ESE

Practice Sheet 01
ECE
Advance communication

Q1 What does SONET stand for? Reason (R) : Rayleigh scattering increases with
(A) Synchronous Optical Network the increase in the operating wavelength.
(B) Synchronous Online Network (A) Both the assertion and reason are true, and
(C) Synchronous Optical Node the reason is the correct explanation of the
(D) Sequential Optical Network assertion
(B) Both the assertion and reason are true, but
Q2 Which of the following is the basic unit of
the reason is not the correct explanation of
SONET?
the assertion
(A) OC-3 (B) STS-1
(C) The assertion is true, but the reason is false
(C) STM-1 (D) OC-12
(D) The assertion is false, but the reason is true
Q3 What is the bit rate of an STS-1 signal in
Q8 Match List-I with List-II and select the correct
SONET?
answers using the codes given below the lists:
(A) 51.84 Mbps (B) 155.52 Mbps
List-I
(C) 622.08 Mbps (D) 2.488 Gbps
(a) EDFA
Q4 In SONET, what does the acronym POH stand (b) LASER
for? (c) Numerical Aperture
(A) Path Overhead (d) LED
(B) Payload Output Hub List-II
(C) Path Output Header (i) Ability to collect the light
(D) Payload Overhead (ii) Optical Amplifiers
(iii) Spontaneous Emission
Q5 What is the purpose of the Path Overhead (iv) Stimulated Emission
(POH) in SONET? (A) (a) - (iii), (b) - (ii), (c) - (i), (d) - (iv)
(A) To provide data encryption (B) (a) - (ii), (b) - (iv), (c) - (i), (d) - (iii)
(B) To monitor and manage the payload (C) (a) - (iv), (b) - (ii), (c) - (i), (d) - (iii)
(C) To increase the signal strength (D) (a) - (iii), (b) - (ii), (c) - (iv), (d) - (i)
(D) To reduce transmission delay
Q9 Bandwidth offered by optical fiber
Q6 Which of the following is a SONET transport communication is of the order of
level? (A) 40 THz (B) 40 GHz
(A) STM-1 (C) 40 MHz (D) 1010Hz
(B) OC-3
(C) STS-12 Q10 Assertion (A): Optical fiber have broader
(D) All of the above bandwidth compared to conventional copper
cables.
Q7 Assertion (A): Optical fiber provides the
attenuation of the order of 0.2 dB/km.

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Reason (R) : The information carrying capacity Q15 Which orbit allows a satellite to appear
of optical fibers is limited by dispersion and stationary relative to a point on Earth?
non- linear effects. (A) Polar orbit
(A) Both the assertion and reason are true, and (B) Geostationary orbit
the reason is the correct explanation of the (C) Medium Earth orbit
assertion (D) Sun-synchronous orbit
(B) Both the assertion and reason are true, but
Q16 Which frequency band is commonly used for
the reason is not the correct explanation of
satellite communication?
the assertion
(A) VLF (Very Low Frequency)
(C) The assertion is true, but the reason is false
(B) HF (High Frequency)
(D) The assertion is false, but the reason is true
(C) C-band and Ku-band
Q11 Consider the following communication (D) UHF (Ultra High Frequency)
systems :
Q17 What is the orbital period of a satellite in
1. Telephony
geostationary orbit?
2. Radio communication
(A) 12 hours (B) 24 hours
3. Microwave communication
(C) 48 hours (D) 6 hours
4. Optical communication
The correct sequence of these systems from Q18 What is the key advantage of a polar orbit?
the point of view of increasing order of base (A) It provides global coverage over time.
band channels each one of them can (B) It is always above the equator.
accommodate is (C) It requires less energy to maintain.
(A) 2, 4, 3, 1 (B) 3, 4, 1, 2 (D) It stays over one region of the Earth.
(C) 1, 2, 3, 4 (D) 4, 2, 1, 3
Q19 What is the primary function of a CATV
Q12 The value of numerical aperture in fiber optic system?
communication system is equal to (A) To amplify audio signals
(A) zero (B) >1 (B) To distribute television signals to multiple
(C) <1 (D) 1 subscribers
(C) To transmit radio signals to remote areas
Q13 What is the altitude range of Low Earth Orbit
(D) To improve the quality of internet
(LEO) satellites?
connections
(A) 200-2,000 km
(B) 5,000-10,000 km Q20 In a MATV system, what is the role of the
(C) 20,000-36,000 km power divider?
(D) Above 36,000 km (A) Combine signals from different antennas
(B) Split incoming signals into multiple paths
Q14 What is the primary purpose of a
(C) Amplify the signals for transmission
geostationary satellite?
(D) Filter unwanted noise from the signals
(A) Military surveillance
(B) Scientific research Q21 Why are channel filters used in CATV systems?
(C) Weather monitoring (A) To amplify weak signals
(D) Fixed communication over a specific region (B) To select and filter specific frequency bands
for transmission
(C) To convert analog signals into digital ones

