei mgªvU A‡kvK‡K Rvbv‡jb, cvc †PZbv
bv _vK‡j †mB Kv‡h© †Kv‡bv Aciva nq bv| AZtci mgªvU A‡kvK †gvM&MwjcyÎ wZl¨ ¯’we‡ii civg‡k© GK GK Rb
wfÿz‡K †Mvc‡b c`©vi AšÍiv‡j wZwb Ô‡Kvb gZev`xÕ wR‡Ám Ki‡jb| Awebqx wfÿziv G cÖ‡kœi †Kv‡bv m`yËi w`‡Z
cv‡ibwb| †Kej webqx wfÿziv GK ev‡K¨ ej‡jb, Zuviv ÔwefvR¨ev`xÕ| ZLb mgªvU eyS‡Z cvi‡jb, Kviv cÖK…Z
wfÿz| wZwb cÖvq lvU nvRv‡ii AwaK Awebqx wfÿz‡`i †k¦Ze¯¿ cwi‡q m•N †_‡K ewn®‹vi K‡i m•N‡K weï×
Ki‡jb| Zvici mgªvU A‡kvK avwg©K-webqx wfÿz‡`i ej‡jb, f‡šÍ! GLb m•N cwiï× n‡q‡Q| Avcbviv D‡cvm_
Kg© cvjb Kiæb| mgªvU A‡kv‡Ki AvnŸv‡b mvov w`‡q weï× m•N GKwÎZ n‡q A‡kvKvivg wenv‡i D‡cvm_ Kg©
m¤úv`b K‡ib|

m•N weï× nIqvi ci †gvM&MwjcyÎ wZl¨ ¯’wei cÖK…Z ey×evYx msKj‡bi Rb¨ Z…Zxq m½xwZ AvnŸvb K‡ib| g~jZt
Aavwg©K, `ywe©bxZ I Awebqx wfÿz‡`i AivRK cwiw¯’wZ †_‡K ey×kvmb cwiï× ivLvB n‡jv Z…Zxq m½xwZ AvnŸv‡bi
g~j KviY|

Z…Zxq m½xwZi djvdj t

mgªvU A‡kv‡Ki ivRZ¡Kv‡j gM‡ai ivRavbx cvUjxcy‡Îi A‡kvKviv‡g Z…Zxq m½xwZ AbywôZ nq| G‡Z ag© web‡q
cvi`k©x GK nvRvi An©r wfÿz AskMÖnY K‡ib| mfvcwZZ¡ K‡ib †gvM&MwjcyÎ wZl¨ ¯’wei| G m½xwZ‡Z cÖ_g I

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wØZxq m½xwZi AbyKi‡Y ag©-webq msM„nxZ nq| G mgq †gvM&MwjcyÎ wZl¨ ¯’wei ÔK_veÌyÕ bvgK GKwU MÖš’ iPbv
K‡ib| MÖš’wU‡Z Ab¨vb¨ gZev`x‡`i gZvgZ LÐb K‡i wefvR¨ev`x‡`i gZvgZ mycÖwZwôZ Kiv nq| ey×evYxi
mvigg© cÖwZdwjZ nIqvq MÖš’wU Awfag© wcU‡Ki AšÍfy©³ Kiv nq| bq gvm e¨vcx P‡j GB m½xwZ| cÖ_g I wØZxq
m½xwZ‡Z †h ag© webq Ave„wË I M„nxZ n‡qwQj †m¸‡jv Z…Zxq m½xwZ‡Z Avevi Aby‡gvw`Z nq| m½xwZi c‡iB
mgªvU A‡kvK wfÿzm•N‡K †`k-we‡`‡k ag© cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ †cÖiY K‡ib| wZwb †eŠ×ag© cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ Ôag©`~Z gnvcvÎÕ
bv‡g we‡kl †kªwYi ivRKg©PvixI wbhy³ K‡ib| Zuviv ag©bxwZ cÖPvi Ki‡Zb| Ggb wK mgªvU A‡kvK wbR cyÎ g‡n›`ª
Ges Kb¨v m•NwgÎv‡K wmsn‡j ag© cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ †cªiY K‡ib|

