SYLLABUS

1. Introduction to Arduino platform and programming

2. Interfacing Arduino to Zigbee module
3. Interfacing Arduino to GSM module
4. Interfacing Arduino to Bluetooth Module
5 Introduction to Raspberry PI platform and python programming
6. Interfacing sensors to Raspberry PI
7. Communicate between Arduino and Raspberry PI using any wireless medium
8. Setup a cloud platform to log the data using NODE MCU & THINKSPEAK
9. Log Data using Raspberry PI and upload to the cloud platform
10. Design an IOT based system

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 INDEX

PAGE
EX.NO DATE EXPERIMENT NAME NO MARK SIGN

1a LED blinking using Arduino

LED pattern with push button control using

1b Arduino
Displaying Hello World Message In Lcd
2 Using Arduino
RC Servo Motor Position Control using
3 Arduino

Temperature Measurement Using LM35

4 using Arduino

Distance Measurement Using Ultrasonic

5 Sensor With Arduino

6 IR Sensor Analog Input with Arduino

Interfacing Node MCU (ESP32) To

7 Bluetooth Module

8 LED Blink using Raspberry Pi

9 Interfacing Sensors With Raspberry Pi

Communicate between Arduino & Raspberry
10 Pi using any wireless medium
Setup A Cloud Platform To Log The Data
11 using NODE MCU & ThingSpeak

Log Data using Raspberry Pi & Upload To

12 The Cloud Platform

13 Design an IoT Based System

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Introduction to Arduino Platform and Programming

HARDWARE DETAILS

Advantages :

 It is cheap
 It comes with an open supply hardware feature that permits users to develop their own kit
 The software of the Arduino is well-suited with all kinds of in operation systems like Linux,
Windows, and Macintosh, etc.
 It also comes with open supply software system feature that permits tough software system
developers to use the Arduino code to merge with the prevailing programing language libraries
and may be extended and changed.
 For beginners also it is very simple to use.

SOFTWARE DETAILS

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 ARDUINO IDE

Programming Structure:

Programming :

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File :

Edit :

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Sketch :

Tools :

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Help :

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Compile & Upload programs :

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EX.NO: 1a
LED BLINKING USING ARDUINO
DATE:

AIM:
To perform interfacing of LED using ARDUINO and evaluate the response of variations.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Arduino Kit
2. USB Cable
3. Arduino SDK Software tool
4. Patch cards

THEORY:

LEDs are the most efficient way to turn an electric current into illumination. When a current
flows through a diode in the forward direction, it consists of surplus electrons moving in one direction
in the lattice and ―holes‖ (voids in the lattice) moving in the other. Occasionally, electrons can
recombine with holes. When they do, the process releases energy in the form of photons. This is true of
all semiconductor junctions, but LEDs use materials that maximize the effect. The color of the light
emitted (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the semiconductor materials that
form the diode junction.
The latest high-brightness (HB) white LEDs are made possible by the discovery of
semiconductor materials that produce blue or ultraviolet photons. In addition to the diode, an HB
package contains ―yellow‖ phosphors on the inside of its lens. Some ―blue‖ photons escape, but others
excite the phosphors, which then give off ―yellow‖ photons. The result can be tuned in manufacturing to
produce ―white‖ light.

Fig1. LED symbol

A great deal of LED engineering relates to controlling the quality of this light. From a circuit
standpoint, there are a number of ways to interconnect multiple LEDs to increase and manage light
output. The general approach is to drive series strings with a constant current.

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 PROCEDURE:

 There are 4 LEDs in the kit namely D4, D5, D6 and D7. They are to be connected to the D4,
D5, D6 and D7 pins of Arduino board. The power supply +5V and Gnd pins of Arduino
board also are to be connected in this section.
 Connect the USB connector to the USB of Arduino board and the computer system.
 Using this program, the first LED (left most LED) is switched on for 0.5 sec and then it is
switched off.
 After 0.5 sec., the second LED is switched on for 0.5 sec. and then it is switched off. In this
way, all the four LEDs are switched on and off. Then the cycle repeats continuously.
 In computer, open the sketch software and write the program LED blinking and execute the
program in sketch and check for the proper result.

PROGRAM :

int LED_PIN = 8;

void setup()
{
pinMode(LED_PIN, OUTPUT);
}

void loop()
{
digitalWrite(LED_PIN, HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(LED_PIN, LOW);
delay(1000);
}

RESULT:

Blinking of LED is performed by interfacing LED using ARDUINO and evaluated the response
of variations.

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EX.NO: 1b
LED PATTERN WITH PUSH BUTTON CONTROL USING ARDUINO
DATE:

AIM:

To perform interfacing of LED Pattern with Push Button Control using Arduino and evaluate the
response of variations.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Arduino Kit
2. USB Cable
3. Arduino SDK Software tool
4. Patch cards

THEORY:

Usually each push button switch has two pairs of contacts. Each pair of contacts consists of a NO
contact and a NC contact. When the button is pressed, the two pairs of contacts act simultaneously, the
NC contact is disconnected, and the NO contact is closed.

A 'push to make' switch allows electricity to flow between its two contacts when held in. When the
button is released, the circuit is broken. This type of switch is also known as a Normally Open (NO)
Switch. (Examples: doorbell, computer case power switch, calculator buttons, individual keys on a
keyboard)

A 'push to break' switch does the opposite, i.e. when the button is not pressed, electricity can flow,
but when it is pressed the circuit is broken. This type of switch is also known as a Normally Closed
(NC) Switch. (Examples: Fridge Light Switch, Alarm Switches in Fail-Safe circuits)
Many Push switches are designed to function as both 'push to make' and 'push to break' switches. For
these switches, the wiring of the switch determines whether the switch functions as a 'push to make' or
as a 'push to break' switch.

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PROCEDURE :

 There are 4 switches and 4 LEDs. The program is written such that when the particular
switch is pressed, the LED just above the switch will glow. Though the program is lengthy,
the program is simple.
 Connect the LEDs D4, D5, D6 and D7 to digital pins 4, 5, 6, 7 of Arduino. Similarly,
connect Sw8, Sw9, Sw10 and Sw11 to digital pins 8,9,10,11 of Arduino. Connect +5V and
Gnd from Arduino board.

