COURSE MODULE

ILMU NEGARA – POLITICAL THEORY (A3)

(HKN 105)
2020/2021

PROGRAM STUDI ILMU HUKUM

FAKULTAS HUKUM

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 UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

CONTENTS

Course Coordinator, Lecturers, and Tutors 3

Introduction 4
Course Descriptions 5
Course Objectives & Learning Outcomes 6
Exam and Grading System 7
1. Midterm Exam
2. Final Exam
3. Assignments & Final Project
4. Tutorials

Methods 8
1. Lecture
2. Tutorial
Attitude & Academic Integrity 10
Reading materials 11
Course Schedule 12
Lecture 14
Tutorial 25
Assignment/ Final Project 41

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 COURSE COORDINATOR, LECTURER AND
TUTOR

Course Coordinator:
Dr. Rosa Ristawati, S.H., LL.M ([email protected] )

Lecturers:
Dr. Rosa Ristawati, S.H., LL.M
Dr. M. Syaiful Aris, S.H., M.H., LL.M
Haidar Adam, S.H., LL.M

Tutors:
Dr. Rosa Ristawati, S.H., LL.M ([email protected])
Dr. M. Syaiful Aris, S.H., M.H., LL.M
Haidar Adam, S.H., LL.M
Alvin Andhika Fausta (WA 08813144845)
Leony Amanda Mutiara Sihotang (WA 082272496493)
Nararya Shabri (WA 082134384528)

Complaint and Grading:

Dr. Rosa Ristawati, S.H., LL.M ([email protected] )

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 INTRODUCTION

The course module on political theory is the course guidelines providing scheme of lecture and
tutorial in one semester. It consists of topics that will be taught as well as tutorial tasks. It also
consists of course rules, code of ethics in teaching and tutorial activities, academic integrity,
grading system, complaint, assignment, and exam.
The course module will be distributed in the first meeting to the students. Student must read the
course module to get them well-prepared in every meeting (lecture & tutorial). Every lecture and
tutorial will be conducted according to the schedule and tutorial scenario in this module.
Literatures, reading materials and further instructions would be posted in AULA. Hence, students
are requested to check AULA before the lecture and tutorial get started. Please be ensure that all
lectures and tutorials are given in English.

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 COURSE DECRIPTIONS

Political Theory is aimed at introducing and understanding several issues of state in theory and
concept based on the historical, political, philosophical, and legal perspective.
This course concentrates on the following issues:
- State: definition, term, scope, function
- Development of state: Ancient state to Modern State
- Power, Sovereignty, and legitimacy
- Democracy
- Government
- The rise and the fall of the state
- The history of the development of state function
- form of government and system of government
- The modern state, democracy, and constitution
The course is classified as a compulsory and basic course in the national curriculum (Kurikulum
Nasional). Meaning, the course is taught in all law faculty in Indonesia. Moreover, it is also a
prerequisite course for other courses, such as Constitutional Law, International Law, and
Administrative Law. Therefore, political theory shall have to be taken by the student in their first
year.
The Workload for this course corresponds to 2 credit per semester (Sistem Kredit Semester/sks),
meaning that students may be expected to invest approximately 2 hours (2 x 50 minutes) per
week into the course. There will be 14 meetings consist of 7 lectures and 7 tutorials.
Working method:
a. Lecture
Seven lectures are scheduled. It will be done on week 1, week 2, week 3, week 4,
week 7, week 8, and week 9.
The more detailed schedule can be found on page 12.

b. Tutorial
This course also consists of seven tutorials which will be delivered on week 4, week
5, week 6, week 10, week 11, week 12, and week 13.
The more detailed schedule can be found on page 12.

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 LEARNING OUTCOMES AND COURSE
OBJECTIVES

Learning Outcomes
1. Attitude/s: d
Having role as citizen who proudly has sense of nationalism and responsibility to the state
and the nation
2. Special skill/KK: a
Students can understand concepts and theories of the state based on philosophical and
theoretical thinking according to the prior knowledge of the state concepts and principles as the
basic knowledge for any other advance courses such as constitutional law, administrative law,
and international law
Course objectives
Students will be able to generally understand and apply the theory and concept of the state from
different perspectives of philosophical, historical, political, and legal perspective. The students
are also expected to understand the important aspects of the theory of the state in
understanding the state problems based on the state philosophical aspects.

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 EXAM AND GRADING SYSTEM

1. MIDTERM EXAM
The Midterm exam would be a written and open-book exam. Students are expected
to participate in the midterm exam according to the schedule by answering all the
essay questions. The questions will cover all the topics given in the lectures and
tutorials from week 1 to week 7. The percentages of grade shall be 30 % out of 100%
of the final grade.

2. FINAL EXAM
The Final exam would be a written and open book exam. It will cover all the topics
given in the lectures and tutorials after the mid-term exam. The percentages of grade
shall be 30% out of 100% of the final grade

3. Final Project / Assignment

Students are required to write a short essay for the final assignment. The topic of the
essay shall be chosen by the student. Students shall choose one topic from the
lectures or tutorials and they must inform the chosen topic to the course coordinator
no later than 3 weeks before the last lecture. Please be noted that the project should
be submitted before the final exam. The final assignment would have 10% out of 100%
of the final grade.

4. Tutorial
The tutorial shall have 30% out of 100% from the final grade. These aspects shall be
the components for tutorial assessment:
a. Active – participation and analytical thinking in the discussion
b. Soft skill
c. Tutorial reports

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 METHODS

1. Lecture
The lecturer will deliver lecture according to the schedule and topics set up in the
course manual. The lecture shall be in English and given in a presentation mode. In
every meeting, the topic and relevant issues would be discussed. The lecture shall be
about theory, concept, as well as any kind of prior knowledge relevant to the weekly
topic.