mgªvU A‡kvK Z…Zxq m½xwZi ci †h me †`‡k ag©`~Z †cÖiY K‡ib Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv wb‡P cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jv:
ag©cÖPvi‡Ki bvg ag©cÖPv‡ii ¯’vb
gÀwšÍK †_i Kvk¥xi I MvÜvi
gnv‡`e †_i gwnlgÐj
iwÿZ †_i ebevmx
ag©iwÿZ †_i AcivšÍK
gnvag©iwÿZ †_i gnvivóª
gnviwÿZ †_i ‡hvb‡jvK
gwÀg †_i wngešÍ cÖ‡`k
‡mvb I DËi †_i myeY©f~wg
g‡n›`ª †_i-Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ BwÌq, DwÌq j¼vØxc
fÏmvj, m¤^j Ges DcvmK mygb|

Z…Zxq m½xwZ‡Z cÖ_g I wØZxq m½xwZ‡Z Ave„wËK…Z webq‡K wVK †i‡L ag©‡K `yÕfv‡M fvM K‡i m~Î I Awfag© bv‡g
AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| d‡j ey×evYx †gvU wZb fv‡M wef³ nq| h_v webq, m~Î I Awfag©| G wZbwU‡K GK‡Î
msKj‡bi ci bvgKiY Kiv nq ÔwÎwcUKÕ| AZGe ejv hvq, ey×evYx MÖš’vKv‡i msKwjZ nIqvi †ÿ‡Î m½xwZi
f~wgKv Acwimxg|

mvims‡ÿc :

mgªvU A‡kv‡Ki c„ô‡cvlKZvq Z…Zxq m½xwZ AbywôZ nq gM‡ai ivRavbx cvUvwjcyÎ bM‡ii A‡kvKviv‡g| G
mfvq mfvcwZZ¡ K‡ib †gvM&MwjcyÎ wZl¨ ¯’wei| mgªvU A‡kv‡Ki ivRZ¡Kv‡j †eŠ× wfÿz‡`i ghv©`v eûjvs‡k e„w×
cvq| G‡Z A‡bK Aavwg©K wfÿz m‡•N cÖ‡ek K‡ib| d‡j m‡•N AivRKZv †`Lv †`q| †gvM&MwjcyÎ wZl¨ ¯’we‡ii
civg‡k© Aag©Pvix wfÿz‡`i ewn®‹vi Kiv nq| Z…Zxq m½xwZ‡Z cybivq ag©-webq msM„nxZ nq| †gvM&MwjcyÎ wZl¨
¯’wei ÔK_veÌyÕ bvgK MÖš’wU msKjb K‡ib| GK nvRvi An©r wfÿz m‡¤§j‡b Ask †bb| GwU `xN© bq gvm e¨vcx
¯’vqx nq| m½xwZ mgvwßi ci ci mgªvU A‡kvK wfÿzm•N‡K †`k-we‡`‡k ag© cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ ag©`~Z †cÖiY K‡ib|
G m½xwZ‡Z webq wVK †i‡L ag©‡K †gvU `yfv‡M fvM K‡i m~Î I Awfag© AvL¨v †`qv nq| d‡j ey×evYx webq,
m~Î I Awfag© wZb fv‡M wef³ nq| G wZbwU‡K GK‡Î msKjb K‡i wÎwcUK bvgKiY Kiv nq| ey×evYx
MÖš’vKv‡i msKwjZ nIqvi †ÿ‡Î Z…Zxq m½xwZi f~wgKv Acwimxg|
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cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4 :
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| Z…Zxq m½xwZ †Kv_vq AbywôZ n‡qwQj?
K. cvUwjcy‡Îi A‡kvKviv‡g L. ivRM„‡ni mßcbx© ¸nvq
M. wenv‡ii bvj›`vq N. ˆekvLxi evjyKviv‡g
2| Z…Zxq m½xwZ ¯’vqx nq-
K. Pvi gvm e¨vcx L. Qq gvm e¨vcx
M. bq gvm e¨vcx N. `k gvm e¨vcx