Program

// Program to switch on the LED when the corresponding switch is pressed

// variable declaration and initialization
//Switches and LEDs are assigned to specific digital i/o pins

const int buttonPin = 8; // the number of the pushbutton pin

const int ledPin = 4; // the number of the LED pin

// variables will change:

int buttonState = 0; // variable for reading the pushbutton status

void setup() {
// initialize the LED pin as an output:
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
// initialize the pushbutton pin as an input:
pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT);
}

void loop() {
// read the state of the pushbutton value:
buttonState = digitalRead(buttonPin);

// check if the pushbutton is pressed. If it is, the buttonState is HIGH:

if (buttonState == LOW) {
// turn LED on:
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
} else {
// turn LED off:
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
}
}

RESULT:
LED with pushbutton control is performed by interfacing LED using ARDUINO and evaluated
the response of variations.

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EX.NO: 2
DISPLAYING HELLO WORLD MESSAGE IN LCD USING ARDUINO
DATE:

AIM:
To display Hello World message in LCD using ARDUINO

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Arduino Kit
2. USB Cable
3. Arduino SDK Software tool
4. Patch cards

THEORY:

In this experiment, 16 characters (columns) and 2 lines (rows) LCD is used. In the internal library of
Sketch software, there is a library called LiquidCrystal. It is defined as LiquidCrystal.h

This header file has to be used in the beginning of the program. This library has got many functions
that can be used in the program. We are going to see only a few functions of the LiquidCrystal.h in
this program.

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PROGRAM:
/* LiquidCrystal Library - Hello World

Demonstrates the use a 16x2 LCD display. The LiquidCrystal library works with all LCD displays
that are compatible with the Hitachi HD44780 driver. There are many of them out there, and you can
usually tell them by the 16-pin interface. This sketch prints "Hello World!" to the LCD and shows the
time.
The circuit:
* LCD RS pin to digital pin 12
* LCD Enable pin to digital pin 11
* LCD D4 pin to digital pin 4
* LCD D5 pin to digital pin 5
* LCD D6 pin to digital pin 6
* LCD D7 pin to digital pin 7
* LCD R/W pin to ground
* LCD VSS pin to ground
* LCD VCC pin to 5V
* 10K resistor:
* ends to +5V and ground
* wiper to LCD VO pin (pin 3)
*/

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

// initialize the library by associating any needed LCD interface pin

// with the arduino pin number it is connected to

const int rs = 12, en = 11, d4 = 4, d5 = 5, d6 = 6, d7 = 7;

LiquidCrystal lcd(rs, en, d4, d5, d6, d7);

void setup() {
// set up the LCD's number of columns and rows:
lcd.begin(16, 2);
// Print a message to the LCD.
lcd.print("hello, world!");
}

void loop() {
// set the cursor to column 0, line 1
// (note: line 1 is the second row, since counting begins with 0):
// lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
// print the number of seconds since reset:
// lcd.print(millis() / 1000);
}

RESULT:
Hello World message with time is displayed in LCD using ARDUINO

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EX.NO: 3
RC SERVO MOTOR POSITION CONTROL USING ARDUINO
DATE:

AIM:
To perform interfacing of RC Servo Motor using Arduino board and evaluate the response of
variations.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Arduino Kit
2. USB Cable
3. Arduino SDK Software tool
4. Patch cards

THEORY:
RC servo motor can be used to set the position of the shaft of the servo motor to 0 to 180 degrees.
50 Hz frequency pulses (Period 20msec) with pulse width (0.5 to 2.5msec) positions the servo between
0 degrees and 180 degrees.

There is a built-in servo library in sketch software. It is used by writing #include Servo.h as the first
line in the Arduino program. In this experiment, potentiometer is used to output 0-5V analog voltage.

The analog voltage is read in A0 pin using analogRead function. It converts the 0-5V analog
voltage to 10 bit digital outputs (10 bit resolution) and digital output with decimal value 0-1023.

This read value is sent out from the Arduino as PWM signal in pin D9. The 0-1023 value is
changed to the output of 0-255. If the analog converted value is 1023, then the output will have full
on time pulse width 255. If the analog converted value is 500, then the output will have on time
pulse width of (1023/255) x 500. Since the pulses are continuous, the average output will be dc
voltage depending upon the analog voltage input.

However, a map function to convert 0-1023 to 0-180 is used in the program.

Servo.write() function is used to give control input to the servo motor 0-180 degrees.

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 PROGRAM:
//Small servo motor is tested for 0 to 180 degrees positioning
// Library Servo is included in this program
// Servo motor is operated by giving the angle information through the arduino pin 9
// as pwm signal which goes from 0 to 255, but it is mapped to 0-180
// Potentiometer voltage input is used to provide angle information

#include <Servo.h>

int servoPin = 9;
Servo servo;
int angle = 0; // servo position in degrees

void setup()
{
servo.attach(servoPin);
}

void loop()
{
// scan from 0 to 180 degrees
for(angle = 0; angle < 180; angle++)
{
servo.write(angle);
delay(15);
}

// now scan back from 180 to 0 degrees

for(angle = 180; angle > 0; angle--)
{
servo.write(angle);
delay(15);
}
}

RESULT:

To perform interfacing of RC Servo Motor using Arduino board and evaluate the response of variations.

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EX.NO: 4
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT USING LM35 USING ARDUINO
DATE:

AIM:
To perform interfacing of temperature sensor LM35 Thermistor IC with Arduino and evaluate
the response of variations.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Arduino Kit
2. USB Cable
3. Arduino SDK Software tool
4. Patch cards

THEORY:
Temperature is the most-measured process variable in industrial automation. Most commonly, a
temperature sensor is used to convert temperature value to an electrical value. Temperature Sensors are
the key to read temperatures correctly and to control temperature in industrials applications.