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(D) To combine multiple signals into one cable (C) 26 dBK–1

(D) –26 dBK–1
Q22 Which of the following is true about MATV
systems? Q28 In satellite communication, scrambling is
(A) They are designed for single homes only mainly used for
(B) They require multiple antennas for every (A) clock recovery
user (B) encryption
(C) They allow centralized distribution of TV (C) limiting power spectral density
signals in a building (D) bandwidth efficiency
(D) They do not support polarized signals
Q29 Frequency range of Ka-band EM waves is
Q23 What does the polarization duplexer in a (A) 18.0 GHz-26.5 GHz
satellite TV system do? (B) 26.5 GHz-40.0 GHz
(A) Amplifies signals from the antenna (C) 12.0 GHz-18.0 GHz
(B) Combines audio and video signals (D) 40.0 GHz-60.0 GHz
(C) Separates left-hand and right-hand
Q30 A satellite communication link has both uplink
polarized signals
and downlink C/N0 of 50 dB-Hz. What would
(D) Transmits signals to the television
be overall link C/N0?
Q24 In CATV, what is the typical frequency range
(A) 25 dB-Hz (B) 47 dB-Hz
for signal transmission?
(C) 53 dB-Hz (D) 100 dB-Hz
(A) 30 MHz to 300 MHz
(B) 950 MHz to 1450 MHz Q31 Magic T is
(C) 5 MHz to 1000 MHz (A) Four port junction
(D) 1 GHz to 10 GHz (B) Two port junction
(C) Three port junction
Q25 Geostationary satellites are placed in
(D) It is not junction
equatorial orbits at the height approximately
(A) 1000 km (B) 15000 km Q32 A dual directional coupler is connected in a
(C) 25000 km (D) 36000 km microwave reflectometer measurement setup.
The reading of the power meter in the forward
Q26 For an earth station transmitter input power of
direction is 100 mw and in the reverse
40 dBW (10,000 W), with a back off loss of 3
direction 4 mw. The VSWR is
dB, a total branching and feeder loss of 3 dB,
(A) 4 (B) 0.4
and a transmit antenna gain of 40 dB,
(C) 1.5 (D) 10
determine the EIRP.
(A) 40 dBW (B) 74 dBW Q33 If 1 watt of RF power is fed to a directional
(C) 34 dBW (D) 34 dBW coupler having 30 dB coupling, the power
available at the coupled port is
Q27 For a satellite transponder with a receiver
(A) (B)
antenna gain of 12 dB, an LNA gain of 10 dB,
(C) (D)
and equivalent noise temperature of 26 dBK–1,
the G/Te is
Q34 The waveguide Magic Tee can be used as
(A) 4 dBK–1
(A) An Isolator
(B) –4 dBK–1
(B) T/R switch in trans-receiver

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(C) Adjustable phase shifter (B) adjacent channel cells

(D) All of above (C) cluster neighbour cells
(D) co-channel cells
Q35 For a directional coupler, the quantities I
(isolation in dB), D (directivity in dB), C Q41 If a cellular system has p number of co-
(coupling in dB) are related by channel interfering cells, S is the desired signal
(A) (B) power from serving base station and Ip is

(C) (D) interference power from pth interfering co-

channel cell base station, then what is the
Q36 A four port directional coupler has 4 : 1 power signal to interference ratio for mobile receiver
splitting ratio and has dissipation loss of 3 dB. in the functioning cell?
The coupler directivity is 40 dB. What fraction (A)
of input power P1 will go to ports P2 and P3?

