1.It is thought that the formation of most life 4.

A typical person spends about 90 per cent of

on Earth depended on our ----- to the Sun, their time indoors; thus, health comfort, and
because being in the 'habitable zone' - an area well-being are ----- influenced by the complex
that stretches from just outside Venus's orbit issue of the quality of indoor air.
to Mars's orbit - was ideal for stimulating life
A) amusingly
on Earth.
B) fortunately
A) resemblance
C) strongly
B) guidance
D) deliberately
C) proximity
E) arbitrarily
D) resolution

E) applicability
5.Scientists will continue to search for life on
other planets because humans have a burning
2.The Internet can be considered as a multi- desire to ----- whether they are alone in the
faceted mass medium that contains many universe.
different ----- of communication.
A) obtain
A) eliminations
B) determine
B) configurations
C) regulate
C) breakdowns
D) resist
D) hesitations
E) enhance
E) obligations

6.As a natural object that travels in orbit

3.Mysterious discoveries around the globe around the Earth, the Moon does not ----- any
have opened up an amazing possibility: the light of its own, but reflects light from the Sun.
cosmos could be full of ghostly stars that are
A) get into
----- to our most sensitive detectors.
B) settle down
A) invaluable
C) give off
B) unstable
D) carry on
C) invisible
E) make out
D) uneven

E) irresistible
7.Towards the end of the 18th century, comets 10.The development of better methods -----
----- to be permanent celestial bodies directly studying the human brain helps
composed of solid material, the movement of scientists understand more ----- how plasticity
which ----- using Newton's laws of planetary occurs in the hippocampus.
motion.
A) with / from
A) have been believed / would be calculated
B) on / towards
B) were believed / could be calculated
C) behind / into
C) had been believed/ might have been
D) for / about
calculated
E) at / against
D) would be believed / must be calculated

E) are believed / used to be calculated

11.Science appears as important as any other
aspect of the contemporary world, -----
8.It was not until the 1st century AD that Hero multiple moral and political engagements on
of Alexandria ----- the five basic machines as its own as well as ----- its associations with
the lever, the wheel and axle, the wedge, the technology.
pulley and the screw, but the first three of
A) about / to
these ----- in common use since about 3000
BCE. B) for / upon
A) classified / had been C) against / in
B) classifies / have been D) with / through
C) had classified / were E) by / towards
D) has classified / are

E) was classifying / would be 12.Small, warm-blooded predators, such as

shrews, need a constant supply of food and
have to hunt much of the day; -----, a large,
9.If poaching continues ----- the current rate cold-blooded hunter, such as a python or
then it is inevitable that most wild rhinos will crocodile, uses relatively little energy for its
be poached until all species are almost extinct size.
----- the next ten years.
A) moreover
A) in / from
B) therefore
B) on / without
C) likewise
C) at / within
D) in fact
D) towards / over
E) by contrast
E) against / during
13. ----- the Moon is the same distance from 16.Some baby animals develop inside their
the Sun as the Earth is, its average surface mothers and are eventually born as tiny copies
temperature is much lower than the Earth's. of their parents ----- others develop inside
protective egg cases that are usually left in a
A) Because
safe place until they are ready to hatch.
B) Although
A) while
C) Once
B) just as
D) Just as
C) since
E) Unless
D) as if

E) whether
14.Composting is the process in which organic
waste decays ----- fertile soil can be
economically produced. 17.Shelf life of a battery is the expected time
that elapses before a stored battery becomes
A) because
inoperative ----- age or deterioration.
B) so that
A) except for
C) as if
B) as a result of
D) while
C) in addition to
E) although
D) in spite of

E) instead of
15.Smart clothes that can monitor our body
temperatures will make sure we are never too
hot or too cold; -----, they could reduce energy 18. A new self-balancing exoskeleton
use. prototype helps people with lower body
paralysis walk and has algorithms constantly
A) otherwise
assessing its position and speed ----- taking
B) by comparison into account the measurements of the user.

C) nonetheless A) on account of

D) moreover B) compared to

E) instead C) in spite of

D) as well as

E) because of
19. During a key period in embryo
development of some reptiles, the
temperature of the environment determines
----- the embryo becomes a female ----- a
male.

A) whether / or

B) the more / the more

C) as / as

D) neither / nor

E) both / and

20. While the Earth's atmosphere does not

contain ammonia, liquid and solid ammonia
exist on other planets, such as Jupiter, ----- it
may have originally formed from metal
nitrides reacting with water.

A) whose

B) where

C) that

D) whom

E) which
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will 23.
become humanity's sharpest eye. Its size
A) had better exist
means it resolves more light than the Hubble
Space Telescope and perceives ancient B) has to exist
infrared light that has been travelling through
space for 13.6 billion years. This facilitates a C) could exist
glimpse into the era when the first stars were D) should exist
formed. (21)----- Hubble is famous for its
images of dying stars, the images that the E) must have existed
JWST hopes to capture will deliver evidence of
their birth. The new telescope will be much
more (22)----- than its predecessors as it can
identify tiny, distant celestial bodies previously
24.
obscured by dust. Soon astronomers will
discover new rocky planets and at the same A) in terms of
time be able to say whether life (23)----- there.
B) in conjunction with
That is because they are able to analyse the
gases of a planet (24)----- the JWST, which are C) with the help of
a good marker of organic matter. One of their
D) in contrast with
main aims is the search for new forms of life,
but they can also discover traces of oxygen E) as regards
and methane (25)----- the far corners of space
using the light captured by the JWST. This
could enlighten us about the origins of life.

