Q.

Introduction to EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud) = Amazon EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud) is a web service provided
by AWS (Amazon Web Services) that offers resizable compute capacity in the cloud. It allows users to rent virtual
servers (called instances) on which they can run applications, scale them according to need, and pay based on
usage. EC2 provides flexibility in choosing configurations (CPU, memory, storage, etc.) and allows users to control
the geographical location of their servers to reduce latency or meet regulatory requirements. Key features of EC2
include: 1.Scalability: EC2 instances can be scaled up or down as needed. 2.Variety of Instance Types: Different
types of instances are available based on the needs (general purpose, compute-optimized, memory-optimized, GPU,
etc.). 3.Security: Instances run in Amazon’s Virtual Private Cloud (VPC), providing networking and security features
like security groups, network ACLs, and key pairs for authentication. 4.Automation and Elasticity: EC2 integrates
with Auto Scaling, which automatically adjusts the number of instances based on the current demand. 5.Integration
with other AWS services: EC2 integrates seamlessly with services like S3 (storage), RDS (databases), IAM
(security management), etc. ## EC2 Pricing Options = AWS EC2 offers flexible pricing models that are tailored for
different types of workloads: 1.On-Demand Instances: - You pay for compute capacity by the hour or second with no
long-term commitment. - Ideal for short-term, unpredictable workloads that cannot be interrupted. - The most flexible
but also the most expensive option. 2.Reserved Instances (RIs): - With Reserved Instances, you commit to using
EC2 for a 1 or 3-year term and get a significant discount compared to On-Demand pricing (up to 75%). - There are
three payment options: - All Upfront (AURI): Pay the full amount upfront and get the maximum discount. - Partial
Upfront (PURI): Pay part upfront and the rest is spread over the term. - No Upfront (NURI): Pay nothing upfront, but
still receive a lower cost than On-Demand. 3.Spot Instances: - You bid for unused EC2 capacity, and instances run
whenever your bid exceeds the spot price. - Prices fluctuate based on supply and demand. - Spot instances can save
up to 90% compared to On-Demand pricing. 4.Dedicated Hosts: - Provide physical servers fully dedicated to your
use. - Ideal for workloads that need to comply with licensing or regulatory requirements (e.g., specific software
licenses). -Pricing is on a per-host basis rather than per-instance. 5.Savings Plans: Savings Plans offer flexible
pricing based on usage over a 1 or 3-year term, with discounts up to 72% compared to On-Demand rates. - Two
types of Savings Plans: Compute Savings Plans , EC2 Instance Savings Plans.
Q.What is EBS? EBS Volume and its Types. Amazon Elastic Block Store (EBS) is a scalable, high-performance
block storage service offered by AWS for use with Amazon EC2 instances. EBS provides persistent storage volumes
that can be attached to EC2 instances, allowing data to persist independently of the lifecycle of the instance. This
makes it ideal for applications that require durable storage, such as databases, file systems, and enterprise
applications. Key Features of EBS: 1.Persistence: EBS volumes are persistent, meaning data remains intact even if
the EC2 instance they are attached to is stopped or terminated. 2.Block Storage: EBS is block-level storage, which
means data is stored and managed in fixed-size blocks, giving you granular control over how data is stored and
accessed. - Suitable for workloads like databases, file systems, and applications requiring frequent random read and
write operations. 3.Scalability: EBS volumes can scale up to petabytes in size, allowing you to handle large data
storage needs. 4.Elasticity: Volumes can be dynamically resized to accommodate changing application storage
needs without disrupting the associated EC2 instances. 5.Snapshots: EBS offers snapshot capabilities, allowing
users to take point-in-time backups of their volumes. These snapshots are stored in Amazon S3 and can be used to
create new volumes or restore data. 6.High Availability and Durability: -EBS volumes are automatically replicated
