NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDE is the socioeconomic ➢ health

and political division that exist between the ➢ social relations

wealthy developed countries, known collectively ➢ participation and trust
as the “the North”, and the poorer developing ➢ safety
countries (least developed countries) or “the ➢ environment
South”.
• The North is mostly correlated with the Western • What are the 5 socio-economic factors?
world and the First World, along with much of the ➢ occupation
Second World. ➢ education
• The South largely corresponds with the Third ➢ income
World and Eastern World. ➢ wealth and where someone lives

• During the Cold War, the Global Divide was • 14 COMMON CHARATERISTICS OF
made official with the West Power (United States DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
and Allied countries)and the East Power ➢ Human Development Index
(Soviet Union and China). They divided the world ➢ Per Capita Income
into 3 categories that embodies 3 types of ➢ Industrialization
countries along the globe: First World, Second ➢ Political Stability
World and Third World. ➢ Freedom
➢ Better Living Standards
➢ Gross Domestic Product
• FIRST WORLD: CAPITALISM. composed of ➢ Education
industrialized and democratic countries which
most members were assumed to be allied with the • COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF
US against Soviet Union. ─ Canada, Australia, DEVELOPING ECONOMIES
Japan, Western Europe. ➢ Low Per Capita Real Income
• SECOND WORLD: former communist ➢ High Population Growth Rate
countries that aren’t quite in poverty but aren’t ➢ High Rates of Unemployment
prosperous either East Germany, Georgia, ➢ Dependence on Primary Sector
Poland, Ukraine ➢ Dependence on Exports of Primary
Commodities
• THIRD WORLD: non-aligned world and as the
global realm poverty and under-development ─
4 CHARACTERISTICS OF LDCs
Afghanistan, Latin America, Asian countries. ➢ Inadequate technology and capital : Low
saving rates
• The “three world theory” made no longer sense ➢ Dual economy
when in 1989-1991, the Second World ceased to ➢ Varying dependence on international trade
exist as the Soviet Union collapsed. ➢ Rapid population growth (1.6% to CD’s 0.1%
yearly)
• Asia was colonized by a variety of major ➢ Low literacy and school enrollment rates
➢ Unskilled labor force
powers, including Portugal, Spain, the ➢ Poorly developed institutions
Netherlands, France, Britain, the United
• States, and Japan. Each colonizer left ASEAN:
behind specific social, political, and economic
– Association of Southeast Asian Nations
legacies. The original members of ASEAN are Indonesia,
• What are major indicators of socioeconomic Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and
development? Thailand.

➢ material living conditions

➢ education and work :
➢ economic risks
 Singapore joined ASEAN in 1967 as a founding LULE (2014):
member, recognizing its strategic and economic
potential.
– Oral communication: language was developed
around 1.75 million years ago.

ASEAN PLUS THREE: China, Japan, and South

– Script: it is any particular system of writing/
Korea
the written means of human communication.
ASIAN REGIONALISM:
: First writing was recorded over 4,000 years
– is the product of economic interaction,
ago. With its discovery, it makes communication
not political planning. As a result of
easier, wider in scope and can last longer.
successful, outward oriented growth strategies
(Beeson and Stubb, 2012) – Print (printing press): invented around 4th
and 5th century AD.
GLOBALIZATION: the increased flows of goods,
services, capita, people and information across : Its discovery led to two important
boarders (Jacoby and Meunier, 2010). consequences – (1) it changed the very nature
REGIONALIZATION: is the formal process of of knowledge. It preserved and standardized
the intergovernmental collaboration between two knowledge. (2) it encouraged the challenge of
or more states (Ravenhill, 2008).
political and religious authority because of its
FACTORS THAT LEAD TO ASUAN REGION ability to circulate different views.
INTO GREATER INTEGRATION:

➢ TRADE
➢ SIMILAR CULTURE – Electronic media: it was introduced in the
beginning of 19th century. This requires
➢ COMMON GOALS
electromagnetic energy – electricity to use.
➢ SIMILAR SECURITY NEEDS
Examples are: telephone, telegraph, radio, film,
and television. In 1973, invention of cellphones
GLOBALIZATION OF CULTURE
dominated the world.
AND MEDIA

– Digital media: refers to audio, video and

The media have an important impact on cultural
photo content that has been encoded (digitally
globalization in two mutually interdependent
compressed).
ways:
: Computer is considered the most popular and
1. The media provide an extensive
influential digital media of globalization.
transnational transmission of
cultural products.
CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION: refers to the
2. They contribute to the formation of
sharing of ideas, meanings, hobbies, and values
communicative networks and social
around the world in such a way as to extend and
structures.
intensify social relations.