25.
21. A) under
A) Now that B) in
B) Whereas C) with
C) As though D) over
D) In case E) against
E) Until

22.

A) avoidable

B) detrimental

C) flexible

D) devastating

E) precise
31. Although penguins are most common in 33. -----, yet today, billions of people use them
cold climates, -----. across the world, without any proven illness.

A) their breeding colonies on rocky shores, ice, A) Environmental electromagnetic fields

or snow are often vast created by cell phones are too small to
produce damaging biological effects
B) nesting so closely helps adults and chicks to
keep warm during snowstorms B) Radiation emitted by cell phones does not
pose a potential threat for biological damage
C) they breed in one of the world's harshest
environments, on offshore islands in the C) The energy level of radiation emitted by cell
Antarctic phones is not great enough to break the bonds
in genetic material
D) their thick coats of short, stiff feathers
provide insulation against the cold D) Reports of negative health effects have
surrounded the use of cell phones since their
E) they are not restricted to the southern
introduction
oceans around Antarctica
E) Research indicates that long-term exposure
to cell phone radiation does not lead to such
diseases as leukaemia

32. If old-growth forests are to always be a

component of Earth's natural biodiversity, -----.

A) the number of scattered and dead trees,

34. -----; therefore, in the 1990s, the Baltic
both standing and lying on the forest floor
countries agreed to clean up the environment
should increase
in and around the sea.
B) then human societies will have to preserve
A) By the beginning of the 20th century
them in large ecological reserves
pollution from industries became a concern in
C) those forests will be rarely managed by the Baltic area
foresters as a renewable, natural resource
B) Through the end of the 18th century, the
D) a really long time must pass for a typical Baltic sea started to get too salty
old-growth forest to develop
C) The economy of the Baltic countries
E) then they occur in places or regions where benefitted from the high number of tourists
catastrophic disturbances are rare
D) Fish stock in the Baltic has increased in the
last decade

E) The countries around the Baltic sea

prospered with the help of advertising
35. Sometimes, floods occur as a result of a 37. Mars may have once been warm, with
unique combination of factors that only rivers flowing on its surface, -----.
indirectly involve weather conditions; -----.
A) although the outer region of its iron core is
A) thus, some places on Earth experience thought to still be partially molten
more than average rainfall while others
B) until some of the water that flowed was
endure droughts
released by volcanic activity or asteroid impact
B) however, humans have attempted to
C) yet the planet is now an arid wasteland, its
manage floods using a variety of methods with
remaining water locked in frost and ice
varying degrees of success
D) whereas the lack of tectonic plate
C) otherwise, constructing houses near water
movement allows volcanoes to become much
bodies has contributed to disastrous
larger than on Earth
consequences of floods
E) even if ancient lava veins have been
D) to illustrate, a low-lying coastal area may be
identified on the slopes of its biggest shield
prone to flooding whenever the ocean is at
volcanoes
high tide

E) in other words, some obvious causes of

floods are heavy rains and frequent storms
within a short time duration
38. Most people associate the word 'dog' with
friendly pets or working animals; -----.

A) however, there are many wild species of

dog, which are collectively known as canids
36. Although a nuclear power plant cannot
explode like an atomic bomb, -----. B) therefore, this group includes jackals, foxes,
wolves, and the dingo
A) atomic bombs create devastating
explosions by splitting the atom C) yet, dogs are long-legged, fast-moving
carnivores with acute senses of smell and
B) there may be accidents that can result in
hearing
serious radioactive pollution
D) rather, they are highly social mammals,
C) there is to be a ban on the dumping of
often living and hunting together in packs
radioactive waste at sea
E) instead, dogs use smell to communicate
D) personal lifestyle influences the amount of
with one another, for example by urinating to
radioactivity to which people are exposed
mark their territories
E) a radioactive chemical element
'meitnerium' is produced when atoms collide
39. Birds are no more extraordinary than any 41. The warming of our planet is usually
other living organisms, -----. blamed on carbon dioxide -----.

A) so no other group of animals attract us as A) but there is another major greenhouse gas,
much as birds, however interesting they are methane, contributing to the damage in our
skies
B) so that observations can tell us what
astonishing diversity there is among them B) even if there is far less methane being
emitted into the atmosphere than carbon
C) providing that they are a great source of
dioxide
inspiration to people
C) so scientists claim methane's warming
D) yet it is their greater familiarity with people
effect has become 80 times greater in the last
that makes them seem so special
decade
E) thus biologists encourage greater efforts to
D) because methane also reacts with nitrous
conserve them before it is too late
oxides to make the gas ozone close to the
Earth's surface

E) since ozone is linked to a million premature

deaths annually
40. -----, astronauts can lose up to 40 per cent
of their muscle mass after 180 days on the
International Space Station.

A) Although they dedicate several hours of

their day to exercise

B) Even if spending long periods in space can

alter the human body

C) Given that it can take a crew ten months to

reach the surface of Mars

D) As if they are briefly exposed to hyper

gravity

E) Whereas living for periods at low gravity

may alter the human DNA
42. Scientists rely on the rumble of magma 43. Because devices which are alleged to
moves to predict volcanic eruptions, but measure stress in the suspect's voice and to
standard seismic tools provide only a rough detect lie are not required to be attached to
picture of what is happening there. body, they can be used covertly.