within the same Availability Zone, providing high availability and protecting against failure. - Snapshots can be used
to create backups and are stored redundantly across multiple Availability Zones. Types of EBS Volumes: 1.General
Purpose SSD (gp3/gp2): Designed for general workloads like boot volumes, small databases, and development
environments. - Balanced price and performance, with predictable IOPS (Input/Output Operations per Second). - gp3
allows customization of performance independent of capacity, with baseline performance of 3,000 IOPS, scalable up
to 16,000 IOPS. 2.Provisioned IOPS SSD (io1/io2): - High-performance SSD volumes designed for mission-critical
applications like large databases or workloads requiring high I/O operations. -Allows provisioning of specific IOPS,
with up to 64,000 IOPS for io1 and 256,000 IOPS for io2. 3.Throughput Optimized HDD (st1): - Low-cost HDD
volumes optimized for throughput-intensive workloads like large-scale data processing, data warehouses, and log
processing. - Suitable for workloads requiring high sequential read/write operations. 4.Cold HDD (sc1): - Lowest-cost
EBS volume type designed for infrequently accessed data. - Best for archival storage or workloads requiring large
storage capacity but lower performance. 5.Magnetic (Previous Generation): Magnetic volumes are now a legacy
offering and are less commonly used compared to SSD and HDD options.
Q.What is Load Balancer. An Amazon Load Balancer is a service that automatically distributes incoming traffic
across multiple targets, such as Amazon EC2 instances, containers, IP addresses, or Lambda functions, in one or
more Availability Zones. It helps ensure that your applications remain highly available, scalable, and fault-tolerant.
Key Features of Load Balancers: 1.Sticky Sessions (Session Persistence): ALB and CLB can maintain sessions
by ensuring subsequent requests from the same user are directed to the same backend instance. 2.SSL/TLS
Termination: Load balancers can terminate SSL/TLS at the load balancer level, which offloads the burden of
encryption/decryption from backend servers. 3.Cross-Zone Load Balancing: Distributes traffic evenly across
registered targets in different Availability Zones, improving fault tolerance. 4.Auto Scaling Integration: Automatically
adjusts the number of instances behind the load balancer based on traffic patterns. Types of Load Balancers in
AWS: 1.Application Load Balancer (ALB): - Best suited for HTTP and HTTPS (Layer 7) traffic. - It routes traffic
based on advanced request-level information, like URLs or headers. 2.Network Load Balancer (NLB): - Designed
for ultra-high-performance and low-latency traffic (Layer 4). - Ideal for TCP, UDP, or TLS traffic, often used in real-time
gaming or messaging applications. 3.Gateway Load Balancer (GLB): - Combines a transparent network gateway
with load balancing. - Useful for integrating third-party virtual appliances like firewalls or traffic analysis systems.
4.Classic Load Balancer (CLB): - The original AWS load balancer (Layer 4/7), now mostly used for older
applications. - Not as feature-rich as ALB or NLB and is generally used for legacy systems.
Q.What is Lambda. AWS Lambda is a serverless compute service that allows you to run code without
provisioning or managing servers. With Lambda, you can upload your code, set up triggers, and AWS handles the
execution, scaling, monitoring, and maintenance of the underlying infrastructure. Lambda automatically scales the
application by running code in response to events, such as changes in data, HTTP requests, or scheduled tasks. Key
Features: 1.No Server Management: - No need to provision, manage, or scale infrastructure. AWS handles all the
server management tasks. - You only pay for the compute time that your code consumes. 2.Event-driven Execution:
Lambda functions are triggered by events from a variety of sources such as: - HTTP requests via Amazon API
Gateway. - Changes in data in Amazon S3. - Updates to DynamoDB. - Scheduled events (using Amazon
CloudWatch). 3.Automatic Scaling: - Lambda scales automatically with the number of requests. If there are 100
requests or 10,000 requests, Lambda handles them concurrently without requiring manual intervention.