During the class, the lecturer may raise one relevant issue to be discussed. The issue
may be analysed before or after the lecture. It may be the highlight of the weekly topic
as well as the implementation of prior knowledge for the tutorials. In addition, the
lectures would be for 7 meetings and 7 different topics.

2. Tutorial
Tutorial shall focus on the student. It shall allow the student to actively participate in
the self-learning process. Tutors will not give any kind of presentation or lecture
except guidelines to solve the problems.

Tutorial has the purpose to make the students understand and apply prior knowledge
as well as a forum in order to create the self-learning process. Hence, they can analyse
and solve the problems easily. The tutorial tasks would be given in this course manual.
This type of class would be a forum for focus discussion consists of a tutor, discussion
leader, note-taker, and participants.

Tutor shall be lecturer or former student who had taken the political theory course
with the highest grade. Subsequently, tutor is not the discussion leader but shall
observe and interrupt during the tutorial process. The tutor may direct focus of
discussion on the topic or particular issues during the tutorial.
The discussion leader and the note taker shall be chosen from and by the students.
They will be responsible to write tutorial report in every tutorial meeting. Moreover,
please be noted that all the participants shall contribute to the tutorial report.
During the tutorial, all participants shall have to actively participate in the discussion.
Tutor will observe and mark the participation of the discussion. At the beginning of
the tutorial, the tutor will give explanation about the scenario of the topic. The tutor

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may take control the discussion whenever it goes to the different direction from what
is expected in the task.

Tutorial rules

During the tutorial, the students will be asked to explain some new terminologies
related to the issue or the problem that has been briefly discussed in the beginning of
the class during the lecture. At the same time, students shall analyse the issue based
on various basis by activating their prior knowledge. Subsequently, after doing the
analysis, students are requested to make concept mapping in order to make their
understanding clearer regarding the topic.

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 ATTITUDE AND ACADEMIC INTEGRITY

Attitude
All students shall have maintain their attitude as according to the Rector Rules of Universitas
Airlangga and the Faculty’s rules. The attitude shall have in accordance to the University
Guidelines Rules in the Peraturan Rektor No. 34/2019
(http://unair.ac.id/uploads/file/6f526f62643895176c27a7da85efd9fd.pdf0 ).
During the lecture and tutorial, student must put their mobile phone on silent mode. The use of
electronic devices such as mobile phone, computer or any devices shall only for the purpose of
lecture and tutorial. The Lecturer or tutor surely will admonish student whenever there is any
indication of misuse of electronic devices.
Note for virtual class attitude: Student shall have to turn on the camera in the beginning and in
the end of class.
Academic Integrity
Students are subject to the prohibition of plagiarism, cheating, and any kind of academic
violation. Any violation shall be subject to the faculty’s or university’s sanction. Lecturers and
tutors are encouraged to take any measure in accordance to the faculty’s rules whenever there
is any indication of academic violation.

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 READING MATERIALS

Reading materials for the political theory course consist of primary sources and secondary
sources. All the reading materials will be available at AULA e-learning system or will be provided
by the lecturer. Relevant documents will be added following the given topics. Students are also
encouraged to find other supporting reading materials for their self-learning process in order to
solve the tutorial tasks.

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 COURSE SCHEDULE
POLITICAL THEORY-ILMU NEGARA A3/2022
MONDAY, 13.20 – 15.00

WEEK DATE LECTURE TUTORIAL

1 August 29 Introduction: Political theory
(Dr. Rosa Ristawati, SH.LL.M)

2 September 5 The ideas of the state:

Ancient Greece, Ancient
Rome, Medieval Ages, and
Renaissance
(Dr. Rosa Ristawati, SH.LL.M)

3 September The State Fundamental and

12 the State Formation
(Dr. Rosa Ristawati, S.H., LL.M)
4 September Power, authority, legitimacy
19 and Sovereignty
(Dr. M.Syaiful Aris, S.H., M.H.,
LL.M)
5 September Tutorial 1
26 State in Ancient-Greek,
Ancient-Rome, and
Medieval Ages
Rosa Ristawati
Tutors
6 Oct 3 Tutorial 2
Power, Authority,
Legitimacy and Sovereignty
Dr. M. Syaiful Aris
Tutors
7 Oct 10 Tutorial 3
Rise and Fall of The State
Dr. M. Syaiful Aris
Tutors

Mid Test: 10 Oct 2020 – 22 Oct 2022

8 Oct 24 Government, representative
government, and the system
of government
Dr. Rosa Ristawati, S.H., LL.M
9 Oct 31 Constitution and
Constitutionalism
Dr. M. Syaiful Aris

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10 7 Nov Modern State
Haidar Adam, S.H., LL.M

11 14 Nov Tutorial 4
State in Enlightenment,
Industrialization and
Modernization Era
Haidar Adam, S.H., LL.M
Tutors
12 21 Nov Tutorial 5
Form of the government
Haidar Adam, S.H., LL.M
Tutors

13 28 Nov Tutorial 6
Constitution,
Constitutionalism and
Separation of powers
Haidar Adam, S.H., LL.M
Tutors

14 5 Dec Tutorial 7
Modern State and System
of government
Dr. Rosa Ristawati
Tutors

FINAL EXAM 12 – 23 Dec 2022

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14
LECTURE

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 LECTURE 1
(WEEK 1)
Introduction to the Political Theory

Keywords
Term, scope and method, political theory, the state

Reading materials
Primary reading
Johann Kaspar Bluntschli, The Theory of The State, Batoche Book, Kitchener, Canada, 2000 (p.
11 – 38), https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/7049076.pdf
Grame Gill, the Nature and Development of the Modern State, Palgrave Macmillan, 2003, p. 1
-7

Assignment (self-study)
Answer these following questions!
1. Find and explain about the notions of political theory, political science, and the general
theory of the state!
2. What is state?
3. Discussion on how the state is formed and how is it end up.