A) Bilim insanları volkanik patlamaları tahmin A) Şüphelinin sesindeki stresi ölçerek yalanı
etmek için magma hareketlerinin gürültüsüne saptamada kullanılan cihazlar vücuda
bel bağlarlar ancak standart sismik aygıtlar yerleştirilmeye gerek duyulmadan gizlice
orada ne olduğuna dair yalnızca kabaca bir fikir kullanılabilirler.
verir.
B) Şüphelinin sesindeki stresi ölçtüğü ve yalanı
B) Bilim insanları orada ne olduğuna dair saptadığı öne sürülen cihazların vücuda
kabaca bir fikir veren standart sismik aygıtlar yerleştirilmesine gerek olmadığından bu
yerine magma hareketlerinin gürültüsüne bel cihazlar gizlice kullanılabilirler.
bağlayarak volkanik patlamaları tahmin eder.
C) Vücuda yerleştirilmeye gerek duyulmadan
C) Standart sismik aygıtlar magma gizlice kullanılabilen cihazların şüphelinin
hareketlerine dair sadece kabaca bir fikir verse sesindeki stresi ölçebildikleri ve böylelikle
de bilim insanları volkanik patlamaları tahmin yalanı saptayabildikleri öne sürülmektedir.
etmek için ortaya çıkan gürültüye bel bağlarlar.
D) Şüphelinin sesindeki stresi ölçerek yalanı
D) Bilim insanları volkanik patlamaları tahmin saptamada kullanılan cihazların vücuda
etmek için orada ne olduğuna dair kabaca bir yerleştirilmesi gerekli değildir ve bu yüzden bu
fikir veren magma hareketlerinin gürültüsü cihazlar gizli bir şekilde kullanılabilirler.
yerine standart sismik aygıtlara bel bağlarlar.
E) Şüphelinin vücuduna yerleştirilmediği için
E) Bilim insanları volkanik patlamaları tahmin gizlice kullanılabilen ve kişinin sesindeki stresi
etmek için magma hareketlerinin gürültüsüne ölçmek için kullanılan cihazların yalanı
bel bağlamak zorundadır ve standart sismik saptadığı öne sürülmektedir.
aygıtlar orada ne olduğuna dair az da olsa bir
fikir verir.
44.Earth is the planet which is best suited for 45. The first robot designed to read and
us to survive on; thus, it will serve as a respond to human emotions, which will go on
jumping-off point when we turn our gaze to sale soon, uses artificial intelligence to
other planets. recognise facial expressions and learn from
past experiences.
A) Hayatta kalmamız için en elverişli
gezegenlerden biri olan Dünya, diğer A) İnsan duygularını anlayıp karşılık vermek
gezegenlere gözümüzü çevirince bir çıkış üzere tasarlanan ilk robot, yakında satışa
noktası işlevi göreceği için gereklidir. sunulacak ve yüz ifadelerini tanımak için yapay
zekâ kullanıp geçmiş deneyimlerden ders
B) Dünya'nın, gözümüzü diğer gezegenlere
çıkaracaktır.
çevirdiğimizde bir çıkış noktası olmasının
sebebi hayatta kalmamıza en elverişli gezegen B) Yakında satışa sunulacak olan, insan
olmasıdır. duygularını anlayıp karşılık vermek üzere
tasarlanmış ilk robot, yüz ifadelerini tanımak
C) Dünya, hayatta kalmamızı sağlayan en
ve geçmiş deneyimlerden ders çıkarmak için
elverişli gezegendir ve gözümüzü diğer
yapay zekâ kullanmaktadır.
gezegenlere çevirme zamanı gelince bir çıkış
noktası işlevi görecektir. C) Yakında satışa sunulmak üzere tasarlanmış
bir robot, ilk defa yüz ifadelerini tanımak ve
D) Dünya, diğer gezegenlere bakıldığında
geçmiş deneyimlerden ders çıkarmak için
hayatta kalmamıza en elverişli gezegendir ve
yapay zekâ kullanarak insanların duygularını
bu nedenle bir çıkış noktası işlevi görür.
anlayıp onlara karşılık vermektedir.
E) Dünya, hayatta kalmamız için en elverişli
D) İlk defa insan duygularını anlayarak karşılık
gezegendir, bu nedenle gözümüzü diğer
vermek üzere tasarlanan robotun yakında
gezegenlere çevirdiğimizde bir çıkış noktası
satışa sunulması bekleniyor ve bu robotun
işlevi görecektir.
insanların yüz ifadelerini tanıyarak geçmişten
ders çıkarabilmek için yapay zekâ kullandığı
biliniyor.

E) İnsanların duygularını anlayarak karşılık

verebilecek şekilde tasarlanan ve yakında
satışa sunulacak olan bir robotun yüz
ifadelerini tanımak için ilk kez yapay zekâ
kullanması ve geçmiş deneyimlerden ders
çıkarması bekleniyor.
46. The annual world catch of fish is almost 70 47. The modern battleships date back to the
million tonnes, of which about one third is final years of the 19th century, when the term
used as raw material for fishery by-products was commonly used for the most powerful
rather than human consumption. warships.

