Universidad Tecnológica y

Politécnica de Coyuca de
Benítez

Internet of Things (IoT) and its integration

into domestic and industrial networks

Career: Engineering in
Networks and
Te l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s

Student´s name: Jonathan

Lugardo

Te a c h e r ´ s name: Antonio
Ruiz

Subject: English IX

Jun 2nd, 2025

 Table of Contents
Abstract..........................................................................................................................................1
Introduction....................................................................................................................................2
Justification....................................................................................................................................3
General Objective..........................................................................................................................4
Specific Objectives........................................................................................................................4
How is IoT integrated into home and industrial networks, and what benefits and challenges does
it entail?..........................................................................................................................................5
Methodology................................................................................................................................10
Results or Findings......................................................................................................................11
Analysis........................................................................................................................................13
Discussion...................................................................................................................................13
Conclusions.................................................................................................................................15
Webliography (Linkography):.......................................................................................................16
Abstract

The following research report explores the integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) into home
and industrial networks. It analyzes the origins, current applications, and future potential of IoT
systems, as well as their impact on automation, efficiency, and data management. The
methodology was based on a documentary review of academic and technical sources. The
results show that IoT significantly improves productivity and energy savings, but also presents
challenges related to data security and privacy. It concludes by highlighting the importance of
strengthening cybersecurity protocols and strategies to ensure the safe and sustainable
adoption of IoT technologies.

1
Introduction
What is the Internet of Things (IoT)?
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a network of physical devices, vehicles, appliances, and
other physical objects that are embedded with sensors, software, and network connectivity,
allowing them to collect and share data.

IoT devices—also known as “smart objects”—can range from simple “smart home” devices like
smart thermostats, to wearables like smartwatches and RFID-enabled clothing, to complex
industrial machinery and transportation systems. Technologists are even envisioning entire
“smart cities” predicated on IoT technologies.

Why is IoT important?

Improved efficiency: By using IoT devices to automate and optimize processes, businesses can
improve efficiency and productivity. For example, IoT sensors can be used to monitor equipment
performance and detect or even resolve potential issues before they cause downtime, reducing
maintenance costs and improving uptime.

Data-driven decision-making: IoT devices generate vast amounts of data that can be used to
make better-informed business decisions and new business models. By analyzing this data,
businesses can gain insights into customer behavior, market trends, and operational
performance, allowing them to make more informed decisions about strategy, product
development, and resource allocation.

Cost-savings: By reducing manual processes and automating repetitive tasks, IoT can help
businesses reduce costs and improve profitability. For example, IoT devices can be used to
monitor energy usage and optimize consumption, reducing energy costs and improving
sustainability.

Enhanced customer experience: By using IoT technology to gather data about customer
behavior, businesses can create more personalized and engaging experiences for their
customers. For example, retailers can use IoT sensors to track customer movements in stores
and deliver personalized offers based on their behavior.

2
Justification

The Internet of Things (IoT) represents one of the most important technological trends in the
field of networks and telecommunications. Currently, its application is rapidly expanding in both
domestic and industrial environments, transforming the way we interact with devices and
manage information. This evolution has sparked significant professional and academic interest,
as the IoT not only improves the efficiency and automation of processes but also poses new
challenges in terms of connectivity, interoperability, and security.

I chose this topic because I believe that understanding the operation and integration of the IoT
is fundamental for any network and telecommunications engineer. Through this research, I seek
to analyze its practical applications, the protocols that make it possible, as well as the
associated benefits and risks. Furthermore, I believe it is a key area for the future of the
technology sector, with enormous potential for continued growth and innovation in areas such
as healthcare, industry, energy, and smart homes.

3
General Objective

Analyze the integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) into domestic and industrial networks,
identifying its applications, benefits, technical challenges, and impact on the development of
intelligent systems.

Specific Objectives

 Identify the main IoT applications in domestic and industrial environments.