4.Pay-per-use: - You only pay for the compute time your code uses, which is calculated in increments of 1
millisecond, making it a cost-effective option for many use cases. 5.Supports Multiple Programming Languages:
AWS Lambda supports many popular programming languages, such as: Python, Node.js, Java, Go, Ruby, NET Core.
5.Built-in Monitoring: Lambda integrates with Amazon CloudWatch for monitoring and logging, allowing you to track
function performance, errors, and execution metrics. How AWS Lambda Works: 1.Upload Code: You upload your
code as a Lambda function in the form of a ZIP file or container image. You can use Lambda's pre-built templates or
create custom functions. 2.Set Up Triggers: You define an event source, such as an S3 bucket or an API Gateway,
to trigger the function when a certain condition is met (e.g., a new object is uploaded). 3.Execution and Scaling: -
Lambda automatically executes the function when the event occurs. It handles all the underlying infrastructure,
including provisioning and scaling. - Each execution is stateless, and Lambda automatically creates new instances to
handle concurrent requests. 4.Pay Only for Usage: You're only billed for the time your function is executing and the
number of executions (measured in milliseconds). Q.What is Cloud Watch EC2. Amazon CloudWatch is a
monitoring and observability service from AWS that provides real-time data and metrics about the performance of
your applications and infrastructure, including Amazon EC2 instances. CloudWatch helps monitor EC2 instances by
tracking important metrics such as CPU utilization, memory usage, disk I/O, and network activity. It allows you to set
alarms, automatically respond to changes in resource utilization, and view logs for troubleshooting. Key Features of
CloudWatch for EC2: 1.Monitoring Metrics: CloudWatch collects and tracks a variety of performance metrics from
EC2 instances, including: 1.CPU Utilization. 2.Disk I/O. 3.Network Traffic. 4.Status Checks. 2.Custom Metrics: In
addition to default metrics, you can publish custom metrics, such as memory usage or application-specific metrics
(e.g., request rate, error rate). - CloudWatch does not automatically collect memory or disk space metrics, but you
can set up custom scripts to send these data points to CloudWatch. 3.Alarms: CloudWatch Alarms allow you to set
thresholds for EC2 metrics. For example, you can configure an alarm to trigger when CPU utilization exceeds 80%.
4.Logs and Events: CloudWatch Logs can be used to collect, store, and analyze log data from EC2 instances. -
CloudWatch Events allow you to respond to changes in the EC2 environment, such as when an instance changes
state (e.g., stopping, starting, or terminating). 5.Dashboards: CloudWatch provides customizable dashboards that
display key metrics and visualizations in a single view. - You can create a CloudWatch dashboard to monitor multiple
EC2 instances in real-time and view historical performance data.
Q.How CloudWatch Works with EC2: 1.Data Collection: CloudWatch automatically collects basic metrics from
EC2 instances at 5-minute intervals by default (1-minute intervals for detailed monitoring). 2.Metric Visualization:
Users can visualize the collected metrics via the CloudWatch console, which displays data in charts and graphs.
3.Alarming and Notification: Users can set thresholds on key metrics (e.g., CPU utilization) to trigger actions such
as sending notifications or scaling instances. 4.Log Monitoring: The CloudWatch Logs Agent can be installed on
EC2 instances to push application logs and system logs to CloudWatch, allowing centralized log monitoring.
