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1 The classification of giant pandas, Ailuropoda melanoleuca, is debated by many scientists.

Photograph A shows a giant panda eating bamboo plants.

photograph A

Photograph B shows a red panda, Ailurus fulgens, eating bamboo.

photograph B
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Photograph C shows a polar bear, Ursus maritimus, eating fish.

photograph C

DNA can also be used to classify species.

Molecular biologists compared the DNA base sequences of eight species from the same vertebrate
group. They used the differences to draw a classification diagram.

The diagram shows the classification diagram for these eight species. The shorter the horizontal
distance from two species to the branching point that they share, the more similar their DNA
sequences are and the more closely the two species are related.

The scale on the diagram shows the time at which the molecular biologists estimate that each
branching point occurred.

red panda

ferret

giant panda

polar bear

wolf

tiger

human

mouse

100 80 60 40 20 0
million years ago
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Morphology can also be used to classify species. Some scientists think that morphology suggests
that the giant panda is more closely related to the red panda than it is to the polar bear.

(a) (i) Discuss the evidence for and against the giant panda being more closely related to the
red panda than it is to the polar bear. Use the information in photographs A, B and C
and the diagram in your answer.

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(ii) State one other type of evidence that is used to classify species.

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[Total: 6]

2 The diagram below shows four different animals.

not to scale
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(a) Classify each animal into its correct group choosing words from this list.

Write your answers in the ‘group’ column of the table below.

amphibian bird fish insect mammal mollusc reptile

One example has been completed for you.

group feature 1 feature 2

A amphibian has a backbone has slimy skin

[1]

(b) Using phrases from the list, complete the table above by adding two features of each animal
group, as shown for amphibians.

You may use each feature once, more than once or not at all.

has no backbone has a backbone has feathers has fur

has gills has scaly skin has slimy skin has a shell

has 8 legs has 6 legs

[3]

[Total: 4]

3 The diagram below shows the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans.

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(a) State the genus of this nematode.

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(b) Nematodes feed on dead and decaying material.

Explain why this gives nematodes an important role in ecosystems.

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[Total: 4]
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4 The diagram shows a drawing of a cell from the lining of the small intestine. The lumen is the space
inside the intestine where food is digested.

State the names of the three labelled structures in the diagram and describe the role of each
structure in the intestinal cell.

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[Total: 6]

5 In an investigation, students kept unripe bananas at room temperature for eight days.

They studied some of the changes during ripening.

Each day the students took one banana and:

• observed the colour of the banana skin;

• removed a sample of the flesh tissue and estimated the reducing sugar content.

The table below shows the students' results.

time / days change during ripening

reducing sugar content /

skin colour
%

1 green 5

2 green and yellow 12

3 mostly yellow 18

4 all yellow 25

5 all yellow 30

6 yellow, some brown 29

7 yellow and brown 30

8 mostly brown 30

(a) (i) Suggest on which day the bananas became ripe. State one reason for your answer.

day..........................................................................................................................

reason....................................................................................................................

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(ii) The reducing content increased as the banana ripenend.

Calculate how many times greater was the sugar content on day 5 compared with day
1.

Show your working.

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(iii) Suggest the source of the reducing sugar.

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[Total: 5]

6 The table shows some of the nutrients found in human milk, the elements that make up the nutrients,
the enzymes that digest them and the products of digestion.

Complete the table.

nutrient elements enzyme products of digestion

protein

fat

lactose (milk galactose and glucose

C, H, O
sugar) (simple sugars)

[4]

[Total: 4]

7 The table shows some of the features of diffusion, osmosis and active transport.

Place ticks ( ✓ ) in the boxes to show the correct features of each process.

takes place against substances can

requires energy always involves the
a concentration cross the cell
from respiration movement of water
gradient membrane

diffusion

osmosis

active transport

[4]

[Total: 4]
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8 A student used a potato as a source of plant tissue. The student cut six cylinder-shaped pieces
from the potato. Each potato cylinder had the same diameter.

Each potato cylinder was immersed in either water or one of five different concentrations of sugar
solution.

The student measured the length of the potato cylinders before immersion and after being immersed
for 30 minutes.

The table shows the results.

concentration of sugar length of potato cylinder length of potato cylinder change in length of
solution before immersion after immersion potato cylinder
3
/ mol per dm / mm / mm / mm

0.0 49.5 52.0 + 2.5

0.2 50.0 52.0 + 2.0

0.4 50.5 51.5 + 1.0

0.6 50.5 51.0 + 0.5

0.8 50.0 49.0

1.0 50.0 49.5 - 1.5

Use the information in the table to calculate the change in length of the potato cylinder immersed
3
in the 0.8 mol per dm sugar solution.