DËigvjv : 1. K, 2. M

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq †eŠ×ag© I ˆbwZK wkÿv

cvV-11.5 m½xwZi ¸iæZ¡

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 †eŠ×a‡g© QqwU m½xwZi Ae`vb ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

wÎwcU‡Ki wfwË, MÖš’vKv‡i msM„nxZ, m•N‡K Kjylgy³|

gyL¨ kã (Key Words)

m½xwZi ¸iæZ¡
ey× wewfbœ ¯’v‡b wewfbœ mg‡q †hme a‡g©vc‡`k cÖ`vb Ki‡Zb Zv Zuvi wkl¨iv wbLuyZfv‡e Zuv‡`i ¯§„wZ‡Z
a‡i ivL‡Zb| cieZ©xKv‡j †mB wkl¨iv ey×cÖ`Ë †mB Dc‡`k I evYx Rbmg‡ÿ gy‡L gy‡L cÖPvi
Ki‡Zb| ey‡×i gnvcwiwbe©v‡Yi wZb gvm ci ivRM„‡ni mßcY©x ¸nvq AbywôZ cÖ_g m½xwZ‡Z Dcw¯’Z An©r I webqx
wfÿz KZ…©K ¯§„wZ‡Z aviYK„Z ey‡×i Dc‡`kmg~n cÖ_g msKjb K‡i GK‡Î msiÿY Kiv nq| Kvjµ‡g G¸‡jvB
eZ©gvb mg‡qi wÎwcU‡Ki AvKvi aviY K‡i MÖš’vKv‡i msKwjZ nq| ejv hvq, eZ©gvb Kv‡ji wÎwcU‡Ki wfwË iwPZ
n‡qwQj wewfbœ m½xwZi gva¨‡g| †eŠ×a‡g©i BwZnv‡m QqwU m½xwZi f~wgKv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| QqwU m½xwZ AbywôZ
n‡qwQj wfbœ¯’v‡b| ey×evYx msKjb Ges weï×fv‡e msiÿY KivB m½xwZmg~‡ni g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡jI GK GK
m½xwZi cUf~wg GK GK iKg| cUf~wg wfbœ nIqvq m½xwZi ¸iæZ¡I eûgvwÎK iƒc cwiMÖn K‡i| m½xwZi BwZnvm
cv‡V Rvbv hvq †h, cÖ_g m½xwZi f~wgKv wQj wewÿßfv‡e Qwo‡q wQwU‡q _vKv ey×evYx‡K msKwjZ K‡i we¯§„wZ I
weK…wZi nvZ †_‡K iÿv Ges weï×fv‡e msiÿY Kiv| wØZxq m½xwZi f~wgKv wQj ey× cÖewZ©Z webq‡K
ew¾cyÎxq‡`i weK…wZi nvZ †_‡K iÿv Kiv| Z…Zxq m½xwZ m‡•N weivRgvb AivRKZv `~i K‡i m•N‡K Kjylgy³
Ges ey×evYx‡K weK…wZ I cwinvbxi nvZ †_‡K iÿv K‡i| PZz_© m½xwZ ey×evYx‡K f~R©c‡Î ev Zvjc‡Î wjwce×
K‡i ¯’vwqZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡i| hv eZ©gvb mg‡qi wÎwcUK iPbvi ‡cªÿvcU ‰Zwi K‡i| ZLb †_‡K Zvjc‡Î wjwLZ
ey×evYx ûeû cv_‡i †Lv`vB K‡i Zv MÖš’vKv‡i msM„nxZ Kivi †Póv Kiv nq| G mgq cÖgv`ekZt †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv
RvqMvq ey×evYx weï×fv‡e Dc¯’vwcZ nqwb| d‡j gZv‰bK¨i m„wó nq| Zv †_‡K cwiÎvY cvIqvi Rb¨ cybivq
cÂg I lô m½xwZi AvnŸvb Kiv nq| †m me m½xwZi ci ‡_‡K weï×fv‡e ey×evYx MÖš’vKv‡i msiÿY Kiv nq|
myZivs ejv hvq, ey×evYx weï×fv‡e msM„nxZ Kivi †ÿ‡Î m½xwZi f~wgKv Ab¯^xKvh©|

mvims‡ÿc :