A large distinction can be made between temperature sensor types. Sensors differ a lot in
properties such as contact-way, temperature range, calibrating method and sensing element. The
temperature sensors contain a sensing element enclosed in housings of plastic or metal. With the help of
conditioning circuits, the sensor will reflect the change of environmental temperature.
In the temperature functional module we developed, we use the LM34 series of temperature
sensors. The LM34 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage is
linearly proportional to the Fahrenheit temperature. The LM34 thus has an advantage over linear
temperature sensors calibrated in degrees Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large constant
voltage from its output to obtain convenient Fahrenheit scaling. The LM34 does not require any
external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of ±1.2°F at room temperature and
±11.2°F over a full -50 to +300°F temperature range. The LM34 is rated to operate over a -50° to
+300°F temperature range.

LM 35 IC is a 3 pin IC. It has Vcc and Gnd pins and another output pin. +5V and Gnd are connected
to Vcc and Gnd pins. The output pin gives the output 10mV per degree centigrade. For example, if the
ambient temperature is 30°C, then the output pin gives 300mV dc output. The output pin is connected
to A0 analog input of Arduino. Arduino uses 10 bit analog to digital converter. The 10 bit resolution is
1024. 0-5V input is read as 0-1023 inside the Arduino in this analog input A0. There are A0, A1, A2,

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A3, A4 and A5 analog input pins available in Arduino. Connect the +5V and Gnd and A0 of Arduino
to this LM 35 sensor section.

In this program, LCD is used to display the temperature.

PROGRAM:
// Temperature is measured using sensor LM35.
// It gives 10mV output per degree centigrade
// since adc has 10 bit resolution, maximum voltage is 5V
// 10 bit resolution, number 1023 is output for 5V
// for one bit change, voltage required is 4.88mV
// 10mV/4.88mV = 2.05. Use this factor to display degree centigrade
// LCD is used to display temperature

#include<LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 4, 5, 6, 7);
const int sensor=A1; // Assigning analog pin A1 to variable 'sensor'
float tempc; //variable to store temperature in degree Celsius
float tempf; //variable to store temperature in Fahreinheit
float vout; //temporary variable to hold sensor reading

void setup()
{
pinMode(sensor,INPUT); // Configuring pin A1 as input
Serial.begin(9600);
lcd.begin(16,2);
delay(500);
}

void loop()
{
vout=analogRead(sensor);
vout=(vout*500)/1023;
tempc=vout; // Storing value in Degree Celsius
tempf=(vout*1.8)+32; // Converting to Fahrenheit
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("in DegreeC= ");
lcd.print(tempc);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("in Fahrenheit=");
lcd.print(tempf);
delay(1000); //Delay of 1 second for ease of viewing in serial monitor
}

RESULT:
Temperature is measured using temperature sensor LM35 Thermistor IC with Arduino and
evaluated the response of variations.

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EX.NO: 5
DISTANCE MEASUREMENT USING ULTRASONIC SENSOR WITH
DATE: ARDUINO

AIM:
To perform interfacing of Ultrasonic Sensor with Arduino and evaluate the response of
variations.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Arduino Kit
2. USB Cable
3. Arduino SDK Software tool
4. Patch cards

THEORY:
An ultrasonic sensor is an electronic device that measures the distance of a target object by
emitting ultrasonic sound waves, and converts the reflected sound into an electrical signal.
Ultrasonic waves travel faster than the speed of audible sound (i.e. the sound that humans can hear).

Ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04 sensor is used. A burst of ultrasonic waves is transmitted. It hits the
object and return back in the form of echo. Time difference of outgoing waves and returning echo
is proportional to twice the distance travelled. HC – SR04 has 4 pins. 2 pins are +5V and Gnd.
There are Triggering and Echo signal pins.
Connect trigger signal pin to A4 analog pin and echo signal pin to A5 analog pin of Arduino

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PROGRAM:
// Ultrasonic sensor has 40 KHz transmitter and receiver
// It has 2 pins Trigger and Echo
// Initially, in trigger pin, 10microsec pulse is given
// Immediately, 8 nos. of 40KHz sound pulses are transmitted
// In receiver, the bounce back sound pulses are received.
// pulseIn() function gives time delay in microsecs between reception and transmission
// The distance is calculated and displayed in LCD
// LiquidCrystal library is used

#include <LiquidCrystal.h> // includes the LiquidCrystal Library

LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 4, 5, 6, 7); // Creates an LCD object. Parameters: (rs, enable, d4, d5, d6, d7)
const int trigPin = 2;
const int echoPin = 3;
long duration;
int distanceCm, distanceInch;

void setup()
{
lcd.begin(16, 2); // Initializes the interface to the LCD screen, and specifies the dimensions (width and
height) of the display
pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);
}

void loop()
{
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
distanceCm = duration * 0.034 / 2;
distanceInch = duration * 0.0133 / 2;
lcd.setCursor(0, 0); // Sets the location at which subsequent text written to the LCD will be displayed
lcd.print("Distance: "); // Prints string "Distance" on the LCD
lcd.print(distanceCm); // Prints the distance value from the sensor
lcd.print(" cm");
delay(10);
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("Distance: ");
lcd.print(distanceInch);
lcd.print(" inch");
delay(10);
}

RESULT:
Distance is measured using Ultrasonic sensor with Arduino and evaluated the response of
variations.

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EX.NO: 6
IR SENSOR ANALOG INPUT WITH ARDUINO
DATE:

AIM:
To perform interfacing of IR Sensor with Arduino and evaluate the response of variations.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Arduino Kit
2. USB Cable
3. Arduino SDK Software tool
4. Patch cards

THEORY:
An infrared sensor (IR sensor) is a radiation-sensitive optoelectronic component with a spectral
sensitivity in the infrared wavelength range from 780 nm to 50 µm. IR sensors are now widely used in
motion detectors, which are used in building services to switch on lamps or in alarm systems to detect
unwelcome guests.

