Python basics

strings
Strings in python are stored as individual character in continuous location with
two way indexing for each location.
INDEXING
Backward indexing -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
S= H E L L O !
Forward indexing 0 1 2 3 4 5

>>>L= ”PYTHON”

>>>L[0]
>>>P
>>>L[-2]
>>>O

Note – string[::-1] is an easy way to reverse the string

Item assignment
>>>Name=”krishna”
>>>Name [o]=” A”
#Error : str object does not support item assignment.

Traversing a string :
Traversing refers to iterating through a element of a string one
character at a time .
Code=”powerful”
for c in Code :
print (c,”~”end=””)
o/p:
p~o~w~e~r~f~u~l~
String Operators
Concatenation (+) Replication (*) Membership (in,not in)
>>>s1=”power” >>>3*”hi” >>>S=”hello”
>>>s2=”ful” >>>”hihihi” >>>“o” in S
>>>s1+s2 >>>True
>>>”powerful”

>>>s=”2” >>>7*”7” >>>str=”python”

>>>s1=”5” >>>”7777777” >>>”z”not in str
>>>s+s1 >>>True
>>>”25”

String slicing
• String slice refers to part of a string containing some continues
characters from the string.
• For index n,s[:n]+s[n:] will give you the original string s
• String [::-1] is an easy way to reverse the string
string functions

f.no Function syntax examples

1 len(<str>) >>>len(”hello”)
>>>5
2 <str>.capitalize() >>>”i love india”.capitalize()
>>>”I love india”
3 <str>.islower() >>>”hello”.islower()
>>>True
4 <str>.isupper() >>>”HELLO”.isupper()
>>>True
5 <str>.isdigit() >>>”12345”.isdigit()
>>>True
6 <str>.upper() >>>”python”.upper()
>>>”PYTHON”
7 <str>.lower() >>>”pyTHOn”.lower)
>>>”python”
8 <str>.swapcase() >>>”wElCOme”.swapcase()
>>>”WelcoMe”
9 <str>.find(sub ,start,end) >>>”green
revolution”.find(“green”)
>>>0
“green
revolution”.find(”green”,1,16)
>>>-1
10 <str>.index(<character>) >>>”hello world”.index(“w”))
>>>6
11 <str>.isalnum() >>>”123abc”.isalnum()
>>>True
12 <str>.isalpha() >>>”good”.isalpha()
>>>True
13 >>>”hello”.replace(“e”,”a”)
<str>.replace(old,new) >>>hallo
14 <str>.count(sub,[start,stop] >>>”dhanajayan”.count(“a”,0,8)
>>>4
15 <str>.title() >>>”my name is serious
“.tittle()
>>>”My Name Is Serious”
16 <str>.startswith() >>>”computer”.startswith(“c”)
>>>True
>>>”computer”.startswith(“C”)
>>>False
17 <str>.endswith() >>>”csc”.endswith(“c”)
>>>True
>>>”csc”.endswith(“s”)
>>>False
18 <str>join(sequence) >>>”ABCDE”.join(“*”)
>>>”A*B*C*D*E
19 <str>.isspace() >>>“ string”.isspace()
>>>True
20 <str>.split() >>>”python is easy “.split()
Or >>>[“python”,”is”,”easy”]
<str>.split([chars]) >>>”apple”.split(“p”)
>>>[“a”,””,”le”]
21 <str>.istitle() >>>”All Learn Python”.istitle()
>>>True
22 <str>.rstrip () or >>>” python ”.rstrip()
<str>.rstip([chars]) >>>” python”
>>>”python”.rstrip(“n”)
>>>”pytho”
23 <str>.lstrip() or >>>” global warming”.lstrip()
<str>.lstrip([optional]) >>>”global warming”
>>>”global
warming”.lstrip(“gl”)
>>>”obal warming”
24 <str>.strip() >>>” global warming ”.strip()
>>>”global warming”
25 <str>.partition(sep) >>>”Hard work
pays”.partition(“work”)
>>>(“hard”,”work”,’pays”)
26 ord() >>>ord(“a”)
>>>97
27 chr() >>>chr(65)
>>>”A”