(B)

(A) P2= 0.4 × P1, P3= 0.1 × P1 (C)

(B) P2= 0.8 × P1, P3= 0.2 × P1
(C) P2= 0.6 × P1, P3= 0.15 × P1
(D)
(D) P2= 0.1 × P1, P3= 0.4 × P1

Q37 The cluster size of a cellular system is 12. The Q42 Which one of the following traffics can adjust
value of 𝑖 and 𝑗 will be respectively over wide ranges, to changes in delay and
(A) 2 and 2 (B) 1 and 3 throughput across an interest and still meet
(C) 3 and 1 (D) 4 and 1 the needs of its applications?
(A) Elastic traffic
Q38 If the cluster size in a cellular mobile
(B) Inelastic traffic
communication system is reduced, then the
(C) Internet traffic
co-channel reuse ratio will be
(D) Service traffic
(A) increased
(B) decreased Q43 Consider the following statements regarding
(C) unaffected the cellular system with small cells :
(D) none of the above 1. Higher Capacity and Robustness.
2. Need less transmission power and must
Q39 The soft hand-off occurs in
deal with local interference only.
(A) Intra MTS
3. Frequency planning and infrastructure
(B) CDMA based system
needed.
(C) Intra BTS
4. These require both circuit switching and
(D) GSM based system
packet switching.
Q40 With frequency reuse, several cells with no Which of the above statements are correct?
space in a given coverage area use the same (A) 1, 2 and 4 only
set of frequencies. Two cells using the same (B) 1, 3 and 4 only
set of frequencies are called (C) 1, 2 and 3 only
(A) hexagonal shape cells (D) 2, 3 and 4 only

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Q44 Assume N segments in memory and a page (B) Frame and Packet levels
size of P bytes. The wastage on account of (C) Physical, Frame and Packet levels
internal fragmentation is : (D) None of the above
(A) NP/2 bytes
Q48 After sending a message, the sender should
(B) P/2 bytes
not be able to, at a later date, deny having sent
(C) N/2 bytes
the message, is referred to as :
(D) NP bytes
(A) Authenticity
Q45 Suppose it takes 100 ns to access a page table (B) Non-Repudiability
and 20 ns to access associative memory with a (C) Auditability
90% hit rate, the average access time equals : (D) Repudiability
(A) 20 ns (B) 130 ns
Q49 Which one of the following ISO standard is
(C) 90 ns (D) 100 ns
used for software process ?
Q46 Usually information security in a network is (A) ISO 9000 (B) ISO 9001
achieved by : (C) ISO 9003 (D) ISO 9000-3
(A) Layering
Q50 Which of the following is the process by which
(B) Grade of service
a user's access to physical data in the
(C) Cryptography
application is limited, based on his privileges?
(D) None of the above
(A) Authorization (B) Authentication
Q47 X.25 protocol consists of: (C) Access Control (D) All of these
(A) Physical and Frame levels

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Answer Key
Q1 A Q26 B
Q2 B Q27 B
Q3 A Q28 C
Q4 A Q29 B
Q5 B Q30 B

Q6 D Q31 A
Q7 C Q32 C
Q8 B Q33 D
Q9 A Q34 D
Q10 B Q35 C
Q11 C Q36 A

Q12 C Q37 A
Q13 A Q38 B

Q14 D Q39 B

Q15 B Q40 D
Q16 C Q41 A
Q17 B Q42 A
Q18 A Q43 C
Q19 B Q44 A

Q20 B Q45 B
Q21 B Q46 C
Q22 C Q47 C
Q23 C Q48 B
Q24 C Q49 D
Q25 D Q50 C

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Hints & Solutions

Note: scan the QR code to watch video solution

Q1 Text Solution: represents the multiplexing factor.

SONET stands for Synchronous Optical
Network. Q7 Text Solution:
It is a standardized protocol that transfers For modern single-mode optical fibers at their
multiple digital bit streams synchronously over optimal operating wavelength (typically
optical fiber using lasers or highly coherent around 1550 nm). At this wavelength, the
LEDs. attenuation is minimized to approximately 0.2
dB/km, which is why it is widely used in long-
Q2 Text Solution:
haul communication systems.
The basic unit of SONET is the Synchronous
Rayleigh scattering is inversely proportional to
Transport Signal level 1 (STS-1).
the fourth power of the wavelength, meaning
it decreases as the wavelength increases.
Q3 Text Solution:
Rayleigh scattering loss
STS-1 has a data rate of 51.84 Mbps and forms
the foundational building block of SONET. So statement A is correct and statement R is
False.
Q4 Text Solution:
Path Overhead Q8 Text Solution:
It is a section of overhead in the SONET frame EDFA is used as an optical amplifier to boost
that provides information related to the end- light signals without converting them to
to-end transmission path. electrical signals. (ii)
LASER operates on the principle of stimulated
Q5 Text Solution:
emission, generating coherent light.(iv)
The purpose of the Path Overhead (POH) is to
NA describes the ability to collect light by an
monitor and manage the payload.
optical fiber, defining the acceptance angle. (i)
POH is used for functions such as:
LED emits light through the process of
Error monitoring spontaneous emission.
Signal labeling Q9 Text Solution:
Path trace identification Optical fibers typically operate in the near-
Path performance monitoring infrared region, particularly in the 1550 nm
window, where attenuation is minimal. The
Q6 Text Solution: bandwidth offered is approximately in the
The primary transport levels include: range of 40 THz.