 Describe the communication protocols and technologies used in IoT devices.
 Evaluate the benefits and limitations of IoT implementation in different contexts.
 Analyze the security risks associated with the use of IoT and possible solutions.

4
 How is IoT integrated into home and industrial
networks, and what benefits and challenges does it
entail?

The Internet of Things (IoT) has grown rapidly thanks to low-cost components, global
connectivity, and the interest of businesses and consumers. Although the idea of IoT has been
in development for decades, its growth has accelerated recently with the arrival of accessible
and powerful technologies.

The concept began to take shape in 1982, when a vending machine was connected to the
network. Over the years, there have been significant advances such as the use of sensors, the
creation of IPv6 (1998), and the popularization of the term "Internet of Things" by Kevin Ashton
in 1999. Starting in 2000, devices such as smart refrigerators and industrial sensors were
developed.

Between 2008 and 2016, the number of connected devices surpassed the world's population,
smart assistants like the Amazon Echo emerged, and malware attacks on poorly protected
devices also occurred (such as the Mirai botnet attack).

From 2017 to today, IoT development has become more accessible, driven by artificial
intelligence, blockchain, and the growth of edge computing, which allows data processing closer
to the user rather than relying solely on the cloud.

The future of IoT points to gradual but inevitable adoption, with clear benefits in homes,
industries, healthcare, and transportation, although it also poses significant security and privacy
challenges that must be addressed as more devices connect to the internet.

Types of IoT
The networking, communication and connectivity protocols depend largely on the specific IoT
application deployed. Just as there are many different IoT devices, there are many types of IoT
applications based on their usage. Here are some of the most common ones:
 Consumer IoT - Primarily for everyday use. Eg: home appliances, voice assistance, and

5
 light fixtures.
 Commercial IoT - Primarily used in the healthcare and transport industries. Eg: smart
pacemakers and monitoring systems.
 Military Things (IoMT) - Primarily used for the application of IoT technologies in the military
field. Eg: surveillance robots and human-wearable biometrics for combat.
 Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) - Primarily used with industrial applications, such as in the
manufacturing and energy sectors. Eg: Digital control systems, smart agriculture and
industrial big data.
 Infrastructure IoT - Primarily used for connectivity in smart cities. Eg: infrastructure sensors
and management systems.

Protocols used in IoT

The Internet of Things (IoT) uses various communication protocols, depending on the type of
device, distance, power consumption, environment, and cost. These protocols enable
communication between devices, gateways, and the cloud.
 AMQP: Reliable and secure messaging protocol, ideal for unstable networks or for systems
that are unavailable simultaneously.
 Bluetooth / BLE: Short-range wireless. BLE is a low-power version, used in devices such as
watches, sensors, and household appliances.
 Cellular (4G, 5G): Useful for long-range and high-volume data communications, although
more expensive and with higher power consumption.
 CoAP: Lightweight HTTP-based protocol, used in devices with limited resources. Ideal for
low-power or low-availability networks.
 DDS: Oriented toward real-time systems. Provides fast, reliable, and scalable
communication in critical applications.
 LoRa / LoRaWAN: Long-range, low-power technology, ideal for smart cities, agriculture, and
remote sensing.
 LwM2M: Designed for remote management of low-power, low-processing IoT devices.
 MQTT: Lightweight publish/subscribe protocol. Widely used in sensors and networks with
limited bandwidth.
 Wi-Fi: Fast and common in homes and businesses, but with high power consumption.
Suitable for short- to medium-range local networks.
 XMPP: Used in consumer devices, it enables real-time communication using XML
structures.

6
 Zigbee: Low-power, short-range mesh protocol, ideal for home automation and smart
buildings.
 Z-Wave: Similar to Zigbee, but proprietary. Used in home security, lighting, and energy
management with good security and energy efficiency.