Q.What is VPC (Virtual Private Cloud)?An Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) is a networking service that allows
you to create a logically isolated section of the AWS cloud where you can launch and manage AWS resources (like
EC2 instances, databases, and more) in a virtual network. This virtual network closely resembles a traditional network
that you would set up in your own data center, but with the flexibility, scalability, and security of AWS. Key Features
of VPC: 1.Custom IP Address Range: You can define your own IP address range using CIDR (Classless
Inter-Domain Routing). 2.Subnets: A VPC can be divided into multiple subnets, which can either be public (accessible
via the internet) or private (internal use only). 3.Security: Control inbound and outbound traffic using security groups
(firewall rules at the instance level) and network ACLs (firewall rules at the subnet level). 4.Internet Gateway: Attach
an internet gateway to allow your VPC resources to communicate with the internet. 5.Peering: You can connect
different VPCs (in the same or different AWS regions) using VPC peering, allowing resources in different VPCs to
communicate. **## Architecture of VPC : A VPC Architecture consists of several key components that define its
structure and connectivity. Below are the main elements of VPC architecture: Key Components: 1.CIDR Block:
When you create a VPC, you assign it an IP address range in CIDR notation (e.g., 10.0.0.0/16). This range is divided
into subnets. 2.Subnets: A VPC is logically divided into subnets. Each subnet resides in a specific Availability Zone
(AZ). You can have multiple subnets within a VPC, each in different AZs, for high availability. 3.Internet Gateway
(IGW): A VPC can have an Internet Gateway, which allows instances in public subnets to communicate with the
internet. - For outbound traffic, instances route through the IGW, and for inbound traffic, the IGW routes traffic to the
appropriate public subnet. 4.NAT Gateway: Network Address Translation (NAT) Gateway allows instances in
private subnets to access the internet for updates or downloads without exposing them to inbound traffic from the
internet. 5.Route Tables: Route tables define the traffic routing for subnets. Each subnet is associated with a route
table that dictates how traffic is routed (e.g., to the Internet Gateway for public subnets, or to a NAT Gateway for
private subnets). 6.Security Groups and Network ACLs: Security Groups are virtual firewalls that control traffic to
and from instances. Network ACLs (Access Control Lists) provide an additional layer of security at the subnet
level, controlling traffic in and out of subnets. 7.VPC Peering:VPC Peering allows you to connect multiple VPCs,
enabling traffic between resources in different VPCs, even across regions. **## VPC Direct Connect = AWS
Direct Connect is a cloud service that establishes a dedicated network connection from your premises (e.g.,
corporate data center, office, or colocation environment) to AWS. This bypasses the internet, providing more secure,
reliable, and faster communication between your on-premises network and AWS VPCs. Key Features of Direct
Connect: Private Connectivity: Direct Connect provides a private, high-bandwidth, low-latency network connection
between your on-premises network and your VPC. This avoids the unpredictability of internet traffic. 2.Dedicated
Bandwidth: With Direct Connect, you get a dedicated connection with speeds ranging from 1 Gbps to 100 Gbps,
ensuring stable throughput for your applications. 3.Lower Latency: Since traffic does not traverse the public internet,
latency is reduced, making Direct Connect suitable for applications that require real-time data transfer or high
performance. 4.Hybrid Cloud: Direct Connect is a critical component in hybrid cloud architectures, where resources
are split between on-premises infrastructure and the AWS cloud. Q.NAT Gateway (Network Address Translation
Gateway) = A NAT Gateway is a managed service in AWS that allows instances in a private subnet to connect to the
internet or other AWS services, while preventing the internet from initiating a connection to those instances. This is
crucial in a VPC setup where you want to protect your internal resources by keeping them in private subnets but still
need them to access external services (e.g., downloading software updates, accessing APIs). Key Features of NAT
Gateway: 1.Outbound-Only Access: Instances in private subnets can access the internet (e.g., for software
updates), but external services or users cannot initiate a connection to those instances. 2.Fully Managed Service:
NAT Gateway is a fully managed service, so AWS automatically scales it based on traffic, and there’s no need to
maintain the underlying infrastructure. 3.High Availability: NAT Gateway is highly available within a specific
Availability Zone (AZ). For full availability across multiple AZs, you can create NAT Gateways in each zone.
4.Automatic Scaling: It automatically scales to handle traffic, supporting high throughput for applications that require
internet access from private instances. 5.Security: Traffic through a NAT Gateway can be controlled and secured
using security groups and network ACLs. NAT Gateways themselves do not need to be managed with security
groups but rely on the configuration of associated resources.