†h mg¯Í Awa‡ek‡b cÖexY I Ávbx ¯’weiMY GKwÎZ n‡q ey‡×i Dc‡`kmg~n msMÖn, Ave„wË, msiÿY I msKjb
K‡ib ZvB Ôm½xwZÕ bv‡g L¨vZ| we‡kl K‡i †eŠ× ag©MÖš’ wÎwcUK msKj‡b m½xwZmg~‡ni Ae`vb Ab¯^xKvh©|
ey‡×i gnvcwiwbev©‡Yi ci †h QqwU m½xwZ AbywôZ nq Zb¥‡a¨ cÖ_g m½xwZ‡Z ag© webq msM„nxZ nq| cieZx©
m½xwZ¸‡jv‡ZI ey×evYx Ave„wË K‡i h_vh_ fv‡e msKjb Kiv nq| msM„nxZ ey×evYxmg~n wÎwcUK MÖ‡š’ wjwce×
cvIqv hvq| wewfbœ †`‡k ag©`~Z †cÖi‡Yi gva¨‡g †eŠ×a‡g©i wecyj cÖmvi Ges a‡g©i BwZnvm Rvbvi Rb¨ m½xwZi
f~wgKv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|

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cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5 :
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| †eŠ×a‡g©i BwZnv‡m †gvU KqwU msMxwZ nq?
K. PviwU L. QqwU
M. cuvPwU N. mvZwU
2| msMxwZi D‡Ïk¨ Kx?
K. ag© msiÿY L. ivR¨ msiÿY
M. gh©v`v msiÿY N. A_© msiÿY

DËigvjv : 1. K, 2. L

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖk-œ 1
wbjq eo–qvi msmv‡i wZwbB M„nKZ©v| msmv‡ii Kj¨v‡Y I cÖ‡qvR‡b Zuvi ¯¿x, cyÎ, Kb¨viv Zuvi Kv‡Q wewfbœ mgm¨v
Zz‡j a‡ib| wZwb Zv‡`i mevi mv‡_ Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g mgm¨v¸‡jv hvPvB-evQvB K‡ib| Ae‡k‡l Zv Aby‡gv`b
K‡ib|
K. g‡n›`ª I msNwgÎv †K wQ‡jb?
L. `ywe©bxwZ wfÿz myf‡`ªi Dw³ Kx wQj?
M. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z wbjq eo–qvi Aby‡gv`‡bi welqwU †Kvb Kg©Kv‡Ði Bw½Z enb K‡i? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
N. D³ Kg©Kv‡Ði ag©xq ¸iæZ¡ we‡kølY Kiæb|

m„Rbkxj cÖk-œ 2
†`‡ki cÖwZwU wbe©vPbx GjvKv n‡Z wbe©vwPZ Rb cÖwZwbwaiv RvZxq msm‡` Av‡mb| Zuv‡`i ejv nq msm` m`m¨|
Avevi Zuv‡`i ga¨ †_‡K GKRb‡K wbe©vPb Kiv nq mfvcwZ| Zuviv †`k I RbM‡Yi Kj¨v‡Y me©m¤§wZ Kª‡g bvbv
wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡ib| GLv‡b cÖ¯Íve ev Av‡jvP¨ welq DËvcb K‡ib `vwqZ¡ cÖvß e¨w³MY| †hgb AvBb gwš¿ AvBb
wel‡q, A_©gwš¿ A_© e¨e¯’vcbv wel‡q, BZ¨vw`| G¸‡jv †`‡k AvBb wn‡m‡e cwiYZ nq|
K. Ôm½xwZÕ k‡ãi A_© Kx?
L. †eŠ×m½xwZ Avnev‡bi D‡Ïk¨ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
M. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z gwš¿‡`i f~wgKv cÖ_g I wØZxq m½xwZ‡Z Kv‡`i Pwi‡Îi mv‡_ m½wZc~Y©? Gu‡`i GKR‡bi
cwiPq eY©bv Kiæb|
N. Avcbvi cvV¨cy¯Í‡K ewY©Z m½xwZ Kvh©µg‡K DÏxc‡Ki weei‡Yi mv‡_ Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

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