Tesla Gigafactory – Berlin – Germany

The Tesla Gigafactory is located on a 300-hectare property in Grünheide, Berlin. While it is the
4th Gigafactory built after the other three factories constructed in Shanghai, Nevada, and
Buffalo, it is the very first Gigafactory built in Europe.

In addition, as the construction is expanded to achieve a production volume of 500,000 electric

cars (learn the difference between hybrid vs electric car) per year, it could prove to be the
biggest factory ever constructed by Tesla!

The Berlin Gigafactory is the most advanced electric vehicle production plant globally. The
factory mainly manufactures powertrains, batteries, and high-volume vehicles, including Model 3
and Model Y.

However, Tesla does more than just produce smart cars; it also uses smart means for the
production process. For example, the smart factory features solar panels on the rooftop (see
also: questions to ask a solar company), encouraging a more sustainable production process
and reducing operational costs.

The Gigafactory is not the typical car factory. It’s not just the size of the factory that’s impressive,
it’s the way that it’s run that’s truly unique.

Tesla CEO Elon Musk has leveraged digital transformation technologies such as artificial
intelligence to create a process called “automating intelligently.” This process combines
automation with AI technologies to create a showcase project for Industry 4.0 and its benefits.

However, artificial intelligence is not the only tech leveraged for this great example of smart
manufacturing, in fact, Tesla Cloud is also used extensively.

One way this is being done is by storing driver profiles in the cloud. This is especially useful for

7
car sharing, as it would allow the seat and mirrors to be automatically adjusted to the user.

Additionally, software updates could be easily carried out via the Cloud. The Gigafactory is
setting the standard for car manufacturing – and it’s only going to keep getting better.

Indeed, the Tesla Gigafactory represents an impressive smart factory example. Tesla has
significantly transformed how industries function and contributed to the revolution of the vehicle
industry both regarding how Tesla cars work and how they are manufactured!

Home Automation Application and Use cases

Lighting
Today, the most widely used smart home application is home lighting. Most people know of
tunable lighting that can change between warm and bright with different colour hues that suit
your mood & requirement.

 But let’s check a few other use case scenarios for smart lights.
 As you enter your home, lights can turn on automatically without the necessity to press a
button. (This can also work as a safety feature to detect intrusions)
 The opposite is also possible as you leave your home; the system can turn the lights off
automatically, thereby saving energy.
 Home theatre enthusiasts can have the lights programmed to automatically dim while
watching a movie to provide the best viewing experience.
 Your light can turn on when your alarm rings in the morning, waking the whole household
up if need be.
 All smart lighting in your home can be connected to your smartphone and other connected
devices and can be voice-controlled.

Risks: security, privacy, cyberattacks in IoT

Main risks identified
 Privacy attacks: IoT generates large amounts of personal data, making it vulnerable to
unauthorized access and information theft.
 Insufficient authentication and security: Many devices lack robust security measures,
allowing attacks such as phishing and unauthorized access.
 Server and network attacks: IoT devices depend on server connections to operate, making

8
 them susceptible to distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks and theft of stored data.
 Malware and pirated software: Threats such as the installation of malicious programs that
affect the performance and security of connected devices have been identified.
 Lack of real-world testing: Although cybersecurity frameworks exist, many have not been
evaluated in practical situations, leaving security gaps.

Future of IoT
The future of IoT is looking bright, with new technologies and access to information that we may
not previously have thought possible. We will soon see massive shifts in how our data is
regulated and can expect better security legislation. IoT will continue to form the backbone of
many technologies that will change the way we all live. This is certainly an exciting industry to
be in right now!
 Circular economy and sustainability: IoT companies are promoting more sustainable
business models, such as the use of sensors to improve efficiency and reduce waste.
 Security improvements: As more devices become connected, security becomes a priority.
Increased regulation and best practices to protect user privacy are expected.
 Integration with artificial intelligence: AI will enable IoT devices to be more autonomous and
efficient, from predictive maintenance to real-time decision-making.
 Network decentralization: Cloud dependence could decrease with the use of technologies
such as blockchain, reducing the risk of failures and cyberattacks.