EVOLUTION OF MEDIA ACCORDING TO

HYBRIDIZATION: Jan Pieterse suggested that
cultural globalization involves human movement in the last decade of the 19th
integration and hybridization, arguing that it is century and first decade of the 20th century
possible to detect cultural mixing across that sought to reinterpret traditional
continents and regions going back many Catholic teaching in the light of 19th
centuries. century philosophical, historical, and
psychological theories and called for
HOMOGENIZATION: emphasizes that freedom of conscience.
transfiguration of worldwide diversity into a
pandemic of Westernized consumer culture.  POSTMODERN RELIGION: considers that
are there no universal religious truth or
CONFLICT INTENSIFCATION: “Clash of laws, rather, reality is shaped by social,
Civilizations” – Samuel Huntington historical and cultural contexts according to
the individual, place and or time.
CULTURAL IMPERIALISM: indicates that one or
more cultures are imposing themselves, more  PRE-MODERNISM: sources of authority are
or less consciously, on other cultures thereby in the West, the church, being the holders
destroying local culture, in whole, or more likely and interpreters of revealed knowledge,
in part (Tomlinson, 2012). were the primary authority source in pre-
modern.
: Under the imposition of another culture, the  Science and religion work together
“lesser” culture is thought to lose some of its in uncovering reality.
own culture.
TYPES OF RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATION
EXAMPLES OF CULTURAL IMPERIALISM:
 brand names products  CHURCH: is a large, bureaucratically
 mass-produced food organized religious organization that is
 video media closely integrated into the larger society.
 have some positive effects showing
women’s rights or racial equality  ECCLESIA: a large, bureaucratic religious
organization that is a formal part of the
Lesson 2: The Globalization of Religion state and has most or all of a state’s citizens
as its members
Globalization encourages religious pluralism -  is the national or state religion
the state of being where every individual in a  people ordinarily do not join an
religiously diverse society has the rights, ecclesia, instead, they automatically
freedoms, and safety to worship, or not, become members when they are
according to their conscience. born.

THREE PARADIGMS REGARDING THE ROLE OF  DENOMINATION: a large, bureaucratic

RELIGION IN THE GLOBALIZATION PROCESS: religious organization that is closely
integrated into the larger society but is not
 MODERNISM: in Roman Catholic history, a a formal part of the state.
 prophet of Muhammad in their
 SECT: a relatively small religious holy book the Quran
organization that is not closely integrated  its followers are based primarily in
the Asia Pacific region and in the
into the larger society and that often
Middle East.
conflicts with at least some of its norms and
values.  HINDUISM: considered as the oldest
religion in the world.
 CULT: a small religious organization that is  third largest religion with almost 1
at great odds with the norms and values of billion followers.
the larger society.  important scriptures:
(1) The Vedas
(2) Upanishads
- They have odd or controversial rules or (3) Bhagavad Gita
beliefs .  BUDDHISM: has more than 350
million followers worldwide.
FIVE MAJOR WORLD RELIGION  its followers believe
attaining nirvana is the
Globalization brings a culture of pluralism, ultimate goal.
meaning religions “with overlapping but
 JUDAISM: one of the oldest
distinctive ethics and interest” interact with one monotheistic religions.
another.  the religion’s texts have
influenced Christianity and
 CHRISTIANITY, ISLAM, HINDUISM, Islam.
BUDDHISM, JUDAISM ─ teach values such
GLOBAL CITY
as human dignity, equality, freedom, peace,
and solidarity ─ more than 70 percent of
 GLOBAL CITY: also called world city
the world’s population identify with one of or sometimes alpha city or world
these five religions around the world. center.
 a city that enjoys significant
 CHRISTIANITY: the world’s biggest religion competitive advantages
with over 2.1 billion followers worldwide. and that serves as a hub
within a globalized
 follow the teachings of Jesus Christ economic system.
in the Bible.  has wealth, power and
 played an important role in the influence to other
development of Western countries as well as hosts
civilization the largest capital markets.
 three largest branches:  transitioned from being
(1) Catholic Church colonial entrepots to
(2) Eastern Orthodox Church become major financial
(3) Protestantism hubs and destinations
centers.
 ISLAM: second largest religion with over 1.5  it is in cities that global
billion followers. operations are centralized
 based on the teachings of the and where we can see
 clearly the phenomena ─ stage 1: high stationary
associated with their ─ stage 2: early expanding
activities. ─ stage 3: late expanding
 COSMOPOLITANISM: a ─ stage 4: low stationary
phenomenon mostly associated ─ stage 5: declining
with the global city. STAGES OF DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
 it usually evokes MODEL:
pleasant images of Stage 1: Many births and many deaths =
travel, exploration and population is steady until industrial revolution.
“worldly” pursuit by the
citizen of the world. Satge 2: Many births and death rates fall very
fast = very fast increase of population ─
example: poorest developing countries (Nigeria,
Kenya)
CATEGORIZATION OF THE GLOBAL CITIES
Stage 3: Birth rate falls and death rate falls
first tier: “truly global cities” as the most slowly = rapid increase of the population ─
powerful global financial articulations example: richest developing countries (Brazil,
Mexico, India)
second tier: cities based on the level of their
multinational articulations Stage 4: Birth rate is still falling and death rate is
still falling = slow increase of the population ─
third tier: cities based on their importance of example: developed countries (European
their national articulations countries, USA, Japan)