................................................... m m [1]

[Total: 1]
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9 A student used a potato as a source of plant tissue. The student cut six cylinder-shaped pieces
from the potato.

Each potato cylinder had the same diameter. Each potato cylinder was immersed in either water
or one of five different concentrations of sugar solution.

The student measured the length of the potato cylinders before immersion and after being immersed
for 30 minutes.

The table shows the results.

concentration of sugar length of potato cylinder length of potato cylinder change in length of
solution before immersion after immersion potato cylinder
3
/ mol per dm / mm / mm / mm

0.0 49.5 52.0 + 2.5

0.2 50.0 52.0 + 2.0

0.4 50.5 51.5 + 1.0

0.6 50.5 51.0 + 0.5

0.8 50.0 49.0 - 1.0

1.0 50.0 48.5 - 1.5

Use the information in the table to calculate the percentage increase in length of the potato cylinder
3
immersed in the 0.2 mol per dm sugar solution.

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[Total: 2]

10 Yeast cells make the enzyme sucrase. Sucrase catalyses the breakdown of sucrose to glucose
and fructose.

Enzymes are made of protein.

Explain how the shape of a sucrase molecule is related to its function.

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[Total: 2]
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11 The photograph shows a fruit attached to the branch of an orange tree, Citrus sinensi.

Biotechnologists use enzymes to extract juice from fruit such as oranges.

Define the term enzyme.

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[Total: 2]
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12 The shape of a protein is very important for its function.

Explain the importance of shape for the function of an enzyme.

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[Total: 3]

13 When sunlight shines on a green water plant as shown, the plant gives off a gas which
collects at X.

sunlight sunlight

water
green water plant

What is this gas?

A air
B carbon dioxide
C nitrogen
D oxygen
[1]

[Total: 1]
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14 Which two substances are the raw materials for photosynthesis?

A carbon dioxide and oxygen

B carbon dioxide and water
C starch and oxygen
D starch and water
[1]

[Total: 1]
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15 A group of students investigated the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis.

They used this method:

• An aquatic plant was placed in a test-tube containing water.

• A lamp was placed 10 cm from the aquatic plant.
• The number of bubbles of gas produced in one minute was counted and recorded in the table.
• The investigation was repeated with the lamp at different distances from the aquatic plant.
The diagram shows the equipment used.

The results are shown in the table.

distance from the aquatic plant / cm number of bubbles produced in one minute

10 90

15 85

20 75

40 50

50 30

The student repeated the investigation but added a source of carbon dioxide to the water in the
test-tube.

Suggest how this would affect the rate of photosynthesis.

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[Total: 1]
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16 Complete the sentences.

Seeds contain proteins for the .............................................. of developing shoots

and roots. Proteins contain the elements .............................................. , oxygen,

.............................................. and nitrogen.

The new leaves of a seedling need the mineral ion .............................................. to make the

green pigment .............................................. .

This green pigment is needed to carry out the process of .............................................., in

the presence of light. [6]

[Total: 6]

17 Describe two ways of caring for teeth.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

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2 ...............................................................................................................................................

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[Total: 2]

18 State the names of two types of human teeth.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

19 A balanced diet is needed to maintain health.

State what is meant by the term balanced diet.

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[Total: 2]
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20 State two health problems associated with having an excessive amount of fat in the diet.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

21 Mammals have a double circulation.

The diagram shows a section through the heart of a mammal. The arrows show the direction of
blood flow through the heart and blood vessels.

D is a vein. State the name of this vein and describe its structure.

name ........................................................................................................................................

description of structure .............................................................................................................

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[Total: 3]
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22 Mammals have a double circulation.

The diagram shows a section through the heart of a mammal. The arrows show the direction of
blood flow through the heart and blood vessels.

Identify the structure labelled X in the diagram and state its role in the heart.

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[Total: 2]
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23 The activity of the heart can be monitored using different methods.

The diagram shows two ECG traces. One trace was recorded when the person was at rest and
the second trace was recorded during exercise.

The length of time taken for one heart beat is indicated in the diagram on the ECG trace recorded
at rest.

Explain why the ECG trace recorded during exercise differs from the ECG trace recorded at rest.

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[Total: 4]