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 PROGRAM:

const int ProxSensor=A0;

int inputVal = 0;

void setup()
{
pinMode(13, OUTPUT); // Pin 13 has an LED connected on most Arduino boards:
pinMode(ProxSensor,INPUT); //Pin A0 is connected to the output of proximity sensor
Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop()
{
if(digitalRead(ProxSensor)==HIGH) //Check the sensor output
{
digitalWrite(13, HIGH); // set the LED on
}
else
{
digitalWrite(13, LOW); // set the LED off
}

inputVal = analogRead(ProxSensor);
Serial.println(inputVal);
delay(1000); // wait for a second
}

RESULT:
Temperature is measured using IR Sensor with Arduino and evaluated the response of
variations.

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EX.NO: 7
INTERFACING NODE MCU (ESP32) TO BLUETOOTH MODULE
DATE:

AIM:
To interface Node MCU ESP32 to bluetooth module

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Node MCU ESP32

2. USB Cable
3. Arduino SDK Software tool
4. Patch cards

THEORY:
Node MCU is a low-cost open source IoT platform. And it is used to communicate sensors data
with the cloud platform. It initially included firmware which runs on the ESP8266 Wi-
Fi SoC from Espressif Systems, and hardware which was based on the ESP-12 module. Later support
for the ESP32 32-bit MCU was added.
Both the firmware and prototyping board designs are open source.
The firmware uses the Lua scripting language. The firmware is based on the eLua project, and built on
the Espressif Non-OS SDK for ESP8266. It uses many open source projects, such as lua-
cjson and SPIFFS. Due to resource constraints, users need to select e modules relevant for their project
and build a firmware tailored to their needs. Support for the 32-bit ESP32 has also been implemented.

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 /O index ESP8266 pin

0 [*] GPIO16
1 GPIO5
2 GPIO4
3 GPIO0
4 GPIO2
5 GPIO14
6 GPIO12
7 GPIO13
8 GPIO15
9 GPIO3
10 GPIO1
11 GPIO9
12 GPIO10

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PROGRAM :

int LED = D1;

void setup()
{
pinMode(LED, OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(9600); /* Define baud rate for serial communication */
}

void loop()
{

if (Serial.available()) /* If data is available on serial port */

{
char data_received;
data_received = Serial.read(); /* Data received from bluetooth */
if (data_received == '1')
{
digitalWrite(LED, HIGH);
Serial.write("LED turned ON\n");
}
else if (data_received == '2')
{
digitalWrite(LED, LOW);
Serial.write("LED turned OFF\n");
}
else
{
Serial.write("Select either 1 or 2");
}
}
}

RESULT:

To interface Node MCU ESP32 is interfaced to bluetooth module successfully

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 RASPBERRY PI

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PREREQUISITES:

You should have a basic understanding of Computer Programming terminologies. A basic

understanding of any of the programming languages is a plus.
Python is a high-level, interpreted, interactive and object-oriented scripting language. Python is
designed to be highly readable. It uses English keywords frequently where as other languages use
punctuation, and it has fewer syntactical constructions than other languages.

• Python is Interpreted − Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do not need to
compile your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and PHP.
• Python is Interactive − You can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the interpreter
directly to write your programs.
• Python is Object-Oriented − Python supports Object-Oriented style or technique of programming
that encapsulates code within objects.
• Python is a Beginner's Language − Python is a great language for the beginner-level programmers
and supports the development of a wide range of applications from simple text processing to WWW
browsers to games.

Python is a general-purpose interpreted, interactive, object-oriented, and high-level

programming language. It was created by Guido van Rossum during 1985- 1990. Like Perl, Python
source code is also available under the GNU General Public License (GPL). This tutorial gives enough
understanding on Python programming language.

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 History of Python:
Python was developed by Guido van Rossum in the late eighties and early nineties at the
National Research Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science in the Netherlands. Python is
derived from many other languages, including ABC, Modula-3, C, C++, Algol-68, SmallTalk, and Unix
shell and other scripting languages. Python is copyrighted. Like Perl, Python source code is now
available under the GNU General Public License (GPL). Python is now maintained by a core
development team at the institute, although Guido van Rossum still holds a vital role in directing its
progress.

Python Features Python's features include –

• Easy-to-learn − Python has few keywords, simple structure, and a clearly defined syntax. This allows
the student to pick up the language quickly.
• Easy-to-read − Python code is more clearly defined and visible to the eyes.
• Easy-to-maintain − Python's source code is fairly easy-to-maintain.
• A broad standard library − Python's bulk of the library is very portable and cross-platform compatible
on UNIX, Windows, and Macintosh.
• Interactive Mode − Python has support for an interactive mode which allows interactive testing and
debugging of snippets of code.
• Portable − Python can run on a wide variety of hardware platforms and has the same interface on all
platforms.
• Extendable − You can add low-level modules to the Python interpreter. These modules enable
programmers to add to or customize their tools to be more efficient.
• Databases − Python provides interfaces to all major commercial databases.
• GUI Programming − Python supports GUI applications that can be created and ported to many system
calls, libraries and windows systems, such as Windows MFC, Macintosh, and the X Window system of
Unix.
• Scalable − Python provides a better structure and support for large programs than shell scripting.

Apart from the above-mentioned features, Python has a big list of good features, few are listed below

• It supports functional and structured programming methods as well as OOP.

• It can be used as a scripting language or can be compiled to byte-code for building large applications.
• It provides very high-level dynamic data types and supports dynamic type checking.
• It supports automatic garbage collection.
• It can be easily integrated with C, C++, COM, ActiveX, CORBA, and Java.

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First Python Program:
1. Open notepad and type following program Print (―Hello World‖)
2. Save above program with name.py
3. Open command prompt and change path to python program location
4. Type ―python name.py‖ (without quotes) to run the program. Operators are the constructs which can
manipulate the value of operands.

Consider the expression 4 + 5 = 9.

Here, 4 and 5 are called operands and + is called operator.

Python Variables: Declare, Concatenate, Global & Local

What is a Variable in Python?

A Python variable is a reserved memory location to store values. In other words, a variable in a python
program gives data to the computer for processing.
Every value in Python has a datatype. Different data types in Python are Numbers, List, Tuple, Strings,
Dictionary, etc.
Variables can be declared by any name or even alphabets like a, aa, abc, etc.

Types of Operator Python language supports the following types of operators.