fourth tier: cities based on subnational and Stage 5: Birth rate is still falling and death rate
regional articulations is stable = decrease of population ─ example:
Italy, Sweden, Germany in the nearest future.
The increase in global cities has been linked
with two globalization-related trends: CRITICISMS OF THE MALTHUSIAN THEORY OF
POPULATION
(1) The expansion of the role of transnational
corporations (TNCs) in global production The most well-known theory of population is
patterns the Malthusian Theory by Thomas Malthus on
(2) The decline of mass production along “Principle of Population” in 1798
Fordist lines and the concomitant rise of
flexible production centered within urban HIS THEORY:
areas. ─ “By nature human food increases in a slow
arithmetical ratio, man himself increases in a
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSIITON: a model used to quick geometrical ratio unless want and vice
represent the movement of high birth and stop him. The increase in numbers is necessarily
death rates to low birth and death rates as a limited by the means of subsistence. Population
country develops from a pre-industrial to an invariably increases when the means of
industrialized economic system subsistence increase, unless prevented by
 It works on the premise that birth and powerful and obvious checks.”
death rates are connected to and
correlate with stages of industrial MARX THEORY OF POPULATION:
development: ➢ There can be no natural or universal law of
population country is a powerful driver of international
migration.
➢ Population growth is related to the economic
system and both are inseparable  Political factors: unattractiveness of
➢ To Marx, poverty and unemployment were agricultural activities, disasters, lack of basic
not due to increased population, but due to amenities (roads, electricity, portable water,
and inadequate health care facilities) and
capitalist system which failed to provide jobs industrial ventures in countries have also
encouraged international migration.
OPPOSED BY MARXIST THEORY
 Social factors: things that affect someone’s
➢ Poverty and unemployment are, therefore lifestyle. : include wealth, religion, buying
only the result of the workers’ natural habits, educational level, family size and
propensity to reproduce beyond the available structure, and population density.
: Lack of educational institutions across
means of subsistence developing countries
➢ Marx, rejects the Malthusian solution to the
problems created by the contradictions inherent  Cultural factors : the idea of culture is vital
in the capital system. In the process of capital to understanding the implications for
translation and, despite the differences of
does not remain constant, it changes and it is opinion as to whether language is a part of
this change. culture or not, the two are connected
: Culture range from syntax, ideologies,
religion, language and dialect, to art and
GLOBAL MIGRATION: a situation in which literacy.
people go to live in foreign countries, especially
to find work. PUSH FACTORS: “REASONS TO LEAVE”
─ are those that make people decide to
 most global migration is from leave their country and go somewhere else.
developing countries to developed one. ─ migrants leave their countries because
they are escaping poverty, unemployment,
emigrate means to exit or leave your home country to and fear of either political persecution or
live in another country. violent crime.

