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4. Minimization of Error

The document outlines methods to minimize determinate errors in analysis, including running blank determinations, calibrating apparatus, and conducting controlled and parallel determinations. It also discusses the standard addition method and the use of independent analysis methods to verify accuracy. These techniques aim to ensure precision and reliability in analytical results.

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Shah Dhwani
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2 views4 pages

4. Minimization of Error

The document outlines methods to minimize determinate errors in analysis, including running blank determinations, calibrating apparatus, and conducting controlled and parallel determinations. It also discusses the standard addition method and the use of independent analysis methods to verify accuracy. These techniques aim to ensure precision and reliability in analytical results.

Uploaded by

Shah Dhwani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Minimization ofErrors

The determinate error may be minimized by using following methods:


1.Running a blank determination: Errors arising from the introduction of
impurities through the reagents and vessels are accomplished by running a blank.
Such a procedure involves going through all the analysis, using the same solvent
and reagent in the same quantities, but omitting the unknown component. Thus,
in making a blank, sample is omitted; otherwise the details of the procedure are
followed exactly as far as possible.
2.Calibration of apparatus and application of corrections: All instruments, such as
burettes, pipettes, weights, measuring flasks, etc. must be properly calibrated and
the appropriate corrections must be applied to the original measurements.
3.Running a controlled determination: It consists in carrying out a determination
under identical experimental conditions as far as possible upon a quantity of a
standard substance, which contains the same weight of the constituent as it
contained in the unknown sample.
4. Running of parallel determination: Parallel determinations serve as a check
in the result of a single determination and indicate only the precision of the
analysis. The values obtained in parallel determination should agree well
among themselves. These values should not vary by more than three parts per
thousand.
If larger variations are shown the determination must be repeated until
satisfactory concordance is obtained. A good agreement between, duplicate
and triplicate determinations does not justify the conclusion that the result is
correct, but it merely show that the accidental errors or variations of the
determinate errors are same in parallel determinations.
5. Standard addition:
• A known amount of the Standard being determined is added to the
sample, which is then analyzed for the total amount of constituent
present.
• The difference between the analytical results for samples with and
without the added Standard gives the recovery of the amount of
added Standard.
• If the recovery is satisfactory, accuracy of the procedure is enhanced.
This procedure is especially applied to physico-chemical processes, as
polarography and spectrophotometry.
6.Use of independent method of analysis: Sometimes the complete analysis
has to be carried out in an entirely different manner to get accuracy of results.
e.g. strength of HCl may be determined by two methods :
i. Titrating it with a standard solution of a strong base.
ii. Precipitation with AgNO3 and weighing as AgCl.
If the results obtained by the two methods are in good agreement, it may be
said that the values are correct within small limits of errors.

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