 Q.Public Subnet : A public subnet is a subnet whose traffic can directly access the internet. The resources within
this subnet, like EC2 instances, can send and receive traffic from the internet. Typically, resources that need to
interact with external users or services (like web servers) are placed in a public subnet. Key Characteristics of
Public Subnet: 1.Internet Gateway (IGW): A public subnet is associated with a route table that directs traffic to the
Internet Gateway (IGW), allowing instances within the subnet to communicate with the internet. 2.Public IP or
Elastic IP: Instances in a public subnet must have a public IP address or Elastic IP (EIP) to be accessible from the
internet. 3.Use Case: Public subnets are often used for resources that need external access, such as web servers,
load balancers, and NAT Gateways. How to Create a Public Subnet: 1.Create a VPC and define its CIDR block.
2.In the VPC Dashboard, create a subnet within an Availability Zone (AZ) and assign a portion of the VPC’s IP range
(e.g., 10.0.1.0/24). 3.Attach an Internet Gateway (IGW) to the VPC and update the subnet's route table to include a
route that directs all internet traffic (0.0.0.0/0) to the IGW. 4.Ensure that the instances in the public subnet have a
public IP or Elastic IP to be reachable.
Q.Private Subnet : A private subnet is isolated from direct internet access. Instances in this subnet cannot directly
communicate with the internet, although they can communicate with other resources in the VPC or other AWS
services. Resources that should not be exposed to the internet, such as databases and backend applications, are
placed in private subnets. Key Characteristics of Private Subnet: 1.No Direct Internet Access: The route table
associated with the private subnet does not route traffic through an Internet Gateway, meaning resources in this
subnet cannot access the internet directly. 2.Outbound Internet Access via NAT: If instances in the private subnet
need to access the internet (e.g., to download updates), they can do so through a NAT Gateway in the public subnet.
The NAT Gateway handles outbound requests while blocking inbound internet traffic. 3.Use Case: Private subnets
are typically used for resources like databases, backend application servers, or any service that should remain
isolated from the internet. How to Create a Private Subnet: 1.In the VPC Dashboard, create a new subnet in a
different portion of the IP range (e.g., 10.0.2.0/24). 2.The route table for this subnet should not include a route to the
Internet Gateway. However, if you want the instances in the private subnet to access the internet for outbound
connections, you can update the route table to send outbound traffic to a NAT Gateway in the public subnet. 3.The
instances will remain inaccessible from the internet but can access it for outbound requests.
Q.What is a Bastion Host? A Bastion Host is a special-purpose server in a network, designed to provide secure
access to instances (like EC2) within a private subnet in a Virtual Private Cloud (VPC). It acts as a jump server or
intermediary, allowing administrators to securely manage and access resources in private subnets that are not
directly accessible from the public internet. Since private subnets are isolated and don't have internet access for
security reasons, the Bastion Host is placed in a public subnet and used as a gateway to access instances in private
subnets. Administrators log in to the Bastion Host, and from there, they can SSH or RDP into private resources. Key
Characteristics of a Bastion Host: 1.Public Access: Bastion Hosts are placed in public subnets and have a public
IP address, allowing secure internet access. 2.Restricted Access: Access to the Bastion Host is typically restricted
using firewall rules (security groups) and multi-factor authentication (MFA) to prevent unauthorized access.
3.SSH/RDP Gateway: It acts as a bridge to access instances in private subnets using SSH for Linux-based servers
or RDP for Windows-based servers. 4.Single Point of Entry: All traffic from the internet to instances in private
subnets passes through the Bastion Host, reducing the attack surface and enhancing security.Q.Architecture of a
Bastion Host : The architecture of a Bastion Host in an AWS environment involves several components working
together to provide secure access to private resources. Below is an overview of the architecture: Key Components
of Bastion Host Architecture: 1.VPC (Virtual Private Cloud): The VPC contains both public and private subnets.