• Arithmetic Operators
• Comparison (Relational) Operators
• Assignment Operators
• Logical Operators
• Bitwise Operators
• Membership Operators
• Identity Operators Let us have a look on all operators one by one.

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EX.NO: 8
LED BLINK USING RASPBERRY PI
DATE:

AIM:
To perform interfacing of LED using Raspberry Pi board and evaluate the response of
variations.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Raspberry Pi board in Embedded IOT Kit
2. Loaded Raspbian OS in SD Card
3. USB keyboard
4. USB mouse
5. Monitor/Display (with HDMI, DVI, or Composite input)
6. Power Supply
7. Internet connectivity - LAN cable/Wifi
8.Powered USB Hub

Theory:
LEDs are the most efficient way to turn an electric current into illumination. When a current
flows through a diode in the forward direction, it consists of surplus electrons moving in one direction
in the lattice and ―holes‖ (voids in the lattice) moving in the other. Occasionally, electrons can
recombine with holes. When they do, the process releases energy in the form of photons. This is true of
all semiconductor junctions, but LEDs use materials that maximize the effect. The color of the light
emitted (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the semiconductor materials that
form the diode junction.
The latest high-brightness (HB) white LEDs are made possible by the discovery of
semiconductor materials that produce blue or ultraviolet photons. In addition to the diode, an HB
package contains ―yellow‖ phosphors on the inside of its lens. Some ―blue‖ photons escape, but others
excite the phosphors, which then give off ―yellow‖ photons. The result can be tuned in manufacturing to
produce ―white‖ light.

Fig1. LED symbol

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A great deal of LED engineering relates to controlling the quality of this light. From a circuit
standpoint, there are a number of ways to interconnect multiple LEDs to increase and manage light
output. The general approach is to drive series strings with a constant current.

PROCEDURE:

 There are 4 LEDs in the kit namely D4, D5, D6 and D7. They are to be connected to the D4,
D5, D6 and D7 pins of Arduino board. The power supply +5V and Gnd pins of Arduino
board also are to be connected in this section.
 Connect the USB connector to the USB of Raspberry Pi board.
 Using this program, the first LED (left most LED) is switched on for 0.5 sec and then it is
switched off.
 After 0.5 sec., the second LED is switched on for 0.5 sec. and then it is switched off. In this
way, all the four LEDs are switched on and off. Then the cycle repeats continuously.
 In computer, open the sketch software and write the program LED blinking and execute the
program in sketch and check for the proper result.

Python Program:

import RPi.GPIO as GPIO

import time
GPIO.setwarnings(False)
GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BOARD)
GPIO.setup(11,GPIO.OUT, initial=GPIO.LOW)
while True:
GPIO .output(11, GPIO.HIGH)
time.sleep(1)
GPIO.output(11, GPIO.LOW)
time.sleep(1)

Result:
LED blinking is performed using Raspberry Pi board and evaluated the response of variations.

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EX.NO: 9
INTERFACING SENSORS WITH RASPBERRY PI
DATE:

Aim :
To Perform Interfacing of DTH 11 Temperature and Humidity sensor with Raspberry Pi and
evaluate the response of variations.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Raspberry Pi board in Embedded IOT Kit
2. Loaded Raspbian OS in SD Card
3. USB keyboard
4. USB mouse
5. Monitor/Display (with HDMI, DVI, or Composite input)
6. Internet connectivity - LAN cable/Wifi
7. Patch cards
8. Power Adapter

THEORY:
Humidity is the measure of water vapour present in the air. The level of humidity in air affects
various physical, chemical and biological processes. In industrial applications, humidity can affect the
business cost of the products, health and safety of the employees. So, in semiconductor industries and
control system industries measurement of humidity is very important. Humidity measurement
determines the amount of moisture present in the gas that can be a mixture of water vapour, nitrogen,
argon or pure gas etc. Humidity sensors are of two types based on their measurement units. They are a
relative humidity sensor and Absolute humidity sensor. DHT11 is a digital temperature and humidity
sensor.

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DHT11 humidity and temperature sensor is available as a sensor and as a module. The difference between this
sensor and module is the pull-up resistor and a power-on LED. DHT11 is a relative humidity sensor. To measure
the surrounding air this sensor uses a thermistor and a capacitive humidity sensor.

Working Principle of DHT11 Sensor

DHT11 sensor consists of a capacitive humidity sensing element and a thermistor for sensing temperature. The
humidity sensing capacitor has two electrodes with a moisture holding substrate as a dielectric between them.
Change in the capacitance value occurs with the change in humidity levels. The IC measure, process this changed
resistance values and change them into digital form.

For measuring temperature this sensor uses a Negative Temperature coefficient thermistor, which causes a
decrease in its resistance value with increase in temperature. To get larger resistance value even for the smallest
change in temperature, this sensor is usually made up of semiconductor ceramics or polymers.

The temperature range of DHT11 is from 0 to 50 degree Celsius with a 2-degree accuracy. Humidity range of this
sensor is from 20 to 80% with 5% accuracy. The sampling rate of this sensor is 1Hz .i.e. it gives one reading for
every second. DHT11 is small in size with operating voltage from 3 to 5 volts. The maximum current used while
measuring is 2.5mA.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect power cables , HDMI Converter cable, Mouse and Keyboard

2. Connect power adapter and switch ON
3. Open Rasbian OS and go to file
4. Create new file and write Python code
5. Save and Run
6. Output will be indicate on the screen

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Python Program:

import time
import board
import adafruit_dht
dhtDevice = adafruit_dht.DHT11(board.D4, use_pulseio=False) ## Raspberry pi 4 - gpio4
while True:
try:
# Print the values to the serial port
temperature_c = dhtDevice.temperature
temperature_f = temperature_c * (9 / 5) + 32
humidity = dhtDevice.humidity
print(
"Temp: {:.1f} F / {:.1f} C Humidity: {}% ".format(
temperature_f, temperature_c, humidity
)
)

except RuntimeError as error:

# Errors happen fairly often, DHT's are hard to read, just keep going
print(error.args[0])
time.sleep(2.0)
continue
except Exception as error:
dhtDevice.exit()
raise error

time.sleep(2.0)

Result:
Temperature and Humidity is measured using DTH 11 sensor using Raspberry Pi and evaluated
the response of variations.