A) Dünyada yıllık yakalanan balık miktarı A) Modern savaş gemilerinin tarihi, bu terimin
hemen hemen 70 milyon tondur ki bunun en güçlü savaş gemileri için yaygın bir şekilde
yaklaşık üçte biri insanların tüketiminden kullanıldığı on dokuzuncu yüzyılın son yıllarına
ziyade balıkçılık yan ürünleri için ham madde dayanır.
olarak kullanılır.
B) Modern savaş gemilerinin tarihi, on
B) Dünya çapında her yıl yakalanan balık dokuzuncu yüzyılın son yıllarına dayanır çünkü
miktarının neredeyse üçte biri insanların bu terimin o günlerde en güçlü savaş gemileri
tüketiminden ziyade balıkçılık yan ürünleri için için oldukça yaygın bir kullanımı vardı.
ham madde olarak kullanılmakta olup yaklaşık
C) En güçlü savaş gemileri için kullanılan
70 milyon tondur.
modern savaş gemisi terimi on dokuzuncu
C) Dünyada yıllık yakalanan balık miktarı yüzyılın son yıllarında yaygın bir şekilde
hemen hemen 70 milyon tona eşittir ki bunun kullanılmaya başlanmıştı.
yaklaşık üçte biri balıkçılık yan ürünleri için
D) On dokuzuncu yüzyılın son yıllarında
ham madde olarak değil insanların tüketimi
insanlar tarafından yaygın bir şekilde kullanılan
için kullanılır.
modern savaş gemisi terimi en güçlü savaş
D) Yaklaşık üçte biri balıkçılık yan ürünleri için gemilerini ifade ederdi.
ham madde olarak kullanılsa da dünyada bir
E) Son yıllarda en güçlü savaş gemilerini tarif
yılda yakalanıp insanların tüketimine sunulan
etmek için kullanılan modern savaş gemisi
balık miktarı hemen hemen 70 milyon tondur.
teriminin tarihi, on dokuzuncu yüzyılın son
E) Dünyada her yıl yakalanan balık miktarı yıllarına dayanır.
yaklaşık 70 milyon tondur ki bunun ortalama
üçte biri insanlar tarafından tüketileceği hâlde
balıkçılık yan ürünleri için ham madde olarak
kullanılır.
48. Ozon, Güneş'in morötesi ışınlarının çoğunu 49. Timsahlar, kuşları çekebilmek ve
dışarıda tutmak için Dünya'nın etrafında bir avlayabilmek için burunlarının üzerine
çeşit atmosferik tabaka oluşturan bir gazdir ve koydukları küçük tahta parçaları ile sığ suda
onsuz bu gezegende yaşam imkânsızdır. saatlerce hareket etmeden yatarlar.

A) Ozone is a gas that forms a kind of A) Alligators put small sticks on their snouts
atmospheric blanket around the Earth because and lie in shallow water for hours without
it keeps out most of the Sun's ultraviolet rays moving in order to attract and hunt birds.
and life without it is impossible on this planet.
B) Alligators, which lie motionless for hours in
B) Ozone is a gas without which life is shallow water, are able to attract and hunt
impossible on this planet forms a kind of birds with small sticks on their snouts.
atmospheric blanket around the Earth to keep
C) Alligators try to attract and hunt birds so
out most of the Sun's ultraviolet rays.
they lie in shallow water for hours with small
C) Ozone is a gas that forms a kind of sticks placed on their snouts while they are
atmospheric blanket around the Earth to keep lying motionless for hours.
out most of the Sun's ultraviolet rays and life
D) Alligators can move in shallow water for
without it is impossible on this planet.
hours and the small sticks they put on their
D) Ozone, without which life is impossible on snouts help them attract and hunt birds.
this planet, is a gas that forms a kind of
E) Alligators lie motionless for hours in shallow
atmospheric blanket around the Earth to keep
water with small sticks they put on their
out most of the Sun's ultraviolet rays.
snouts to be able to attract and hunt birds.
E) Ozone is a gas that keeps out most of the
Sun's ultraviolet rays by forming a kind of
atmospheric blanket around the Earth and life
without it is impossible on this planet.
50. Yuva yapma dönemi süresince bazı kuşlar 51. Geceleri çalışabilen güneş panelleri,
yiyeceğin az olduğu çok soğuk havalarda enerji enerjiyi bataryalarda depolama zorunluluğunu
tasarrufu yapmak için vücut ısılarını 8.6°C'ye ortadan kaldırarak bir telefonu şarj etmek için
kadar düşürebilirler. yeterli güç üretebilir.

A) During nesting, some birds can lower their A) Solar panels working at night are able to
body temperature to 8.6°C, which saves charge a phone by generating enough power
energy in harsh weather and survive despite to bypass the need to store energy in
lack of food. batteries.

B) By lowering their body temperature by B) Through bypassing the need to store energy
8.6°C during nesting, some birds can save in batteries, solar panels, which work at night,
energy in harsh weather when there is little are able to generate enough energy so that a
food. phone can be charged.