1. STS-1 (Synchronous Transport Signal Q10 Text Solution:

level 1): The basic unit with a data rate of Optical fibers operate at much higher
51.84 Mbps. frequencies (in the terahertz range) and offer
2. STS-N (Synchronous Transport Signal significantly higher bandwidth than copper
level N): Higher levels are multiples of cables.
STS-1 (e.g., STS-3, STS-12, STS-48, etc.). Dispersion (chromatic and modal) causes
3. OC-N (Optical Carrier level N): Optical pulse broadening, limiting the data rate over
equivalents of STS-N, where "N" long distances. Nonlinear effects like self-

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phase modulation, cross-phase modulation, The orbit that allows a satellite to appear
and four-wave mixing can further degrade stationary relative to a point on Earth is the
signal quality in high-power Systems. Geostationary Orbit (GEO).
So statement A and R is correct but R is not the
Q16 Text Solution:
correct explanation of A.
The frequency band commonly used for
Q11 Text Solution: satellite communication are C-band and Ku-
The order is 1,2,3,4 band.
Telephony typically has the smallest capacity
Q17 Text Solution:
as it is designed to handle narrowband voice
The orbital period of a satellite in a
communication.
geostationary orbit is 24 hours.
Radio communication offers slightly higher
Q18 Text Solution:
capacity compared to telephony due to
The key advantage of a polar orbit is that it
broader frequency usage.
allows a satellite to pass over every part of the
Microwave communication supports larger
Earth's surface over time, providing global
bandwidths and can accommodate higher
coverage.
data rates.
Optical communication provides the highest Q19 Text Solution:
capacity among these systems, thanks to the The primary function of a CATV system
extremely high frequencies and wide (Community Antenna Television, commonly
bandwidths of light waves. referred to as cable television) is to provide a
wide range of television channels and other
Q12 Text Solution:
multimedia services to subscribers via coaxial
cable or fiber-optic networks.
The value of the numerical aperture typically Q20 Text Solution:
ranges between 0.1 and 0.5 for most optical In a MATV system (Master Antenna Television
fibers. system), a power divider plays a critical role in
Q13 Text Solution: distributing the signal from a single antenna
The altitude range of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) source to multiple output points (e.g., different
satellites typically spans from 200 km to 2,000 rooms, apartments, or televisions).
km above the Earth's surface. Q21 Text Solution:
Q14 Text Solution: Channel filters are essential components in
The primary purpose of a geostationary CATV systems (Cable Television systems) to
satellite is to provide continuous and stable ensure efficient signal distribution and optimal
communication, broadcasting, and weather performance.It mainly selects and filters
monitoring services by maintaining a fixed specific frequency bands for transmission.
position relative to the Earth's surface. In Q22 Text Solution:
summary Fixed communication over a specific MATV systems allow centralized distribution of
region. TV signals in a building.
Q15 Text Solution: Q23 Text Solution:

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The polarization duplexer in a satellite TV

so,
system separates left-hand and right-hand
CNRoverall(dB) = 10log10 5 × 104
polarized signals.
= 47 dB-Hz
Q24 Text Solution:
In CATV, the typical frequency range for signal Q31 Text Solution:
transmission 5 MHz to 1000 MHz. A Magic T is a waveguide device in microwave
engineering, and usually uses four port
Q25 Text Solution:
junctions.
Geostationary satellites are placed in
equatorial orbits at an altitude of Q32 Text Solution:
approximately 35,786 km (about 22,236 miles) Pr = |r|2 Pi
above the Earth's surface. Pr = Reverse power
Q26 Text Solution: Pi = input power
EIRP = Pt + Gt – Lbackoff – L(branching + feeder)
P = Reflection coefficient
= 40 + 40 – 3 – 3
= 80 – 6 = 74 dBW