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EX.NO: 10
Communicate between Arduino & Raspberry Pi using any wireless medium
DATE:

AIM:

To perform communication between Arduino and Raspberry Pi using any Wireless medium and
evaluate the response.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Arduino IOT Kit

2. USB Cable
3. Arduino SDK Software tool
4. VGA to mini HDMI Converer cable
5. Power Adapter
6. Short USB power cable
7. Patch cards

PROCEDURE :

1. Arduino:
Write the arduino program and upload it
As per connection bluetooth to arduino TX-RX, RX-TX

2. Raspberry Pi:

edit the DOS Prompt

sudo bluetoothctl ## Bluetooth path
agent on ## agent registered
scan on ## our bluetooth will display copy the mac address
sudo rfcomm --help ## rfcomm command will display
sudo rfcomm bind 7 --mac address-------- ## enter command paste your mac ad

Connect the bluetooth on raspberry pi ,right corner click bluetooth icon and pair

Run the program both side arduino & raspberry pi

Enter data 1 led will go on state

enter data 0 led will go off state

finally disconnect the raspberry bluetooth -sudo rfcomm release 7 ----mac address---

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Arduino Program :
int led=13;

void setup()
{
pinMode(led, OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(9600); //default baud rate for bt 38400
}

void loop()
{
if(Serial.available())
{
int a=Serial.parseInt();
Serial.println(a);

if (a==1)
{
digitalWrite(led, HIGH);
}
if (a == 0)
{
digitalWrite(led, LOW);
}
}
}

Raspberry Pi Program :
import serial
import time
bluetooth=serial.Serial("/dev/rfcomm7",9600)
while True:
a=input("enter:-")
string='X{0}'.format(a)
bluetooth.write(string.encode("utf-8"))

RESULT:

Communication between Arduino and Raspberry Pi using Wireless medium is performed and evaluated
the response.

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EX.NO: 11
SETUP A CLOUD PLATFORM TO LOG THE DATA USING NODE MCU AND THINGSPEAK
DATE:

AIM:
To setup a cloud platform using NODE MCU module and Think Speak Cloud, writing and reading the
temperature data

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Raspberry Pi board in Embedded IOT Kit
2. Loaded Raspbian OS in SD Card
3. USB keyboard
4. USB mouse
5. Monitor/Display (with HDMI, DVI, or Composite input)
6. Internet connectivity - LAN cable/Wifi
7. Patch cards
8. Power Adapter

THEORY:

Node MCU is a low-cost open source IoT platform. It initially included firmware which runs on
the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Espressif Systems, and hardware which was based on the ESP-12
module. Later support for the ESP32 32-bit MCU was added.
Both the firmware and prototyping board designs are open source.
The firmware uses the Lua scripting language. The firmware is based on the eLua project, and built on
the Espressif Non-OS SDK for ESP8266. It uses many open source projects, such as lua-
cjson[9] and SPIFFS. Due to resource constraints, users need to select the modules relevant for their
project and build a firmware tailored to their needs. Support for the 32-bit ESP32 has also been
implemented.

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 /O index ESP8266 pin

0 [*] GPIO16
1 GPIO5
2 GPIO4
3 GPIO0
4 GPIO2
5 GPIO14
6 GPIO12
7 GPIO13
8 GPIO15
9 GPIO3
10 GPIO1
11 GPIO9
12 GPIO10

ThingSpeak is a cloud space owned by Matlab. Initially, we have to get an account and create
a new channel with say one field and save the channel. Then next screen appears in which
write and read api keys are available. These keys are noted and used later in the program.

In this experiment, temperature is read and it is stored in the ThingSpeak cloud space.

Step 1: Sign up ThingSpeak

It is simple just enter your email id and verify your account.

Step 2: Configuring ThingSpeak

Configuration is just few clicks job
Open the ThingSpeak

Step 2.1: Create New Channel

Click on New Channel

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It creates a new channel in Thing speak for ESP8266

Enter Name and Field. You may have multiple Fields depending on number of sensor create multiple fields such
as Light, Temperature, Humidity, etc.
Enter Name and Label thing speak esp8266

Keep everything else as it is. Blank or default values. and click on Save Channel. Thing Speak save channel

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Step 2.2: Getting API Key
Click on API Keys Tab and look for these two fields Write Api Key and Update channel feed line.

Note Write api key and update a channel feed

This line is important for data upload to cloud server

GET https://api.thingspeak.com/update?api_key=akjshfajkhfowei&field1=0

AT commands: The following are the AT commands used in the program

AT – Attention
AT+ RST - Reset

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AT+CWMODE – 1- station , 2 – Access point , 3 - both
AT+ CWJAP+ SSID+PW – join network
AT+CIPMUX – 0 single , 1 – multi
AT+CIPSTART+type+host+port – 0 single, 1 – multiple – ( TCP/UDP)
AT+CIPSEND+datalength+bytes – 0 –single , 1 - multiple
AT+CIPCLOSE – 0 – single , 1 – multiple

PROGRAM:

#include <DHT.h> // Including library for dht

#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>

String apiKey = " "; // Enter your Write API key from ThingSpeak

const char *ssid = " "; // replace with your wifi ssid and wpa2 key
const char *pass = " ";
const char* server = "api.thingspeak.com";

#define DHTPIN 0 //pin where the dht11 is connected

DHT dht(DHTPIN, DHT11);

WiFiClient client;

void setup()
{
Serial.begin(115200);
delay(10);
dht.begin();

Serial.println("Connecting to ");
Serial.println(ssid);

WiFi.begin(ssid, pass);

while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED)

{
delay(500);
Serial.print(".");
}
Serial.println("");
Serial.println("WiFi connected");