C) During nesting, some birds, lowering their C) Solar panels that are able to work at night
body temperature by 8.6°C, save energy in could generate enough power to charge a
harsh weather when there is little food. phone through bypassing the need to store
energy in batteries.
D) During nesting, some birds can lower their
body temperature by 8.6°C to save energy in D) Through bypassing the need to store energy
harsh weather when there is little food. in batteries, solar panels work at night to
generate enough power to charge a phone.
E) Some birds, during nesting, in harsh
weather when there is little food can save E) Solar panels are able to work at night and
energy by lowering their body temperature to bypass the need to store energy in batteries if
8.6°C. enough power to charge a phone could be
generated.
52. Astrofizikte kullanılan karmaşık araçlar ve 53. Gelecekte hava kirliliğini asgari düzeye
analiz teknikleri evrenin anlaşılmasına indirecek ve enerji tüketimini azaltacak
yardımcı olsa da astronomi esasen ışığın bilgisayar otomasyon sistemlerini içeren birçok
gözlemlenmesi ile ilgilidir. yeni gelişme olacaktır.

A) Despite the essential sophisticated devices A) Computer automation systems, which will
and analysis techniques used in astrophysics minimise air pollution and lower energy
that help us understand the universe, consumption, will involve many new
astronomy mostly deals with how to observe developments in the future.
light accurately.
B) There will be many new developments in
B) Although the sophisticated tools and the future involving computer automation
analysis techniques used in astrophysics assist systems that will minimise air pollution and
in the understanding of the universe, lower energy consumption.
astronomy is essentially about the observation
C) In the future, minimisation of air pollution
of light.
and low energy consumption will be
C) The sophisticated instruments and analysis performed thanks to many new developments
techniques used essentially in astrophysics involving computer automation systems.
and astronomy assist in both the
D) In the future, computer automation
understanding of the universe and the
systems involving many new developments
observation of light.
will minimise air pollution and lower energy
D) Essentially, astronomy is about how to consumption.
observe light, but, in order to understand the
E) There will be many new developments in
universe, we need the assistance of
the future in terms of low energy consumption
sophisticated tools and analysis techniques
and minimisation of air pollution together
used in astrophysics.
with computer automation systems.
E) Unlike astrophysics, which requires the use
of sophisticated instruments and analysis
techniques in understanding of the universe,
astronomy focuses essentially on the
observation of light.
54. Long-duration space travel can take a 55. Female giraffes have long pregnancies
heavy toll on your mental well-being. ----- lasting more than 14 months. ----- So, long
Crews also have to be carefully selected to gestation is a common strategy among
make sure that every member is easy-going- vulnerable grazing animals, and giraffe calves
there is the constant threat of something in particular need to be big and strong. Their
going wrong, and you cannot risk astronauts mothers give birth standing up, so newborns
irritating each other too much. It is not like start life with a 2 m drop to the ground, and
you can diffuse an argument by avoiding each must be able to get to their feet to reach their
other or stepping outside for some air! You mother's teats and suckle. A youngster feeds
have to spend months on end with the same every hour for the first week, and is kept apart
people, isolated from all your loved ones at from other giraffes during this time.
home.
A) This ensures their babies are well
A) ISS astronauts often report problems with developed - at birth they are nearly 2 m tall
insomnia and loss of appetite, and it can be and weigh 100 kg.
hard to find any privacy in the confines of the
B) Female giraffes can fiercely defend their
craft.
young particularly in areas where lions are
B) A generation ship is the concept of a self- plentiful.
sustaining space colony where several
C) Though young giraffes can run fast in the
generations of space travellers would live over
wild, their best defence is to grow to become
the century.
an adult.
C) However, it is a big problem for long-term
D) Then they usually join a group of giraffes
space travellers as the human body cannot
that is overseen carefully by some of the
deal with microgravity for long periods.
mothers.
D) Any future venture into deep-space travel
E) They double their height within 12 months
relies heavily on our advancement of
after birth and predators think twice before
propulsion systems.
attacking.
E) Payloads are vital for any lunar exploration
mission; astronauts can use instruments to
carefully examine the Moon's surface or even
dig deeper.
56. Despite the harsh environment, there is 57. Plans for the world's third-largest offshore
contention about the ownership of the North wind-power scheme in Scotland's Moray Firth
Pole as there could be rich natural resources could ultimately benefit the region's
beneath the ice. To ensure its presence in the bottlenose dolphins, according to a leading
Arctic, the Canadian government has started expert. ----- But Dr Paul Thompson of the
working on drones capable of surviving the University of Aberdeen said that the impacts
conditions. However, for drones to successfully had been carefully considered. He explained:
navigate in the region, there needs to be a "For dolphins, the scheme's Environmental
'crown' of satellites in the right positions to Impact Assessment is probably the most
establish locational data. ----- At temperatures detailed ever carried out in UK waters.".
of around -40°C, the reactions that batteries
A) However, there are some concerns about
rely on slow to snail's pace. The work of the
the effect of building 326 wind turbines,
Canadian government is still in its infancy but
mainly as a result of the disturbance caused
it currently looks like drones will act as
during construction.
assistants to manned missions.
B) The researchers who have been involved in
A) It is quite obvious that normal drones
the project have been able to convince the
would likely suffer the same fate.
local residents to approve of the construction
B) But it is not just chilly temperatures that site.
stop flight- fog is a barrier too.
C) In addition, there has been work with
C) Larger planes and helicopters can survive meticulous attention to detail in the area, and
this as they can carry a de-icing kit. certain implications of the project can be
foreseen.
D) Yet, they find the fastest way around a
landmass, saving time and resources. D) Moreover, the marine ecosystem of the
region recovers itself in a short period of time.
E) Once navigation is solved, the drone then
has to survive the cold. E) While some experts agree that the dolphin
population around the world is decreasing due
to certain factors, some others think that
there is still hope.
58. Plants and animals live where they can 59. Algae differ from plants in several ways.
satisfy their needs. ----- Goldfish and pond They do not have stems or leaves, and their
plants, for instance, must have fresh water, so roots are different from plant roots. Algae also
they cannot live if taken into the ocean. On do not produce flowers or seeds, as plants do.
the other hand, the barnacles that cling to a ----- This process also releases oxygen into the
ship live in salt water. They will die if the ship air. In addition to making oxygen, algae are
passes from the ocean into a fresh-water important for other reasons. Water animals
harbour. In some cases, however, creatures such as whales, seals, fish, octopuses, and
can adapt themselves to a changing habitat, if starfish depend on algae for food. People also
the change is slow, and not too great. eat some types of algae. In many parts of the
world farmers use seaweeds as fertiliser.
A) Various animals and plants can be kept alive
in aquariums, zoos, or botanical gardens. A) Algae are living things that can be green,
blue, red, or brown and they vary greatly in
B) Every habitat, thus, limits the kinds of
size.
things which live there, and their numbers.
B) Some algae look like plants, however, algae
C) Some waters are too dirty to be the host of
are actually neither plants nor animals.
certain species.
C) Algae make much of Earth's oxygen, which
D) Changes to their habitat due to
humans and other animals need to breathe.
environmental problems cause many species
to suffer. D) Instead, algae, having a huge number of
different species, belong to a group of living
E) All plants and animals depend for their
things called protists.
existence on the heat received from the Sun.
E) Like plants, however, algae make their own
food through a process called photosynthesis.
60. (I) Contrary to what you may think, the fact 62. (I) For centuries irises, a generic species of
that it is cold will not, in itself, cause you to flower, have been used in Europe and North
become sick. (II) The reason why colds become America for medicinal purposes. (II) One such
more prevalent in winter is that people tend iris, Iris versicolor, produces iridin, or irisin, an
to stay indoors more. (III) Recent studies have odourless, bitter-tasting compound. (III)
shown that a good night's sleep helps to Medicinally, it is known as blue flag in the
reduce the chances of getting a cold by 66 per United States. (IV) The petals are translucent
cent. (IV) Thus, they come into contact more enough to allow light to shine through, their
frequently with other people, some of whom three-dimensional and brilliantly coloured
may be carrying viruses or illness-causing form. (V) At one time, it was used in a cure for
bacteria. (V) Also, indoor heating systems run syphilis, infections of the skin, and dropsy
constantly and the environment inside homes (oedema), and today it is still an official drug
and buildings may not be all that healthy. used to purge the liver.