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 LECTURE 2 (WEEK 2)
The Idea and Concept of the State

Keywords
The ideas of the state, Ancient Greece, Polis (city state), Ancient Rome, Islamic civilization,
Medieval Ages, Renaissance, State Philosophers

Reading materials
Primary reading
1. Johann Kaspar Bluntschli, The Theory of The State, Batoche Book, Kitchener, Canada,
2000 (p. 21 – 180), https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/7049076.pdf
2. Grame Gill, The Nature and Development of the Modern State, Palgrave Macmillan,
2003, p. 33 – 72

Secondary reading
1. Mogens Herman Hansen, Polis and City State an Ancient Concept and
its Modern Development, Copenhagen Polis Centre, Vol. 5,
Copenhagen, 1998 (Chapter IV, Chapter V, Chapter VII), Appendix III,
IV
2. John Lord, Ancient States and Empires, E-book, Gutenberg Project,
2008 (p. 167 – 183, 188 – 192, 223 – 233, 386 –
410)http://library.um.edu.mo/ebooks/b2834960x.pdf
3. Otto Gierke, Political Theories of the Middle Ages, The Syndics of
Cambridge University Press, 1922, p. 1 – 67
https://socialsciences.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/gierke/MedPolTh
eo.pdf
4. Quentin Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought,
Cambridge University Press, 1987 (p. 113 –
186)https://cheirif.files.wordpress.com/2014/08/quentin-skinner-the-
foundations-of-modern-political-thought-vol-1_-the-renaissance-1978
.pdf

Assignment (self-study)
Answer these following questions!

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General issues:
1. How the ideas of the state are different in Ancient Greece period to the Ancient Rome
Era?
2. What are the functions of the state according to the Ancient Greece Philosophers?
3. How the concept of government was built in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome period?
4. How the concept of the state developed in Islamic civilization?
5. How the medieval philosophers defined the ideas of the state?
6. What was the ideal concept of the state developed in the Renaissance era?
Specific issues:
1. What are the main characteristics of state in Ancient Greece?
2. What is the state idea according to Plato and Aristotle?
3. What was the main form of government in Ancient Greece and who was the king?
4. What are the characters of the state in Ancient Roman?
5. What is the idea of state according to St. Augustine and Thomas Aquinas

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 LECTURE 3 (WEEK 3)
The Fundamental of the State, the State Formation and
the Fall of the State

Keywords
People, Nobility, society, Nation, Nationality and citizens, Government, rise and fall of the state

Readings
Primary reading
Johann Kaspar Bluntschli, The Theory of The State, Batoche Book, Kitchener, Canada, 2000 (p.
73 – 260)https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/7049076.pdf
Mogens Herman Hansen, Polis and City State an Ancient Concept and its Modern Development,
Copenhagen Polis Centre, Vol. 5, Copenhagen, 1998, p. 52 – 72
Martin van Creveld, The Rise and Decline of the State-Cambridge University Press (1999)
Robert L. Carneiro, A Theory of the Origin of The State, Science, 21 August 1970, Vol. 169 p.
733-738
Secondary reading
1. Six Books of The Commonwealth by Jean Bodin Abridged and translated by M. J. Tooley,
Basil Blackwell Oxford Printed in Great Britain in The City of Oxford at The Alden Press
Bound By The Kemp Hall Bindery, Oxford [taken from the Liberty Library of Constitutional
Classics] http://www.constitution.org/liberlib.htm> , Book I, Chapter II-VII (p. 2 – 24),
Book IV, Chapter I, p. 109
2. Hans Kelsen, General Theory of Law and State, p. 207 – 241
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275060/page/n23/mode/2up
3. John Locke, Second Treatise of Government, Jonathan Bennet, 2017, p. 32 – 40,
https://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/locke1689a.pdf
4. Colin Brown, A Short History of Indonesia: The Unlikely Nation, Allen & Unwin, Australia,
2003.

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Assignment (self-study)
Answer these following questions!
1. Describe the concept of “People” and “Nation”!
2. Who is the ruler and who is the citizen?
3. Explain the relation between state and individual?
4. Explain theory of state formation and the fall of the state based on historical facts and
hypothetical analysis!
5. Describe the state formation and its declination in Nusantara!

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 LECTURE 4 (WEEK 4)
Power, Authority, Legitimacy and Sovereignty