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}

void loop()
{
float h = dht.readHumidity();
float t = dht.readTemperature();

if (isnan(h) || isnan(t))
{
Serial.println("Failed to read from DHT sensor!");
return;
}

if (client.connect(server,80)) // "184.106.153.149" or api.thingspeak.com

{

String postStr = apiKey;

postStr +="&field1=";
postStr += String(t);
postStr +="&field2=";
postStr += String(h);
postStr += "\r\n\r\n";

client.print("POST /update HTTP/1.1\n");

client.print("Host: api.thingspeak.com\n");
client.print("Connection: close\n");
client.print("X-THINGSPEAKAPIKEY: "+apiKey+"\n");
client.print("Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded\n");
client.print("Content-Length: ");
client.print(postStr.length());
client.print("\n\n");
client.print(postStr);

Serial.print("Temperature: ");
Serial.print(t);
Serial.print(" degrees Celcius, Humidity: ");
Serial.print(h);
Serial.println("%. Send to Thingspeak.");
}
client.stop();

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 Serial.println("Waiting...");

// thingspeak needs minimum 15 sec delay between updates

delay(1000);
}

OUT PUT :

RESULT:
A cloud platform is setup using NODE MCU module and using Think Speak Cloud, writing and
reading the temperature data is performed

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EX.NO: 12
LOG DATA USING RASPBERRY PI & UPLOAD TO THE CLOUD PLATFORM
DATE:

AIM:
To log data using Raspberry Pi and upload to the cloud platform

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Raspberry Pi board in Embedded IOT Kit
2. Loaded Raspbian OS in SD Card
3. USB keyboard
4. USB mouse
5. Monitor/Display (with HDMI, DVI, or Composite input)
6. Internet connectivity - LAN cable/Wifi
7. Patch cards
8. Power Adapter

THEORY:

Today the Internet has become ubiquitous, has touched almost every corner of the globe, and is
affecting human life in unimaginable ways.
 We are now entering an era of even more pervasive connectivity where a very wide variety of
appliances will be connected to the web.
 One year after the past edition of the Cluster book 2012 it can be clearly stated that the
Internet of Things (IoT) has reached many different players and gained further recognition. Out of the
potential Internet of Things application areas, Smart Cities (and regions), Smart Car and mobility,
Smart Home and assisted living, Smart Industries, Public safety, Energy & environmental protection,
Agriculture and Tourism as part of a future IoT Ecosystem (Figure 1.1) have acquired high attention.

We are entering an era of the ―Internet of Things‖ (abbreviated as IoT).

There are 2 definitions:

First one is defined by Vermesan and second by Pe˜na-L´opez

1. The Internet of Things as simply an interaction between the physical and digital worlds. The digital
world interacts with the physical world using a plethora of sensors and actuators.

2. Another is the Internet of Things is defined as a paradigm in which computing and networking
capabilities are embedded in any kind of conceivable object.

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  We use these capabilities to query the state of the object and to change its state if possible.
 In common parlance, the Internet of Things refers to a new kind of world where almost all the
devices and appliances that we use are connected to a network.
 We can use them collaboratively to achieve complex tasks that require a high degree of intelligence.
 For this intelligence and interconnection, IoT devices areequipped with embedded sensors, actuators,
processors, andtransceivers.
 IoT is not a single technology; rather it is an agglomeration of various technologies that work
together in tandem.
 Sensors and actuators are devices, which help in interacting with the physical environment.
 The data collected by the sensors has to be stored and processed intelligently in order to derive useful
inferences from it.
 Note that we broadly define the term sensor; a mobile phone or even a microwave oven can count as a
sensor as long as it provides inputs about its current state (internal state + environment).
 An actuator is a device that is used to effect a change in the environment such as the temperature
controller of an air conditioner.
 The storage and processing of data can be done on the edge of the network itself or in a remote server.
 If any preprocessing of data is possible, then it is typically done at either the sensor or some other
proximate device.
 The processed data is then typically sent to a remote server.
 The storage and processing capabilities of an IoT object are also restricted by the resources available,
which are often very constrained due to limitations of size, energy, power, and computational
capability.
 As a result the main research challenge is to ensure that we get the right kind of data at the desired
level of accuracy.
 Along with the challenges of data collection, and handling, there are challenges in communication as
well.
 The communication between IoT devices is mainly wireless because they are generally installed at
geographically dispersed locations.
 The wireless channels often have high rates of distortion and are unreliable.
 In this scenario reliably communicating data without too many retransmissions is an important
problem and thus communication technologies are integral to the study of IoT devices.
 We can directly modify the physical world through actuators or we may do something virtually. For
example, we can send some information to other smart things.

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PROGRAM :

import httplib
import urllib
import time
key = "4IX9VESM09B9MQ7H" # Put your API Key here
def thermometer():
while True:
#Calculate CPU temperature of Raspberry Pi in Degrees C
temp = int(open('/sys/class/thermal/thermal_zone0/temp').read()) / 1e3 # Get Raspberry Pi CPU
temp
params = urllib.urlencode({'field1': temp, 'key':key })
headers = {"Content-typZZe": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded","Accept": "text/plain"}
conn = httplib.HTTPConnection("api.thingspeak.com:80")
try:
conn.request("POST", "/update", params, headers)
response = conn.getresponse()
print temp
print response.status, response.reason
data = response.read()
conn.close()
except:
print "connection failed"
break
if __name__ == "__main__":
while True:
thermometer()

RESULT:
Thus the data is logged using Raspberry Pi and upload to the cloud platform

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EX.NO: 13
DESIGN AN IOT BASED SYSTEM
DATE:

AIM:

To design an IOT based System with Node MCU ESP8266 and BLYNK App and evaluate the
response of variations.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1.Embedded IOT Kit

2.USB Cable
3.Software tool
4.Patch cards
5.Power Adapter

Theory :

A quick guide to designing a perfect Internet of Things (IoT) system taking into account performance,
connectivity, power consumption and security issues

The Internet of Things (IoT) is no longer a technology of the future. Smart cities, connected industries
and smart households have indeed ushered in an era where machines can communicate. The beauty of
this technology lies in the fact that the complex backend structure of systems is represented to the end-
user in the simplest possible form. This requires profound design know-how.