The Bastion Host resides in the public subnet, while critical resources like databases and backend servers are in
private subnets. 2.Public Subnet: The Bastion Host is deployed in the public subnet. This subnet has a route to the
Internet Gateway (IGW), allowing external users to access the Bastion Host securely using a public IP address.
3.Private Subnet: The private subnet contains resources (e.g., EC2 instances, databases) that are not directly
accessible from the internet. These resources can only be accessed indirectly via the Bastion Host. 4.Internet
Gateway (IGW): The Internet Gateway is attached to the VPC and provides internet access to resources in the public
subnet, including the Bastion Host. 5.Security Groups: - Bastion Host Security Group: This controls access to the
Bastion Host. It allows only specific IP addresses (usually administrators' IPs) to access the Bastion Host using SSH
(port 22) or RDP (port 3389). - Private Instance Security Group: This security group allows traffic only from the
Bastion Host, ensuring that only the Bastion Host can access the instances in the private subnet. 6.Logging and
Monitoring: CloudWatch Logs: AWS CloudWatch can be used to monitor SSH or RDP login attempts, log user
activities, and detect any unauthorized access.
Q.VPC Endpoint = A VPC Endpoint is a service in AWS that allows you to privately connect your Virtual Private
Cloud (VPC) to supported AWS services and VPC endpoint services without requiring an internet gateway, NAT
device, VPN connection, or AWS Direct Connect. With VPC Endpoints, traffic between your VPC and AWS services
stays within the AWS network, enhancing security and reducing the need for internet access. There are two types of
VPC Endpoints: 1.Interface Endpoints: These use AWS PrivateLink and create an elastic network interface (ENI) in
your VPC to route traffic to a specific AWS service. This is commonly used for services like Amazon S3, Amazon
EC2, Amazon SNS, etc. 2.Gateway Endpoints: These use gateway routing tables to connect to AWS services like
Amazon S3 and DynamoDB. How VPC Endpoint Works: 1.Interface Endpoint: Adds an Elastic Network
Interface (ENI) to the VPC, connecting the VPC to the target service.2.Gateway Endpoint: Modifies the route table
of the VPC to direct traffic to the specific service, without needing public IPs. Benefits of VPC Endpoints:
1.Increased Security: By keeping traffic between your VPC and AWS services within the AWS network, you
eliminate exposure to the public internet. 2.Cost Efficiency: You avoid charges associated with using NAT gateways,
internet gateways, and traffic going over the public internet. 3.Performance: Improved performance since the traffic
stays within the high-speed AWS infrastructure.
Q.VPC Flow Logs = VPC Flow Logs is a feature that enables you to capture and monitor the network traffic going to
and from the network interfaces in your VPC. Flow Logs provide visibility into network traffic patterns, which can be
used for troubleshooting, security monitoring, and analyzing network performance. How VPC Flow Logs Work: - You
can create a flow log for a VPC, subnet, or network interface. - Once enabled, VPC Flow Logs capture traffic
information (including source IP, destination IP, ports, protocols, etc.) and store it in Amazon CloudWatch Logs or
Amazon S3. - Logs are delivered in near real-time and provide detailed insights into accepted and rejected traffic.
Types of Traffic Captured: 1.Accepted Traffic: Traffic allowed by the security groups and network ACLs. 2.Rejected
Traffic: Traffic blocked by security groups or network ACLs. Use Cases: 1.Troubleshooting Connectivity: Use Flow
Logs to diagnose why certain instances cannot communicate. 2.Security Analysis: Monitor for suspicious activity,
such as unauthorized access attempts or unusual traffic patterns. 3.Compliance and Auditing: Maintain a record of
all VPC network traffic to meet compliance requirements.
Q.VPC Security Group = A Security Group in Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) is a virtual firewall that controls
inbound and outbound traffic to and from your AWS resources, such as EC2 instances, databases, or load balancers.