Keywords
Power, authority, legitimacy, sovereignty, separation of power
Reading materials:
Primary reading:
1. Johann Kaspar Bluntschli, The Theory of The State, Batoche Book, Kitchener, Canada,
2000 (p. 387 - 431)https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/7049076.pdf
2. Harold J. Laski, Authority in the Modern State, Batoche Books, Kitchener, 2000, p. 5 –
35
3. Mogens Herman Hansen, Polis and City State an Ancient Concept and its Modern
Development, Copenhagen Polis Centre, Vol. 5, Copenhagen, 1998, p.42 – 47, 73 – 83
4. Ramlan Surbakti, Memahami Ilmu Politik, Grasindo, 2010.
Secondary reading
1. Winston P. Nagan and Aitza M. Hadad, Soverignty in Theory and Practice, San Diego
International Law Journal, pp. 430 – 515), p. 430 – 451
2. Niccolo Machiavelli, the Prince, Translated and with an Introduction by Harvey C.
Mansfield, Second Edition, the University of Chicago Press, 1998, Chapter XVII, p. 65 - 68
3. Six Books of The Commonwealth by Jean Bodin Abridged and translated by M. J. Tooley,
Basil Blackwell Oxford Printed in Great Britain in The City of Oxford at The Alden Press
Bound By The Kemp Hall Bindery, Oxford [taken from the Liberty Library of
Constitutional Classics] http://www.constitution.org/liberlib.htm> , Book 1, Chapter VII,
p. 25, Chapter X, p. 40,
4. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract, Jonathan Bennett, 2017, p. 2 – 18
5. John Locke, Second Treatise of Government, Jonathan Bennet, 2017, p. 40 – 52, 53 – 57,
https://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/locke1689a.pdf
6. Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu, Translated by Thomas Nugent, Batoche
Books, Kitchener 2001, p. 25 – 40 , 192 – 199
https://socialsciences.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/montesquieu/spiritoflaws.pdf

Assignment (self-study)
Answer these following questions!
1. Discuss what is the difference between power, authority and legitimacy?

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2. How the philosophers’ (Jean Bodin, Thomas Hobbes, Austin, Rousseau) thoughts on
sovereignty!
3. Explain the differences on the concept of separation of power according to John Locke
and Montesquieu!

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 LECTURE 5 (WEEK 8)
Government and System of Government

Keywords
Government, representative government, system of government
Reading materials
Primary Reading
1. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract, Jonathan Bennett, 2017, book 3 p. 29 – 52
2. Mogens Herman Hansen, Polis and City State an Ancient Concept and its Modern
Development, Copenhagen Polis Centre, Vol. 5, Copenhagen, 1998, p. 64 – 66
3. Charles de Secondat, Baron de Monstesquieu, Translated by Thomas Nugent, Batoche
Books, Kitchener 2001, p. 25 – 40 , 192 – 199
https://socialsciences.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/montesquieu/spiritoflaws.pdf
4. Rod Hague & Martin Harrop, Comparative Government and Politics: An Introduction,
Palgrave McMillian, 2004. P.268-289.

Secondary reading
Harold J. Laski, Authority in the Modern State, Batoche Books, Kitchener, 2000, p.8 – 10

Assignment (self-study)
Answer these following questions:
1. What is a government?
2. What is meant by the system of government?
3. How was the form of government developed (from Ancient to the modern)?
4. What is representative government and who is representative body?
5. Identify the system of government and what are the characters of the parliamentary
system, presidential system and mixed system of government?
6. Does a certain system of government lead to a certain quality of democracy?

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 LECTURE 6 (WEEK 9)
Constitution and Constitutionalism

Keywords
Constitution, history of the constitution, constitutionalism,
Reading materials
Primary reading:
1. Aristotle, Constitution of Athens, the Online Library of Liberty,
https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/aristotle-constitution-of-athens, Harper and Brothers,
Chapter VII, VIII, IX, XXX, XXXI;
2. Jimly Asshiddiqie, Konstitusi dan Konstitusionalisme Indonesia, Sinar Grafika;
3. Aoife O’ Donoghue, Constitutionalism in Global Constitutionalization, Cambridge
University Press, 2014, p. 15-53

Secondary reading
Henry Hallam, State of Europe during the Middle Ages, Chapter VII Part I – III, p. 318 – 353
Albert Venn Dicey, Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution, the Online Library
of Liberty

Assignment (self – study)

Answer these following questions!
● What is the constitution?
● What is constitutionalism?
● How the constitutionalism relevance to the constitution?
● What was the background of the constitutionalism?
● What is Aristotle wanted to describe about the ancient constitution?
● How the constitution emerged in the English and French history?
● Discuss the possibility of a country applying constitutionalism without constitution.

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 LECTURE 7 (WEEK 10)
Modern State

Keywords
The role of the state, enlightenment, industrialization, globalization, nation state, unitary state,
federal state
Reading materials
Primary Readings
Harold J. Laski, Authority in the Modern State, Batoche Book, Kitchener, Yale University Press,
2000, p. 5 – 52
Grame Gill, The Nature and Development of the Modern State, Palgrave Macmillan, 2003, (p. 8
– 24, p. 115 – 255)
Albert Venn Dicey, Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution, the Online Library
of Liberty, p. 129 - 133
Secondary Readings:
F. Budi Hardiman, Pemikiran Modern: Dari Machiavelli sampai Nietzsche, Kanisius, Jakarta, 2020
Walter C. Opello, Jr and Stephen J. Rosow, A Historical Introduction to Contemporary Politics,
Lynne Rienner Publisher, 1999.
Christhoper Pierson, The Modern State, Routledge, 1996.
Assignment (self – study)
Answer this following questions!
1. Discuss the meaning of modern?
2. Are there any significant contributions of modernity towards the shape of the state?
3. What are several main features of the modern state?
4. What is nation state?
5. Discussion on the city state in modern era.
6. What are the characters of unitary state?
7. What are the characters of federal state?

