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Wave Transmission Line Expanded Cleaned

The document discusses the derivation of the wave equation for conducting media, defining uniform plane waves, and explaining wave reflection at oblique incidence on conductors. It also covers the transmission line equation and secondary constants, which include propagation constant and characteristic impedance. Additionally, it describes lossless and distortionless lines, highlighting their significance in high-frequency and analog signal transmission.

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bmanideep1203
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5 views2 pages

Wave Transmission Line Expanded Cleaned

The document discusses the derivation of the wave equation for conducting media, defining uniform plane waves, and explaining wave reflection at oblique incidence on conductors. It also covers the transmission line equation and secondary constants, which include propagation constant and characteristic impedance. Additionally, it describes lossless and distortionless lines, highlighting their significance in high-frequency and analog signal transmission.

Uploaded by

bmanideep1203
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1) Derive the wave equation for conducting media.

Answer: In a conducting medium, Maxwell's equations for time-varying fields are:

del x E = -mu dH/dt

del x H = E + epsilon dE/dt

Taking the curl of the first equation:

del x (del x E) = -mu d/dt (del x H)

Using the vector identity del x (del x E) = del(del E) - delE and assuming del E = 0 in source-free

regions:

-delE = -mu d/dt (E + epsilon dE/dt)

=> delE = mu dE/dt + muepsilon dE/dt

This is the wave equation in a conducting medium. A similar equation can be derived for H.

2) Define uniform plane waves. Derive E/H relation.

Answer: Uniform plane waves are electromagnetic waves in which electric and magnetic fields are

uniform in planes perpendicular to the direction of propagation.

For a wave traveling in the z-direction:

E = E e^{-jbetaz}, H = H e^{-jbetaz}

From Maxwells equations:

del x E = -jomegamuH E/H = eta = sqrt((jomegamu)/( + jomegaepsilon))

In a lossless medium, = 0, so eta = sqrt(mu/epsilon), giving the intrinsic impedance of the medium.

3) Explain reflection of waves at oblique incidence on conductor medium.

Answer: When an electromagnetic wave is incident on a conducting surface at an oblique angle, the

wave undergoes partial reflection and absorption.

The boundary conditions must be satisfied at the interface. The incident wave decomposes into

perpendicular and parallel components.

For a perfect conductor, the tangential electric field must be zero, leading to total reflection.

The reflection coefficient for perpendicular (s-polarization) and parallel (p-polarization) components

is given by Fresnel's equations.


4) Derive Transmission Line Equation.

Answer: A transmission line can be modeled with distributed parameters R, L, G, and C.

From Kirchhoffs laws:

dV/dx = - (R + jomegaL) I (1)

dI/dx = - (G + jomegaC) V (2)

Differentiating (1) w.r.t x and substituting (2):

dV/dx = (R + jomegaL)(G + jomegaC) V = V

Similarly, dI/dx = I

Where is the propagation constant.

5) Write short notes on Secondary constants.

Answer: Secondary constants are parameters derived from primary constants R, L, G, and C:

- Propagation constant = alpha + jbeta: describes attenuation (alpha) and phase shift (beta).

- Characteristic impedance Z = sqrt[(R + jomegaL)/(G + jomegaC)]: ratio of voltage to current in a

traveling wave.

These constants help in analyzing wave propagation and impedance matching.

6) Write short notes on

a) Lossless line

b) Distortionless line

Answer: a) Lossless line:

Occurs when R = 0 and G = 0. No power is lost due to resistance or dielectric loss. Used for

high-frequency transmission where losses are minimal.

Characteristic impedance: Z = sqrt(L/C), and propagation constant: = jbeta.

b) Distortionless line:

Occurs when RC = LG. Ensures constant velocity of all frequency components (no distortion).

Used in analog signal transmission where preserving waveform shape is important.

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