It provides an additional layer of security for resources within your VPC by allowing you to specify rules for controlling
traffic. Key Features of a Security Group = 1.Stateful: Security groups are stateful, meaning that if you allow an
inbound connection to a resource, the return traffic is automatically allowed without needing explicit outbound rules.
2.Inbound and Outbound Rules: - Inbound Rules specify the traffic allowed into your resource (e.g., permitting SSH
or HTTP traffic). - Outbound Rules define what traffic is allowed to leave the resource (e.g., allowing outbound
internet requests). 3.Deny by Default: All inbound and outbound traffic is denied by default. You must explicitly
create rules to allow traffic. 4.Rule Composition: - Protocol: Security groups support protocols like TCP, UDP, and
ICMP. - Port Range: You can specify single or range of ports to allow traffic on specific applications (e.g., SSH uses
port 22, HTTP uses port 80). - Source/Destination: You can allow traffic based on IP addresses, CIDR blocks, or
other security groups. How Security Groups Work = 1.Attaching Security Groups to Resources: You can
associate one or more security groups with an EC2 instance, RDS database, or Elastic Load Balancer. -
Resources in the VPC can have multiple security groups, with all rules from all security groups applying
simultaneously. 2.Inbound Traffic: If you want your instance to receive traffic (for example, from the internet or from
another instance), you need to add inbound rules allowing the traffic on specific ports (e.g., SSH on port 22 or HTTP
on port 80). 3.Outbound Traffic: You must define rules if you want the instance to send traffic out to other instances
or the internet. For example, to allow the instance to access the internet to download updates, you might add an
outbound rule permitting HTTP/HTTPS traffic (ports 80/443). 4.Instance Isolation: By controlling the security groups,
you can isolate instances within your VPC. For example, you can set up rules such that a web server can
communicate with an application server, but the database server is not directly accessible from the internet.
Q.AWS Data Pipeline is a web service that allows you to automate the movement and transformation of data across
different AWS services and on-premise data sources. It helps in defining workflows that involve extracting data from
one source, processing it, and loading it into a different service or system. With AWS Data Pipeline, you can create,
schedule, and manage data workflows that move and process data at defined intervals. - It is commonly used for ETL
(Extract, Transform, Load) tasks, data analysis, backups, and machine learning processes that require data to be
gathered and processed from multiple sources. Key Features of AWS Data Pipeline: 1.Data Movement: Automates
the movement of data between AWS services (e.g., S3, RDS, DynamoDB, EMR) and external data sources. 2.Data
Transformation: Allows you to transform and process data using services like Amazon Elastic MapReduce (EMR),
AWS Lambda, or custom scripts. 3.Fault Tolerance: Automatically retries failed tasks and sends notifications in case
of failure. 4.Scheduling and Orchestration: Provides scheduling mechanisms to define when tasks should start,
ensuring that your data pipelines run according to your business needs (e.g., hourly, daily, etc.). 5.Integration with
AWS Services: Supports integration with AWS services like S3, RDS, Redshift, DynamoDB, and more for seamless
data movement and processing. 6.Scalability: Automatically scales based on your pipeline’s requirements and the
data volumes you are processing.