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TUTORIAL

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 TUTORIAL 1 (WEEK 5)
Ancient State

Reading materials
Primary readings
1. Johann KasparBluntschli, The Theory of The State, Batoche Book, Kitchener, Canada,
2000 (p. 21 – 180)
2. Grame Gill, The Nature and Development of the Modern State, Palgrave Macmillan,
2003, p. 33 – 72

Secondary readings
1. Mogens Herman Hansen, Polis and City State an Ancient Concept and its Modern
Development, Copenhagen Polis Centre, Vol. 5, Copenhagen, 1998 (Chapter IV, Chapter
V, Chapter VII)
2. John Lord, Ancient States and Empires, E-book, Gutenberg Project, 2008 (p. 167 – 183,
188 – 192, 223 – 233, 386 – 410)http://library.um.edu.mo/ebooks/b2834960x.pdf
3. Otto Gierke, Political Theories of the Middle Ages, The Syndics of Cambridge University
Press, 1922, p. 3 - 23
4. Quentin Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, Cambridge University
Press, 1987 (p. 113 – 186)
5. Gerhard Bowering (Ed) Islamic Political Thought, An Introduction, Princeton University
Press, 2015, P. 68-85
Tutorial assignment
Resume your tutorial report on task 1, task 2, and task 3 tutorial discussion. Submit your
resume to the drop box at AULA on Oct 7 at 13.00 pm.
TASK 1: Ancient Greece state vs Ancient Roman Empire
a. Ancient Greece
In this period, the concept of the state was well-known as the Greek polis (city-state). It
was also well-known as the beginning of democratic government where modern
democratic government has its roots in Athenian democracy (despite the obvious
limitations on democracy in ancient Greece, for example, slavery, vote denied to women).
During the Ancient Greece period, the Assembly used suffrage with majority vote
mechanism.
b. Ancient Rome
During the period of ancient Rome, the concept of the state was best-known as the
Roman Republic. It built upon Greek and classical ideals of the state. The Roman

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 government consists of consuls, tribunes, and senators. Roman society and its system of
government relied on the Roman military continuing to conquer more lands to add riches
and more citizens to the Republic. The Roman Republic evolved from one dominated by
the aristocratic patrician class to one in which plebeians also had power. Women had few
rights, and slavery continued. The reign of Caesar Augustus marked theend of the republic
and the beginning of the Roman Empire.
Comment on these statements and motivate your answer:
1. What are the ideas of the state in Ancient Greece?
2. What are the ideas of the state in Ancient Rome?
3. How do you find out to be the differences and similarities between the ideas of the state
in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome?
4. How the government instituted in the Ancient Greece and the Ancient Rome?
5. Describe in what way ancient philosopher were influenced the concept of the state in
Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome

TASK 2: ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION AND THE IDEA OF STATE

In the medieval age, Western civilization was occupied by the church tradition. Meanwhile, in
the other continent, Islamic tradition was developing. Some of Islamic philosophers also put
some ideas on the state.
Discuss and comment on this question:
Is there any single ideal form of state in Islam?

TASK 3: THE DEVELOPMENT OF STATE IN MEDIEVAL TO THE ERA OF RENAISSANCE

a. God as Monarch of the Universe and therefore of the spiritual and temporal Community
of Mankind. As an Institution, all Rulership proceeds from God. But from Him proceed
also the office and mandate of every particular wielder of earthly power. All power
immediately demised by God. The medieval Publicist's preference for Monarchy. Divine
institution of Monarchy in the Church. Divine institution of Monarchy in the Empire. In
every smaller body Monarchy is normal. (Otto Gierke, Political Theories of the Middle
Ages, The Syndics of Cambridge University Press, 1922, p. I)
b. The era of Renaissance was known as a transitional period from middle ages to modernity
era. It was the rise of mutual conflict of empire vs papacy (the office and jurisdiction of
the bishop of Rome, the pope who presides over the central government of the Roman
Catholic Church) and the emergence of national realms. The aims of civilization is to
actualize human potentialities and to achieve that fullness of life which comes from the
fulfillment of human being and that the monarchy is necessary. The imperial authority of
the holy Roman emperor comes directly from the God and not through the pope. The
empire is the direct heir of the Roman Empire, a legitimate

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 authority. One of the famous state philosophers in the era of Renaissance was Machiavelli
who considered that successful ruler has to be beyond morality since the safety expansion
of the state are the supreme objective.
Motivate your answers:
1. What is the different idea of the state according to the medieval ages of state
philosophers?
2. What is the idea of state in the Renaissance era and how it is different to the idea of the
state in medieval era?
3. What are the values of philosophical thoughts of the state in both medieval ages and
Renaissance period?
4. How the Machiavelli thoughts relate to the concept of the state in the Renaissance era?

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 TUTORIAL 2 (WEEK 6)
Power, Authority, Legitimacy, and Sovereignty

Reading materials
Primary reading
● Harold J. Laski, The Authority in the Modern State, Batoche Book, Kitchener, 2000 (p. 5 –
33)
● Johann Kaspar Bluntschli, The Theory of The State, Batoche Book, Kitchener, Canada,
2000 (p. 387 – 431)
Secondary reading
1. Winston P. Nagan and Aitza M. Hadad, Soverignty in Theory and Practice, San Diego
International Law Journal, pp. 430 – 515), p. 430 – 451
2. Niccolo Machiavelli, the Prince, Translated and with an Introduction by Harvey C.
Mansfield, Second Edition, the University of Chicago Press, 1998, Chapter XVII, p. 65 - 68
3. Six Books of The Commonwealth by Jean Bodin Abridged and translated by M. J. Tooley,
Basil Blackwell Oxford Printed in Great Britain in The City of Oxford at The Alden Press
Bound By The Kemp Hall Bindery, Oxford [taken from the Liberty Library of
Constitutional Classics] http://www.constitution.org/liberlib.htm> , Book 1, Chapter VII,
p. 25, Chapter X, p. 40,
4. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract, Jonathan Bennett, 2017, p. 2 – 18;
5. Ramlan Surbakti, Memahami Ilmu Politik, Grasindo, 2010.