9
Methodology
This research followed a documentary approach, focused on analyzing and synthesizing
existing academic and technical information regarding the Internet of Things (IoT) and its
integration into domestic and industrial networks. The purpose of this methodology was to gain
a comprehensive understanding of how IoT is applied in real-world environments and what
challenges and opportunities arise from its implementation.

The sources of information included scientific articles, official websites, and specialized
technology blogs, all of which were selected for their credibility and relevance to the topic.
Among the platforms and databases consulted were IBM's official website, Simplilearn,
TechTarget, MDPI (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute), Sustainability Success, and
Medium. These sites were chosen because they offer updated, well-documented, and
technically accurate information written by professionals and experts in the field.

The criteria for source selection were based on:

 Relevance: The source had to address key aspects of IoT, such as communication
protocols, smart applications, risks, and industrial use cases.
 Credibility: Only reliable sources from recognized organizations or academic publishers
were used.
 Recency: Preference was given to material published between 2020 and 2025, ensuring
that the technological data reflected the current state and trends of IoT.

The research process involved reading and extracting key data from articles like "History of
IoT", "Top 12 most commonly used IoT protocols and standards", and "Smart manufacturing
examples of Industry 4.0", among others. These articles provided a clear overview of IoT
development, practical use cases (like Tesla Gigafactory), and the technologies that enable its
operation, such as MQTT, Zigbee, LoRaWAN, BLE, Wi-Fi, and cloud computing.

In summary, this methodology allowed the collection of reliable and organized information about
the IoT’s functionality, real-world applications, risks, and future prospects—all from publicly
available, technically verified sources found in the report and its webliography.

10
Results or Findings
The research revealed that the Internet of Things (IoT) is being integrated into home and
industrial networks for various purposes, technologies, and challenges. In home environments,
the focus is on improving user experience, comfort, and energy efficiency. Some common use
cases include smart lighting systems, smart thermostats, and voice assistants like the Amazon
Echo. For example, smart lighting can automatically adjust based on the user's presence or
preferences, improving comfort and reducing energy consumption.

In contrast, the Industrial IoT (IIoT) emphasizes process automation, predictive maintenance,
and large-scale system integration. A clear example is Tesla's Gigafactory in Berlin, which uses
smart manufacturing technologies such as cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and
automated systems to increase production efficiency and reduce operating costs. The factory
also incorporates sustainable practices such as solar power and software-based remote
updates.

Key technologies enabling IoT in both contexts include various communication protocols tailored
to specific requirements. In home networks, low-power, short-range protocols such as Zigbee,
Z-Wave, and BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) are commonly used due to their suitability for smart
homes. In industrial environments, protocols such as MQTT, LoRaWAN, and DDS facilitate
large-scale device connectivity and real-time data processing. Cellular technologies such as
4G/5G are also crucial in industrial deployments due to their high bandwidth and reliability.

The main benefits observed with IoT adoption include:

 Increased efficiency: Devices can optimize energy consumption and operational processes.
 Automation: Systems respond automatically to environmental changes or user behavior.
 Convenience and comfort: Especially in smart homes, IoT devices personalize
environments and simplify routine tasks.
 Data-driven decisions: In industries, IoT sensors provide valuable analytics that drive
strategic planning and maintenance programs.

However, IoT implementation also presents common challenges, clearly identified:

 Security vulnerabilities: Many IoT devices lack robust authentication systems, leaving them

11
 vulnerable to malware, phishing, and DDoS attacks. Incidents such as the Mirai botnet
attack highlight the risk of poorly secured devices.
 Privacy risks: The vast amount of data collected, especially in consumer IoT, can be
misused if not properly protected.
 Interoperability issues: The lack of standardization across devices from different
manufacturers can complicate integration and maintenance.
 Cost barriers: While IoT components are increasingly accessible, industrial-scale
deployment still requires significant investment in infrastructure and cybersecurity.