Q.AWS Lightsail is a simplified, easy-to-use cloud platform provided by Amazon Web Services (AWS) that is
designed for developers, small businesses, and individuals who need a simple and cost-effective way to get started
with cloud infrastructure. Lightsail offers an all-in-one solution for creating and managing virtual private servers (VPS),
databases, storage, and networking in the cloud, without needing to navigate the complexity of the broader AWS
ecosystem. Key Features of AWS Lightsail = 1.Private Servers (VPS): - Lightsail provides pre-configured virtual
private servers with everything you need to deploy applications or websites quickly. The servers are bundled with
storage, compute, and data transfer capabilities. - You can choose from various pre-configured stacks (such as
LAMP, MEAN, Nginx, Node.js) or applications (like WordPress, Joomla, Magento). 2.Fixed Pricing: - Lightsail offers
predictable monthly pricing with packages that include compute, memory, storage, and transfer for a fixed monthly
cost. This is ideal for users who want to control their cloud expenses without surprise bills. - Plans start at very low
prices (around $3.50 per month) and scale based on resource needs. 3.Preconfigured Applications: Lightsail
allows users to quickly launch pre-configured applications such as WordPress, Drupal, Magento, and others. These
blueprints are available with just a few clicks, simplifying deployment. 4.Managed Databases: Lightsail includes
managed databases (such as MySQL and PostgreSQL). You can deploy a managed database instance, which
includes automated backups, scaling, and failover. 5.Networking: - Lightsail offers static IPs, DNS management, and
load balancing, making it easy to set up and manage domain names, distribute traffic across instances, and provide
fault tolerance. - VPC Peering: Lightsail instances can connect to other AWS resources via VPC peering, allowing
you to leverage the broader AWS ecosystem. Q.Amazon RDS (Relational Database Service) is a fully
managed database service provided by AWS that makes it easy to set up, operate, and scale relational databases in
the cloud. RDS supports several popular database engines and automates common database tasks such as
provisioning, patching, backup, recovery, and scaling. With RDS, users can focus on the design and development of
their applications, while AWS takes care of the heavy lifting involved in database management. Key Features of
Amazon RDS = Database Engine Options: Amazon RDS supports several widely used relational database
engines: Amazon Aurora (MySQL and PostgreSQL-compatible) , MySQL, PostgreSQL, MariaDB. 2.Fully Managed:
AWS takes care of database administrative tasks such as software patching, backup, recovery, monitoring, and
scaling. - Automatic backup retention with the ability to restore to any point in time within the retention period (up to
35 days). 3.Scalability: - Vertical scaling: You can scale up or down the instance type (CPU, memory, etc.) as your
database workload changes. - Storage Auto Scaling: Automatically adjusts storage capacity to meet the needs of
your database. - Read Replicas: RDS supports read replicas for certain engines (MySQL, PostgreSQL, MariaDB) to
scale read-heavy workloads and improve application performance. 4.High Availability and Durability: - Multi-AZ
(Availability Zone) deployments provide high availability by automatically replicating data to a standby instance in a
different AZ. If the primary database instance fails, RDS automatically performs a failover to the standby instance. -
Automated Backups and DB Snapshots for long-term durability and point-in-time recovery. 5.Security: - Integrated
with AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) for access control. - Supports encryption at rest and in transit using
AWS Key Management Service (KMS).Q.AWS CloudFormation is a service that helps you model, set up, and
automate the deployment of AWS resources in a safe, repeatable, and efficient manner. Using CloudFormation, you
can describe your infrastructure in a code template (written in JSON or YAML), and AWS CloudFormation will
automatically provision and configure those resources. This approach, known as Infrastructure as Code (IaC), allows
users to manage their AWS resources as reusable, version-controlled, and automatable configurations. Key
Features of AWS CloudFormation = 1.Infrastructure as Code (IaC): CloudFormation allows you to define your
infrastructure (like EC2 instances, VPCs, S3 buckets, RDS databases, etc.) in text-based template files. These
templates are easy to version, reuse, and share. 2.Automated Provisioning: Once your template is defined,
CloudFormation automatically provisions and configures your AWS resources according to the specified template.
You can create complex environments with minimal manual intervention. 3.Declarative Syntax: You declare the
desired state of your infrastructure, and AWS CloudFormation makes sure that the infrastructure matches the
specified configuration. You do not need to define how resources should be created, only the end result. 4.Supports
Multiple AWS Services: CloudFormation supports a wide range of AWS services, including EC2, S3, RDS, VPC,
Lambda, IAM, Elastic Load Balancer, and more.