Tutorial Assignment
Resume your tutorial report on task 1 and task 2 of the tutorial task, and submit it on AULA at
latest Oct 14 on 13. 00 pm!
Task 1: Power, authority, and Legitimacy
Max Weber distinguishes between authority and power by defining power as any relationship
within which one person could impose his will, regardless of any resistance from the other,
whereas authority existed when there was a belief in the legitimacy of that power. Weber states
that what distinguishes authority, from coercion, force and power on the one hand and
leadership, persuasion and influence on the other hand, is legitimacy.
Comment and motivate your answer on these issues:
1. What is power and how it comes from the sources?
2. What is the authority and mention several kinds of authority?
3. How power and authority are being in connection to the legitimacy?

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Task 2: Sovereignty
Jean Bodin in his book of “On Sovereignty: Six Books of the Commonwealth” defines that state
is supreme power, the power is unique, absolute, in that no limits of time or competence can be
placed upon it, and self-subsisting, in the way that it does not depend for its validity on the
consent of the subject. However, sovereign ought to obey the law of nature. On the other hand,
Thomas Hobbes delivered his thoughts that power creates law. Law is only if it can be enforced
and security is one supreme sovereign public power; without it, the competitive nature of
humanity, people are actuated by vanity and ambition, and there is a war of all against all.
According to Thomas Hobbes, the true law of nature is self-preservation, which can be achieved
only if the citizens make a compact among themselves to transfer their individual power to the
“LEVIATHAN” (ruler), who alone can preserve them in security. At this context, the ruler derives
its original authority from the people and can command loyalty only so long as it succeeds in
keeping the peace. JJ. Rousseau in “Du Contract” defines that the general will aims at the
common good which all participate directly, reconciling the individual and the community by
representing the will of the community as deriving from the will of moral individuals. Therefore,
community obeys the laws in the sense of following one’s own will.
Comment and motivate your answer on these following issues:
1. What is sovereignty?
2. What we can learn from the philosopher thoughts on sovereignty?
3. How is the concept of sovereignty of the people, sovereignty of the state, and
sovereignty of the ruler?
4. Discuss what is the most ideal model of sovereignty to be applied in Indonesia?

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 TUTORIAL 3 (WEEK 7)
Rise and Fall of the State

Reading materials
Primary readings
● Martin van Creveld, The Rise and Decline of the State-Cambridge University Press
(1999)
● Robert L. Carneiro, A Theory of the Origin of The State, Science, 21 August 1970, Vol.
169 p. 733-738
● Johann Kaspar Bluntschli, The Theory of The State, Batoche Book, Kitchener, Canada,
2000 (p. 213 – 260)

Secondary reading
Six books of the commonwealth by Jean Bodin abridged and translated by M. J. Tooley, Basil
Blackwell Oxford Printed In Great Britain In The City Of Oxford At The Alden Press Bound By The
Kemp Hall Bindery, Oxford [taken from the Liberty Library of Constitutional Classics]
http://www.constitution.org/liberlib.htm> , Book I, Chapter I p. 109 – 123
Tutorial assignment
Resume your tutorial report and submit it through AULA at the latest Oct 21 on 13.00 pm!
Task:
The formation of the state can be trace based on historical evidences. Some philosophers also
put their hypothetical perspectives on how the states were formed.
Motivate your answer to the following issues:
1. Explain some theories about the formation of the state from the above mandatory
readings;
2. There are factors affected the dissolution of the state according to Martin van
Creveld. Do you think the previous kingdoms in Indonesia also experienced the
similar?;
3. Discuss about lesson learned from the rise and the fall of a state in ancient day!
4. Illustrate the rise and the fall of a state in the modern day!

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 TUTORIAL 4 (WEEK 11)
State Development and Form of the State

Reading materials
Primary readings
● Johann Kaspar Bluntschli, The Theory of The State, Batoche Book, Kitchener,
Canada, 2000 (p.363 – 382)
● Christhoper Pierson, The Modern State, Routledge, 1996.
● F. Budi Hardiman, Pemikiran Modern: Dari Machiavelli sampai Nietzsche, Kanisius,
Jakarta, 2020
● Walter C. Opello, Jr and Stephen J. Rosow, A Historical Introduction to
Contemporary Politics, Lynne Rienner Publisher, 1999;
● Keith Suter, Global Order and Global Disorder: Globalization and Nation-State,
Praeger, 2003. P, 17-28.

Secondary readings
1. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract, Jonathan Bennett, 2017, Book 3 p. 34 – 35,
Book 4 p. 54 – 57
2. Grame Gill, The Nature and Development of the Modern State, Palgrave Macmillan,
2003, p. 115 - 255

Tutorial assignment
Resume your tutorial report on task 1 and task 2 of the tutorial discussion and submit it by
posting your resume on AULA at the latest Dec 2 on 13.00 pm!

a. Task 1. The development of state: duties and roles

Modern era has strong influence in many aspects of life, including the state and the
government. Different from the previous era, the modern political thoughts has more
attention on the rights and the idea to regulate the power.

Motivate your answer on the following issue:

Discuss the influence of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Charles Montesquieu thought
towards the ideal model of state and the rights of the citizen.

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b. Task 2. nation state in the globalization era
Nation-states emerged in Europe in the late of 17th century after the signing of The Treaty
of Westphalia.