A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

61. (I) The composting of organic materials for 63. (I) Our brains have obviously evolved to
reuse in gardening and in agriculture can help work in Earth's gravity. (II) Americans have
alleviate the problem of using land to dispose successfully flown beyond the bounds of
of waste material. (II) Plant and food gravity more than fifty times. (III) Experiments
substances are biodegradable, which means on the International Space Station suggest that
they are capable of decomposing through the our brains have an internal model of how
agency of bacteria, fungi, and other living gravity works that we use to accurately predict
organisms. (III) However, some communities where a ball will be when we move to catch it.
require individual households to separate (IV) However, in a weightless environment, the
glass, plastic, and paper in order to make ball moves at a constant speed, instead of a
recycle process more efficient. (IV) constant acceleration, and so our reactions are
Temperature and sunlight play a role in the slightly off. (V) Gravity also affects the flow of
decomposition of biodegradable substances as blood through the brain, producing patterns
well. (V) When substances are not that resemble epileptic seizures.
biodegradable, however, they may remain in
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
the environment and may be capable of
polluting the soil and water of an area,
particularly if they are toxic.

A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
64. (I) The giant anteater has an incredible 60
cm long tongue. (II) It has tiny backward-
pointing spines, is covered with sticky saliva,
and can be flicked in and out about 150 times
a minute. (III) This makes the tongue ideal for
scooping up ants and termites from their
broken nests. (IV) They have long, probing
snouts, small ears and eyes, black-and-white
shoulder strips and bushy tails. (V) Giant
anteaters, thus, can eat more than 30,000
insects, plus their eggs and larvae, each day.

A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

65. (I) Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a

kind of psychotherapy, incorporating a wide
range of techniques, and is capable of
addressing a range of psychological problems.
(II) There have been a variety of clinical
applications of this therapy since its initial
development in the 1970s. (III) Among these
psychological problems are anxiety, depression
and psychosis. (IV) A central assumption of
CBT is that a person's emotional and
behavioural reactions to adverse
circumstances are determined by their
cognitive representation of the circumstances,
and their appraisal of them. (V) The main aim
of this therapy is therefore to change the way
in which the individual represents the
circumstance and their appraisals.