Q27 Text Solution:

VSWR =

= (22 – 26) dBK–1

Q33 Text Solution:
= –4 dBK–1

Q28 Text Solution:

Scrambling means alteration of speech
frequency of a broadcast transmission so as to
make it secure. Satellite communication uses
Q34 Text Solution:
scrambling to limit power spectral density.
The Magic-Tee is a four port rectangular
Q29 Text Solution: waveguide used to provide perfect isolation
The various frequency band for EM wave is between the ports. It can be used as isolator,
Band Frequency T/R switch in transreceiver, adjustable phase-
L 1 – 2 GHz shifter.
S 2 – 4 GHz
Q35 Text Solution:
C 4 – 8 GHz
X 8 – 12 GHz Isolation,

Ku 12 – 18 GHz Directivity,
K 18 – 27 GHz
Ka 27 – 40 GHz Coupling,
where,
Q30 Text Solution:
Pi → incident power
CNRuplink = 50 dB-Hz = 105
Pf → forward power
CNRdownlink = 50 dB-Hz = 105
Pb → back power

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Q36 Text Solution: Two cells using the same set of frequencies in
a cellular system are called co-channel cells.
Directivity
Q41 Text Solution:
The Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR) is given
⇒ So, P4 is negligible. by:
P4 is negligible and dissipation loss is 3 dB.

So,

( 4 : 1 splitting) Where:
So,
S is the desired signal power from the
serving base station.
I is the total interference power from all
Q37 Text Solution:
the co-channel interfering cells.
Some common i,j with cluster size are:

If there are P co-channel interfering cells, the

total interference power I is the sum of the
interference from all interfering cells:

Thus, the Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR)

Q38 Text Solution:
becomes:
Co-channel reuse ratio Q = D/R =
Cluster Size (N) is the number of cells in a
cluster that use the same set of frequencies. Q42 Text Solution:
D is the distance between two co-channel cells The type of traffic that can adjust over wide
(cells that are using the same frequency). ranges to changes in delay and throughput
R is the radius of a single cell. and still meet the needs of its applications is
When the cluster size is smaller, the co- "Elastic traffic".
channel cells are closer together. As a result,
Q43 Text Solution:
interference between cells that use the same
By reducing the size of the cell, you can deploy
frequency increases, and the co-channel reuse
more cells in a given area, which increases the
ratio Q decreases because the distance D
total system capacity.
between co-channel cells is smaller.
Small cells require less transmission power
So, Co-channel reuse ratio decreases.
because they serve a smaller area, and the
distance between the user equipment (UE) and
Q39 Text Solution: the base station is shorter.
Soft handoff is a process used in CDMA (Code Frequency planning is needed in small cell
Division Multiple Access) systems, where a networks, even though small cells allow for
mobile device can simultaneously more frequent reuse of the same frequencies.
communicate with more than one base station With current All-IP networks (like 4G LTE and
during the handoff process. 5G), most cellular traffic is handled using
Q40 Text Solution: packet switching.

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Q44 Text Solution: The X.25 protocol has three levels that align
The average wastage per segment due to with the OSI model's lower layers:
internal fragmentation is: P/2 bytes Physical level corresponds to OSI Physical
This is because the unused portion of the last Layer.
page of each segment is uniformly distributed Frame level corresponds to the OSI Data Link
between 0 and P−1. Layer.
For N segments, the total wastage due to Packet level corresponds to the OSI Network
internal fragmentation is: N.(P/2) Layer.

Q45 Text Solution: Q48 Text Solution:

On a TLB hit: Non-repudiation ensures that the sender of a
Access time = TLB access time + memory message cannot deny having sent it, and the
access time = 20 + 100 = 120ns recipient cannot deny having received it.
On a TLB miss:
Q49 Text Solution:
Access time = TLB access time + page table
ISO 9000-3 is an extension of the ISO 9000
lookup time + memory access time = 20 + 100
family specifically tailored for the software
+100 = 220ns
development process.
Average access time: (0.9 × 120) + (0.1 × 220) =
Q50 Text Solution:
108 + 22 = 130ns
Access Control is the overall process that
Q46 Text Solution:
includes both authentication and
Cryptography is a fundamental method used
authorization. It is responsible for limiting and
to ensure confidentiality, integrity, and managing access to physical data based on
authenticity in network security. user privileges.
Q47 Text Solution:

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