Motivate your answer on these issues:

1. What is the most significant contribution of the Treaty of Westphalia to the rise of
nation-state?
2. What are the characteristics of nation-state?
3. How did the nation-state of Indonesia formed?
4. Discuss the influence of the globalization toward nation-state!

c. Task 3. Unitary vs Federalist State

In a unitary state, the central or national government has complete authority over all
other political divisions or administrative units. For example, the Republic of Indonesia is
a unitary state in which the Indonesian national government has total authority over
several provinces, which are the subordinate administrative components of the nation-
state. The local governments of a unitary state carry out the directives of the central
government, but they do not act independently. The federal system of political
organization is the exact opposite of the unitary state. For example, the US is a federal
state, which means that the national or federal government shares political authority with
the governments of states which are political units within the nation-state.

Motivate your answer for this following issue:

1. What would be a benefit of a unitary government and a federal government?

2. Compare and contrast the characters of unitary and federal systems of government.

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 TUTORIAL 5 (WEEK 12)
Form of Government

Reading materials
Primary reading
Johann Kaspar Bluntschli, The Theory of The State, Batoche Book, Kitchener, Canada, 2000
(p. 269 - 382)
Secondary readings
1. Thomas Hobbes, The Leviathan, printed for Andrew Crooke, at the Green Dragon in St.
Pauls Church-yard 1651, Prepared for the McMaster University Archive of the History of
Economic Thought, by Rod Hay, p. 119,
https://socialsciences.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/hobbes/Leviathan.pdf
2. Polybius, The Histories of Polybius Book Six, translated by Evelyn S. Shuckburgh, In
parentheses Publications Greek Series, Cambridge, Ontario, 2002 (p. 350 – 360)
3. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract, Jonathan Bennett 2017, Book 3 (p. 29 – 52)
4. Quentin Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, Cambridge University
Press, 1987 (p. 139 – 186)
Tutorial assignment
Resume your tutorial report on task 1 and task 2 tutorial discussion. Submit it to AULA at the
latest Dec 9 on 13.00 pm!
a. Task 1: Lesson from Ancient form of government
In ancient Greeks, there was an important difference between monarchy and tyranny. In a
monarchy, rulers inherited their positions legally, but tyrants took power illegally.
Furthermore, in both ancient Greeks and ancient Rome, there were the systems of
aristocracy and oligarchy. They were both systems in which a few powerful people ruled.
Usually, these were wealthy or noble people Ancient Greece is often considered the
birthplace of democracy.
In Ancient Greek, in the monarchy system, the ruler/the monarch was seen as legal. People
thought the monarch had the right to rule. One person held all the power, meaning other
male citizens didn’t have a say in laws or how the society was organized. Tyranny in ancient
Greece was make it easier for the ruler to have the power to make decisions. One person held
all the power, meaning other people didn’t have a say in laws or how the society was
organized. Many tyrants ruled in cruel and harsh ways. In aristocracy, more male citizens had
power than in a monarchy or under tyranny. The upper class probably had more education,
so might have been positioned to try to make good decisions for the whole society. Some
aristocracies in ancient Greece shared power with an assembly of citizens. They did not have

35
to share power with all male citizens. Only noble families got to hold power. Whereas, in
oligarchy system, more male citizens had power than in a monarchy or under tyranny. The
upper class probably had more education, so might have been positioned to try to make good
decisions for the whole society. Only wealthy or noble people had power. Other male citizens
didn’t have any power. Within the ancient democracy system, more male citizens had a say
in how the society was run. In ancient Greece, women were not permitted to participate in
democracy.
Motivate your answer on following issues:
1. Why do you think this is the case?
2. What and who is the government?
3. Identify tyranny, aristocracy, oligarchy, and democracy as early forms of Greek
government.
4. The ancient Greeks seem to have been the first ones to try using democracy. What
were some of the pros (benefits) and cons (drawbacks) of the different systems of
government that existed in ancient Greece?
5. What forms of government existed in Athens before the development of
democracy?

b. Task 2 :Monarchy and Republic

“There is no perfect form of government, where the disposing of the succession is not in
the present sovereign. For if it be in any other particular man, or private assembly, it is in
a person subject, and may be assumed by the sovereign at his pleasure; and consequently
the right is in himself. And if it be in no particular man, but left to a new choice; then is
the Commonwealth dissolved, and the right is in him that can get it, contrary to the
intention of them that did institute the Commonwealth for their perpetual, and not
temporary, security.”

(Thomas Hobbes, The Leviathan, printed for Andrew Crooke, at the Green Dragon in St.
Pauls Church-yard 1651, Prepared for the McMaster University Archive of the History of
Economic Thought, by Rod Hay, p. 119,
https://socialsciences.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/hobbes/Leviathan.pdf).

“Governments aren’t all of the same nature: some are less voracious than others, and
the differences between them are based on this second principle, that the further the
public contributions are from their source, the more burdensome they are.”

(Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract, Jonathan Bennett 2017, Book 3 (p. 40)

Comment and motivate you argument on these issues:

1. How was the idea of republic emerged in the renaissance era?

2. Reflect the monarchy and republic in nowadays modern era. How it is different to
the ancient monarchy and republic. Motivate your idea by giving example.

36
3. What is mixed government and best government according to Rousseau?