A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
In 2000, the Netherlands committed to 67.What can be understood from Toussaint's
creating twice as much food using half as statement in the passage?
many resources. This was in response to
A) Some steps in the production process are
concerns about food availability amid
inevitably put much more emphasis on by
worldwide population growth. It certainly
growers.
delivered. By investing research in areas like
LED lighting and climate control, Dutch farms B) They are still working on the glass
can grow crops in any weather in fields under technology to produce crops with the least
glass. In fact, the Netherlands is the second reflection possible.
largest exporter of food as measured by value,
second only to the US, which is 270 times its C) It will probably take more time to accurately
size. Using techniques like hydroponics, which predict the amount of food production.
involves growing crops in a nutrient-filled D) The Plant Sciences Group is responsible for
solution rather than soil, Dutch farmers have informing growers about the expected crop
reduced their water footprint, too. Worldwide, growth.
it takes around 23 times more water to
produce an average pound (0.45 kg) of E) Growers can develop their own computer
tomatoes than it does in the Netherlands. The programmes based on the already existing
Plant Sciences Group at nearby Wageningen models
University works to improve every step in the
food production chain, says communications
advisor Erik Toussaint. "Growers use computer 68.What is the passage mainly about?
programmes to predict crop growth, based on
A) A comparison between agricultural
models developed by scientists. We also look
production of the Netherlands and the US
into things like the best glass angle to get as
little reflection as possible." B) A brief summary of recent agricultural
technology in the Netherland

C) The pros and cons of the latest agricultural

66.Which of the following is true about Dutch
technology in the Netherlands
farmers?
D) The role of hydroponics in agriculture in the
A) They used to consume even less water in
Netherlands
the past.
E) The concern of the Dutch scientists about
B) They use the least water in the production
food availability all around the world
of tomatoes.

C) They achieve much higher production rates

in milder weather conditions.

D) Their agricultural production rates outdid

the rates of the American farms.

E) They just focus on the steps of the food

chain that need improvements.
Many species of cacti can be rather easily
transplanted from natural habitats into the
70.According to the passage, monitoring the
vicinities of homes and businesses, where they
habitats of cacti to protect them -----.
may be used as central components of low-
maintenance gardens in places where rainfall A) convince poachers to give up their illegal
is sparse, and the development of grassy lawns acts
would require an excessive use of scarce and
expensive water. Wild cacti are also collected B) has failed to prevent the extinction of some
to grow in or around the home, and to rare species
develop private collections of these interesting c) is almost impossible as poaching occurs at
plants. Unfortunately, most species of cacti re- night
colonise disturbed sites very slowly and
infrequently. Extensive losses of cactus habitat D) is a challenging task as these plants are
to industrial and residential developments, widely dispersed
coupled with excessive collections of wild E) is hardly feasible as it could easily prove
plants, have resulted in the populations of relatively costly
some species of cacti dying out. In some areas,
populations of wild cacti must be guarded
against illegal, often nocturnal collecting of
71.Which of the following is the main idea of
valuable plants for horticultural purposes.
the passage?
Unfortunately, it is difficult to protect many
endangered cacti from poaching. This is A) Cactus collectors and poachers unknowingly
because of the extensive areas that must be give harm to the habitats where cacti can grow
patrolled, in the face of multi-million-dollar without needing water or other natural
profits that can potentially be made in the resources.
illicit cactus trade.
B) As people poach various cactus species for
commercial purposes, there is no point in
trying to save these plants from their
69.Which of the following is true of the cactus
inevitable fate.
habitats that suffer from human interference?
C) Cacti are plants that can grow in extreme
A) People usually look for such places to
conditions as they do not require some
develop their own private collections of
valuable resources like water in areas where
various thorny plants.
rainfall is relatively scarce.
B) It is difficult and rare for these habitats to
D) Various species of cacti are collected for
regain their previous condition with flourishing
purposes other than leisure and this causes a
cacti in them.
problem, as cacti are supposed to be
C) These places are far from residential areas decorative plants in general.
where people establish homes to maintain
E) Some species of cactus are now critically
their lives.
endangered in the wild because of excessive,
D) These places provide room for the wildest illegal collecting, and this represents an
species of cacti, which remain unaffected by important ecological problem in many areas.
human-induced problems.

E) People produce and maintain green spaces

in these habitats by using sparse natural
resources.
The first true automobile, which was built by 73.According to the passage, gasoline engines
Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot of France in 1769, was
A) ran more smoothly when compared to the
a machine that had three wheels and was
electric cars
powered by steam. It was heavy and moved
very slowly. Many manufacturers produced B) were produced in their first version without
steam-driven automobiles during the late a need for development
1890s and early 1900s. A disadvantage of
steam was that water had to be brought to a C) seemed to be more dependable than
boil before the car could go. During this same previous engine types
period other manufacturers produced cars run D) were first mass produced in a factory by
by electric motors. Electric cars ran smoothly Henry Ford
and were easy to operate. However, they did
not run well at high speeds and another E) were initially thought to be
drawback was that they had to have their environmentally-friendly
batteries recharged every 80 kilometres or so.
Meanwhile, Etienne Lenoir of France
developed a gasoline-powered engine in 1860, 74.What is the main purpose of the author?
which was then improved by the German
A) To briefly inform the reader about the
Nikolaus Otto. Gasoline engines proved to be
history of car engines
more reliable than the other kinds; therefore,
soon several people started to set up factories B) To compare and contrast the first version of
to produce gasoline-engine cars, Henry Ford the car with modern ones
being among the most famous ones. However,
C)To mention the competition among the first
through the end of the 20th century, people
automobile manufacturers
started to return to electric cars because of
some environmental issues. D) To describe in general the parts of the first
cars

E) To explain the drawbacks of the modern

72.Which of the following is true about the
cars
first automobiles?

A) They had some drawbacks related to the

source that powered them.

B) They failed to attract the attention of the

producers.

C) They soon went out of circulation due to

performance issues.