Immigrate means to enter and settle in a new country PULL FACTORS: “REASONS TO
permanently. MIGRATE”
─ are the ones that make people decide to
go to a different country.
FOUR COMPONENTS OF OVERSEAS FILIPINO WORKERS
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION (Kritz, 2008):
(1) the in-migration of persons to a country OVERSEAS FILIPINOS: are people full or
partial Filipino origins.
other than that of their place of birth or – People who trace their ancestry to the
citizenship. Philippines and who live reside outside of the
(2) the return migration of nationals to their country.
─ December each year is marked as the
home country after residing abroad. Month of Overseas Filipinos through
(3) the out-migration of nationals from their Proclamation No. 276 signed by President
home country. Corazon Aquino in 1988.
(4) the out-migration of foreigners from a ─ are given the title nation’s bagong
bayani.
foreign country to which they had previously
migrated. COMMON CHALLENGES OF OFWs:

 Homesickness
REASONS WHY PEOPLE MOVE:  Communication gap and culture differences
 Financial
 Economic factors : lack of employment  Maltreatment and other possible risks
opportunities or differentials in employment
opportunities and wages AS AN OFW, KEEP THESE THREE
: The lure of a well-paid job in a wealthy THINGS IN MIND:
(a) Know the location of the Philippine
Embassy. ─Considers the core issues of affordability
(b) Know the nearest offices that oversee the and quality across a set of 113 countries.
needs of Filipino workers abroad. ─ A dynamic quantitative and qualitative
(c) be aware of the REPUBLIC ACT No. benchmarking model constructed from 34
10022: Migrant Workers and Overseas unique indicators.
Filipinos Act of 1995. ─ The first to examine food security
comprehensively across the three
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: best internationally established dimensions.
described as the organizing principle for
meeting human development goals while FOOD SECURITY: defined as physical and
simultaneously sustaining the ability of economic access to sufficient food to meet
natural systems to provide the natural the dietary requirements for a productive,
resources and ecosystem services on which healthy life. ─ achieving this is a basic
the economy and society depends. necessity since an undernourished or hungry
─ is development that meets the needs of population hampers economic productivity
the present, without compromising the ability
of future generations to meet their own WORLD FOOD SUMMIT OF 1996:
needs. proposed that food security involves food
availability, food access, and food utilization,
SUSTAINABILITY: is a comprehensive and that all of these factors are interrelated
approach to management of the
organizations which is focused on creating FOOD INSECURITY: defined as inadequate
and maximizing long-term economic, social, physical, social or economic access to food
and environmental value. ─ its concept is complex and goes beyond
STABILITY: generally means the ability of the simplistic idea of a country’s inability to
the system to keep it in the given feed its population.
parameters.
 Approximately, 1 billion people ( 16% of
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS: a global population ) suffer from chronic
call for action by all countries to promote hunger.
prosperity while protecting the planet. CHALLENGED TO GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY:
─ A collection of 17 global goals designed
to be a “blueprint to achieve a better and • Food price volatility
more sustainable future for all” • Energy/biofuels
─ Set in 2015 by the United Nation General • Population growth and demographic
Assembly. changes
─ Intended to achieve by the year 2030. • Land and water constraints
– Part of the UN Resolution 70/1, the 2030 • Climate change
Agenda • Conflicts

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS:

(1) No Poverty GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP: defined as a moral and
(2) Zero Hunger ethical disposition that can guide the understanding of
(3) Good Health and Well-being individuals or groups of local and global contexts and
(4) Quality Education remind them of their relative responsibilities within
(5) Gender Equality various communities.
(6) Clean Water and Sanitation ─ The glue which binds local communities together in
(7) Affordable and Clean Energy an increasingly globalized world.
(8) Decent Work and Economic Growth
(9)Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure To be effective global citizens, young people
(10)Reducing Inequality need to be:
(11)Sustainable Cities and Communities • Flexible
(12)Responsible Consumption and • Creative
Production • Proactive
(13)Climate Action 1 • Need to be able to solve problems
(14)Life below Water • Make decisions
(15)Life on Land • Think critically
(16)Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions • Communicate ideas effectively and work well
(17)Partnerships for the Goals within teams and groups
GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY INDEX: ARE YOU A GLOBAL CITIZEN? YOU MUST:
(1) Understand we were born of this world.
(2) Protect our country, the world, when called upon to
do so.
(3) Stand up and defend against the injustice we see.
(4) Understand the interconnectedness.
(5) Respect and value diversity.
(6) Take action in meaningful ways.

ETHICS OF GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP:

─ are the principles including respecting others,
obeying rules and laws, and setting a good example
to others.
- Global citizens feel a sense of responsibility to
help others no matter where in the world they live
which help citizens overcome social problems,
building rapport with one another, maintaining
peace and stability and realizing justice and
inequality among people from different cultures.