37
 TUTORIAL 6 (WEEK 13)
Constitution, Constitutionalism and Separation of Powers

Reading materials
Primary reading
1. M.J.C. Vile, Constitutionalism and the Separation of Powers (2nd ed.) (Indianapolis,
Liberty Fund 1998).(http://oll.libertyfund.org), p. 1- 53
Optional readings
1. Baron de Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws, translated, Hafner Publishing, 1949, p. 19
– 29
2. John Locke, Second Treatise of Government, Jonathan Bennet, 2017, Chapter 11 – 15, p.
43 – 56
3. Henry Hallam, State of Europe during the Middle Ages, Harper and Brother New York,
Sixth London Edition, Chapter VII, p. 309 – 450
4. Polybius, The Histories of Polybius Book Six, translated by Evelyn S. Shuckburgh, In
parentheses Publications Greek Series, Cambridge, Ontario, 2002 (p. 350 – 354, p. 375 -
380)
Tutorial assignment
Resume your tutorial report on task 1 and task 2 tutorial discussion and submit it at the
latest Dec 16 on 13.00 pm!

a. Task 1: Constitution: Ancient Constitution

In his book, Polybius mentioned that in ancient Greek, there were three kinds of
constitution which they designate kingship, aristocracy, democracy which may turn into
despotism, oligarchy, and mob-rule (p. 350). On the other hand, for Roman Constitution,
it had three elements, each of them possessing sovereign powers: and their respective
share of power in the whole state had been regulated with such a scrupulous regard to
equality and equilibrium, that no one could say for certain not even a native, whether the
constitution as a whole were an aristocracy or democracy or despotism. (Polybius p. 356).
At this point, Polybius saw it as the regular cycle of constitutional revolution and the
natural order in which constitutions change, are transformed, and return again to their
original stage (Polybius p. 354).

Motivate your answers on these issues:

1. What is constitution?

38
 2. Reflect the situation in nowadays constitutional situation how the cycle of
constitutional revolution

b. Task 2: Constitutionalism and Separation of Powers

One of the ideas of constitutionalism is preventing from abused of power by the doctrine
separation of power. The separation of power in theory drawn back ancient period where
Aristotle made the distinctions between making a general rule on the one hand, and
judging particular instances, on the other.
Motivate your answer to the following issues:
1. The idea of separation of power emerged according to the ancient state
philosophers?
2. What is constitutionalism and what was the background of the emergence of
constitutionalism?
3. Does constitutionalism relevance to separation of power?
4. What were ancient state philosopher thoughts about separation of powers?
5. What is pure separation of power? What is foundation of separation of power? How
the classical thoughts of separation of powers influence our today state
development?

39
 TUTORIAL 7 (WEEK 14)
Modern State and System of Government

Reading materials
Primary Reading
1. Mogens Herman Hansen, Polis and City State an Ancient Concept and its Modern
Development, Copenhagen Polis Centre, Vol. 5, Copenhagen, 1998, p. 64 – 66
2. Christopher Pierson, Modern State, Routledge, 1996. p. 5-34.
3. Rod Hague & Martin Harrop, Comparative Government and Politics: An Introduction,
Palgrave McMillian, 2004. P.268-289.

Secondary reading
1. Harold J. Laski, Authority in the Modern State, Batoche Books, Kitchener, 2000, p.8 – 10
2. Charles de Secondat, Baron de Monstesquieu, Translated by Thomas Nugent, Batoche
Books, Kitchener 2001, p. 25 – 40 , 192 – 199
https://socialsciences.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/montesquieu/spiritoflaws.pdf
3. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract, Jonathan Bennett, 2017, book 3 p. 29 – 52
Tutorial assignment
Resume your tutorial report on task 1 and task 2 tutorial discussion and submit it at the latest
Dec 23 on 13.00 pm!
Tasks 1: On Modern state
According to Max Weber, there are several features of modern state i.e The control of the
means of violence, territoriality, sovereignty, constitutionality, impersonal power, public
bureaucracy, authority, and citizenship.
Motivate your answer on following issue:
Discussion on the example of nowadays states which are qualified as modern state and
those which are not based on Weber features!

Task 2: The System of government

The term of “system of government” as what most Indonesian scholars understood has
specific term in Rod Hague & Martin Harrop that is “political executive”. How many models
of political executive according to Rod Hague & Martin Harrop?

40
Discuss and motivate your answer on the following issues:
1. Mention and illustrate the system of government in a modern democratic state!
2. In the light of Indonesian experience, how many systems of government have been
applied? What are the benefits and the drawbacks of each?

41
 ASSIGNMENT/FINAL PROJECT

READ THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTION BEFORE WRITING YOUR PAPER!

1. Student shall write a short paper and submit it individually as scheduled.
2. The theme or topic of the paper shall have to be in accordance to the course topics before and after
the mid-test. Each student must choose different topic.
3. The format of the paper are as follows ;
a. Paper is well written in English for at least 1000 words not including the bibliography and
footnotes, with the font Times New Roman 12, and 1.5 paragraph
b. The structure of the paper consist of as follows:
▪ Introduction: introduction is the general description of the background of the topic and
the issue or research question which will be discussed in the following chapters.
▪ Discussion: part of discussion shall have the analysis and elaboration of the topic including
the legal argument, the constitutional basis and the legal basis as the basis of the
argument.
▪ conclusion: closing remarks, conclusion and new idea or argument and recommendation
▪ bibliography
c. Footnotes/quotation and the bibliography shall have to be completed and comprehensive
based on the “Gaya Selingkung jurnal Yuridika which could be accessed through:
<https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/YDK/about/submissions#authorGuidelines>
d. Bibliography shall have minimum 3 books and 3 journal articles.
e. Cover of the paper shall consist of:
- Title
- Name
- NIM
- Email/WA
4. All paper shall be submitted before the final test (December 5, 2022).
5. Criteria of grading shall be as follows:
The format 25%; Originality and arguments 25%; Accuracy of footnote and the bibliography
(the books and journal articles) 25%; ability to present and answer the question 25%.

---- GOOD LUCK ----

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