12
Analysis
The results of this research demonstrate that the Internet of Things (IoT) offers a wide range of
context-dependent benefits. In domestic environments, IoT improves comfort, energy efficiency,
and user experience. Smart lighting systems, for example, can automatically adjust brightness
or turn off when no one is home, providing not only convenience but also energy savings.
Furthermore, IoT in smart homes enables remote control via smartphones or voice assistants,
increasing accessibility and personalization.

In industrial contexts, IoT brings greater complexity and impact. It facilitates predictive
maintenance, automation of manufacturing processes, and real-time data analysis. Tesla's
Gigafactory in Berlin is a clear example: it uses IoT systems integrated with artificial intelligence
and cloud computing to optimize vehicle production. This type of "smart automation" improves
productivity, reduces operating costs, and promotes sustainability through energy monitoring
and the use of solar panels.

A key difference between home and industrial IoT lies in the scale and criticality of operations.
While in homes the priority is user convenience and personalization, in industry, IoT is used to
support large-scale operations, where reliability, uptime, and integration with advanced
technologies (such as AI) are crucial.

Communication protocols also vary by context. Protocols such as Zigbee, Z-Wave, and Wi-Fi
are more common in home networks due to their low power consumption and short-range
requirements. In contrast, MQTT, LoRaWAN, and 5G are more suitable for industrial
applications, where devices can be deployed over large areas and require reliable long-range
communication.

Discussion
Despite its benefits, IoT implementation presents significant security implications for network
infrastructure. The paper identifies several critical risks, such as privacy attacks, insufficient
authentication, and DDoS attacks. These risks are exacerbated by the lack of robust security
mechanisms in many IoT devices, especially low-cost ones. Furthermore, malware threats such

13
as the Mirai botnet exploit poorly protected devices, posing a threat not only to users but also to
entire network ecosystems.

These risks highlight the urgent need to implement more robust cybersecurity protocols and
real-world testing frameworks, as many theoretical solutions have not been tested under
operational conditions. Furthermore, there is a growing demand for data privacy legislation and
regulatory standards, especially as IoT continues to expand into healthcare, transportation, and
public infrastructure.

Regarding the limitations of this research, it is important to note that the study relied exclusively
on secondary sources and did not include fieldwork, experiments, or interviews. This means
that, while the information is well documented and diverse, some real-world challenges or
current user experiences may not have been captured in depth. Furthermore, some of the
sources cited are non-academic (e.g., technology blogs), which may limit the objectivity or depth
of certain examples.

Nevertheless, the review provides a clear overview of the current state of IoT, its applications,
and risks, offering a solid foundation for future studies. Future research could include case
studies in local industries or smart homes, as well as interviews with telecommunications
industry professionals to complement the theoretical findings.

14
Conclusions
This research concludes that the Internet of Things (IoT) is a transformative technology with
wide applicability in both domestic and industrial settings. It enhances operational efficiency,
reduces costs, and enables smarter environments through automation and data analytics.
However, it also presents significant challenges related to data privacy and network security.

The study met its objectives by identifying use cases, relevant protocols, and risks. It is evident
that while IoT adoption will continue to grow, efforts must focus on improving security standards
and fostering user awareness.

15
Webliography (Linkography):
https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/internet-of-things
https://www.iottechtrends.com/history-of-iot/
https://www.simplilearn.com/iot-devices-article
https://www.techtarget.com/iotagenda/tip/Top-12-most-commonly-used-IoT-protocols-and-
standards
https://sustainability-success.com/smart-manufacturing-examples-of-industry-4-0/
https://medium.com/@roycegeorge/7-smart-home-automation-use-case-scenarios-in-an-iot-
world-811120e6e3b2
https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/12/18/3958

16