The IoT can be designed at different scales for different uses. It can start from our homes with simple
lighting or appliance control, and expand into the realm of factories and industries with automated
machines, smart security systems and central management systems—called connected factories. It has
scaled up to entire cities with smart parking, smart metering, waste management, fire control, traffic
management and any similar functions involved. However, irrespective of the scale of application, the
main IoT backbone remains similar.

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The IoT architecture is multi-layered with delicate components intricately connected to each other. It
starts with sensors, which are the source of data being collected. Sensors pass data onto an adjacent
edge device, which converts data into readable digital values and stores these temporarily. When the
edge senses a suitable wireless network or the Internet, it pushes the locally stored data to a cloud server
involved in the application. The data is processed, analysed, stored and forwarded to the end-user
device, represented by an application software. All the design fundamentals and challenges revolve
around these layers.

Designing the connectivity module :

The ESP8266 is a system on a chip (SOC) Wi-Fi microchip for Internet of Things (IoT) applications
produced by Espressif Systems.

Given its low cost, small size and adaptability with embedded devices, the ESP8266 is now used
extensively across IoT devices. Although it’s now been succeeded by the newer generation ESP32
microcontroller chip, the ESP8266 is still a popular choice for IoT developers and manufacturers.

In this article, we’ll explain the main features of ESP8266 modules and development boards and their
application within the world of IoT.

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The ESP8266 module enables microcontrollers to connect to 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi, using IEEE 802.11 bgn. It
can be used with ESP-AT firmware to provide Wi-Fi connectivity to external host MCUs, or it can be
used as a self-sufficient MCU by running an RTOS-based SDK. The module has a full TCP/IP stack
and provides the ability for data processing, reads and controls of GPIOs.

Espressif NodeMCU module V1.0

This board has the ESP-12E module and comes with 4 Mbits of flash and features a row of pins on each
side of the breadboard. The board comes with four communication interfaces: SPI, I2C, UART, and
I2S, with 16 GPIO and one ADC. The RAM is 160KB, divided into 64KB for instruction and 96KB for
data.

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PROGRAM:

#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include <BlynkSimpleEsp8266.h>

// Your Wi-Fi credentials

char auth[ ] = " ";
char ssid[ ] = " ";
char pass[ ] = " ";

void setup( )
{
// Initialize Serial Monitor
Serial.begin(9600);

// Connect to Wi-Fi
Blynk.begin(auth, ssid, pass);

// Set GPIO pins for relays as OUTPUT

pinMode(D1, OUTPUT); // Relay 1

void loop( )
{
Blynk.run( );
}

// Blynk virtual pins for the 8 relays (V1)

BLYNK_WRITE(V1)
{
int value = param.asInt( ); // Get the value from the app
digitalWrite(D1, value);
}

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WORKING PRINCIPLE:

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Working of Relay module :

According to the diagram we can see that there is switch like thing inside the relay module whose one
end is connected to COM i.e. Pin 4 and the other end is either connected between NO i.e. Pin 5 or NC
i.e. Pin 6. When we are applying 0 V to the signal pin i.e. Pin 3 then the switch remains in NO position
(normally open). When we apply +5 V to signal pin the switch drips from NO to NC (normally
connected).

Creating the project in BLYNK App :

Download the BLYNK App from Google Playstore (link has been already given). Open it and you have
to make an account there. After that click on "New Project". Now you have to click "CHOOSE
DEVICE" and you will be asked to select required hardware, you will choose "Arduino UNO" and in
"CONNECTION TYPE" you have to select "USB".You have to give a project name also. Then you
click on "Create".Your project is now created and BLYNK will send an authorization token to your
mail which you have to put in the arduino code.Then you will get a free space where you have to add
buttons,graphs etc. You will get all these from the widget box. In this project as we are operating only
one appliance so we will add only one button. After clicking on "Button" the icon will be added in the
free space. You can plasce the button anywhere on the screen. Then you have to click on the button to

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customize it. You have to give a name there and you have to select whether you are using digital or
analog ao virtual pin. You also have to mention the pin no. As in this project we are using D13 i.e.
Digital pin 13 . Now select the mode whether "Push" or "Slide" , it depends upon you. After that return
to the main screen ,you will see a play button on the right corner of the screen, you have to click on that
to activate the project .If your system is ready and connected to internet then on mobile after clicking
the play button it will show "Online" otherwise "Offline".

3. Code analysis and final connection :

First of all you have to add the following link in "additional boards manager URL" in preferences in the
Arduino IDE. Link : http://arduino.esp8266.com/stable/package_esp8266c...

You have to go to the following link : https://github.com/blynkkk/blynk-library/releases/... and

download the blynk library. After downloading the zip file you have to unzip it and copy the contents of
the files(libraries and folders) to the sketchbook-folder of the Arduino IDE. To check whether the blynk
library has been added or not restart the Arduino IDE and check in the library section , if you
see "Blynk" it means that blynk library has been successfully added.

Just copy the code(already provided) or you can get the code from Examples-->Blynk--
>Boards_USB_Serials-->Arduino_Serial_USB. In both cases the only change you have to make is
that copy the authorization code sent to your mail to Arduino code. Don't upload the code now. Now
open "Command Prompt" and run it as administration. A black screen will appear on the screen. Then
you have to copy the path of "scripts" folder. In my case it is "My
Documents\Arduino\libraries\Blynk\scripts" and paste it on the black screen and place enter. Then you
have to copy and paste the .bat file in the black screen. The file is "blynk-ser.bat -c COM4" .You have
to change the COM port number. In my case it was COM8 .Now upload the arduino code .Now come
back to the command prompt part and press "enter" thrice. This will connect you to Blynk Server .

4. Control with Blynk App :

Now open blynk app from your mobile and open the project you have created. If your system is
connected to Blynk server then you will see 'Online' in your mobile otherwise you will see 'Offline'.
Now click on the button to On or Off the appliance. If it is not working then check whether the system
is connected to the blynk server.

RESULT:
An IOT based System with Node MCU ESP8266 and BLYNK App was designed and evaluated
the response of variations.

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