D) They did not get the attention of potential

buyers due to their inability to go long
distances.

E) They were easy to operate and moved

faster than expected.
A brown dwarf is a pseudo-star - a body of gas 76.Which of the following is the main criterion
not massive enough for the gravitational for deciding if a celestial body is a brown
pressure in its core to ignite the hydrogen- dwarf?
fusion reaction that powers true stars. The
A) To what extent it resembles the Sun
name 'brown dwarf' is a play on the name of
the smallest class of true stars, 'red dwarf, but B) The mass of the celestial object
while red dwarfs are actually red, brown
dwarfs are not brown. Objects ranging in mass C) The exact place of its gravitational pressure
between 13 and 75 times the mass of Jupiter - D) Whether the object circles around another
between 1.2% and 7% the mass of the Sun - star
are generally considered brown dwarfs. Clear
rules for distinguishing large planets from E) The colour of the celestial object
brown dwarfs were lacking until recently. In
2001, however, an international committee
declared that objects heavier than 13 Jupiter 77.Which of the following could be the best
masses should be labelled brown dwarfs title for this passage?
regardless of whether they orbit true stars,
A) Two Types of Stars: Brown Dwarfs versus
while objects below this should be labelled as
Red Dwarfs
planets if they are orbiting true stars and as
sub-brown dwarfs if they are not. Until B) Commonly Found Weird Celestial Objects
recently, astronomers could only theorise that
C) A Comparison of Brown Dwarfs and Planets
brown dwarfs were common in the Universe.
They observed that the less massive stars are D) How to Make a Distinction between
far more common than the more massive Massive and Dwarf Stars
stars, a trend that would suggest that brown
E) Distinctive Characteristics of Brown Dwarfs
dwarfs should be still more numerous.

75.Which of the following is false about brown

dwarfs?

A) Their structure lacks a key mechanism to

call them stars.

B) Their name was coined in relation to

another group of stars.

C) Most of them are thought to be smaller in

size than Jupiter.

D) There are many brown dwarfs scattered

across the Universe.

E) It was difficult to differentiate between

brown dwarfs and planets.
Aquaculture provides many benefits to people, 79.Which of the following is not directly
mostly through access to a large production of mentioned as one of the factors that degrade
nutritious, high-quality foods. However, as with water quality?
terrestrial agriculture, there are adverse
environmental impacts of aquaculture. The most A) The consumption of oxygen in chemical
important effects are associated with the reactions
conversion of natural ecosystems into intensively
managed aquacultural ecosystems. For example, B) Aquacultural areas' receiving marine
the conversion of mangrove forests to raise shrimp animals from the sea
results in an extensive loss of natural habitat. This
conversion has important consequences for native C) The decaying of the animal feed and bodily
species, and it may damage offshore ecosystems waste of animals
through higher pollution and accumulated silt. In
D) The use of poisonous substances to protect
addition, aquaculture operations often degrade
the equipment
local water quality in various ways. For example,
oxygen concentrations may be lowered to E) Medical agents used for keeping animal
unacceptably small concentrations because of the crops healthy
consumption of this gas during the decomposition
of waste feed and animal faeces. Other impacts are
associated with toxic chemicals that are applied to
aquaculture cages in order to prevent them from 80.Which of the following could be inferred
being colonised or eaten by marine organisms. from the passage?
Local waters and species may also become
contaminated with medicines that may be used to
A) The adverse ecological effects of
keep animal crops healthy. In addition, non-native agriculture, both on land and in the sea, can
species may escape from aquaculture and establish hardly be eliminated unless it is given up
themselves in new habitats, possibly competing altogether.
with or degrading the habitat of native species.
B) Due to malpractices in aquacultural
activities, offshore ecosystems are more
seriously harmed than shores and land.
78.It is stated in the passage that aquaculture -
C) The adverse effects caused by aquacultural
A) might be less harmful to the natural
practices might far outweigh the immediate
environment compared with the agricultural
benefits that it offers humans.
activities carried out on land
D) Although aquaculture helps feed people, it
B) is less preferred by some locals due to the
leads to many terrestrial problems in the areas
nuisance and environmental damage it causes
where it is practised.
C) is characterised by the act of turning natural
E) Aquaculture poses a serious risk to natural
ecosystems into centres where animal crops
habitats of marine animals, yet this risk could
are cultivated in water
be minimised if it is practised in appropriate
D) can specifically be practised in ecosystems ecosystems.
where large mangrove forests can flourish
naturally

E) might increase animal and plant variety in

offshore ecosystems by introducing non-native
species to them
CEVAP ANAHTARI 47) A
48) C
1) C
49) E
2) B
50) D
3) C
51) C
4) C
52) B
5) B
53) B
6) C
54) A
7) B
55) A
8) A
56) E
9) C
57) A
10) D
58) B
11) D
59) E
12) E
60) C
13) B
61) C
14) B
62) D
15) D
63) B
16) A
64) D
17) B
65) B
18) D
66) B
19) A
67) B
20) B
68) B
21) B
69) B
22) E
70) D
23) C
71) E
24) C
72) A
25) B
73) C
26) B
74) A
27) A
75) C
28) D
76) B
29) D
77) E
30) E
78) C
31) E
79) B
32) B
80) C
33) D
34) A
35) D
36) B
37) C
38) A
39) D
40) A
41) A
42) A
43) B
44) E
45) B
46) A