Unpacking a string
>>>s=”string”
>>>x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6=s
>>>lst=list(s)
>>>tup=tuple(s)
>>>s
“string”
>>>x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6
(“s”,”t”,”r”,”i”,”n”,”g”)
>>>lst
[“s”,”t”,”r”,”I”,”n”,”g”]
>>>tup
(“s”,”t”,”r”,”i”,”n”,”g”)

Lists
like strings, lists are a sequence of values. A list is a data type that can
be used to store any type and number of variables and information.
A list in python is formed by enclosing the values inside square
brackets []. Unlike strings , lists are mutable data type.
List slicing
List[start:stop:step]
l=
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

>>>l[5:]
[600,700,800,900]
>>>l[-9:-5]
[100,200,300,400]
>>>l[::-1]
[900,800,700,600,500,400,300,200,100]
Creating a nested list
L=[1,2,3,”abc”,[“c”,”s”,”c”],(2,3,6)]
>>>l[2:3]
[3]
>>>l[4][1]
“s”
Built in list functions and methods
Function Description Example
len(list) Returns the total L=[1,2,34,5]
length of the list len(L)
4
max (list) Returns the item max(L)
with maximum value 34
in the list
min(list) Returns the item min(L)
minimum value in 1
the list
list(seq) Converts a sequence A=1,2,3,4,”dj”
into list list(A)
[1,2,3,4,”dj”]
sum(list) Sums up all the sum(L)
numeric values 42
present in the list
Method Example
append(item) >>>Lst=[1,2,3]
>>>print(Lst.append(4))
[1,2,3,4]
extend(item) >>>a=[12,23,34]
>>>Lst.extend(a)
>>>print(Lst)
>>>[1,2,3,4,12,23,34]
index (item) >>>print(Lst.index(1))
>>>0
insert(index,item) >>>Lst.insert(3,4)
>>>print(Lst)
>>>[1,2,3,4]
sort() >>>print(Lst.sort())
>>>[4,3,2,1]
remove(item) >>>l=[1,11,2,22,1,4]
>>>print(l.remove(1))
>>>l
>>>[11,2,22,1,4]
reverse() >>>print(l.reverse())
>>>[1,2,4,11,22]
count(element) >>>=k[1,2,3,4,1,2,3,4,1,1]
>>>print(k.count(1))
>>>4

Tuple
The tuple is a sequence of immutable Python objects.
Iterating through a tuple
Elements of tuple can be accessed sequentially using loop.
Example:
Traversing in Tuple:
Tup=(5,11,22)
for i in range (0,len(Tup)):
print(Tup[i])
o/p:
5
11
22
Tuple operation Explanation Example
Creating a Tuple New tuple can be T=()
created by enclosing T=(3,3,’a’,[1,2])
in simple T=(5,)
parenthesis
Accessing tuple each item is stored t= (1,2,’p’,’*’,50.5)
elements individually and print(t[2])
accessed through o/p: p
indexing
Slicing in a tuple slicing can be done t= (1,2,’p’,’*’,50.5)
using : (colon) print(t[1:2])
operator. Slicing o/p: 2
uses indexing, either
positive or negative.
Concatenating 2 joining the tuple t= (1,2,’p’,’*’,50.5)
tuples elements with t1=(3,)
another tuple using t2=t+t1
+ operator print(t2)
o/p:
(1,2,’p’,’*’,50.5,3)
Repeating elements repeat the elements t=(‘Good’)*2
of a tuple of the tuple by a print(t)
 specified number of o/p: GoodGood
times. They are not
copied but are
referenced multiple
times.
Using membership these operators are t= (1,2,’p’,’*’,50.5)
operators used to check 1 in t
whether a value o/p: True
exists in the tuple or t= (1,2,’p’,’*’,50.5)
not. ‘z’ not in t
o/p: True
Traversing a tuple
using loop

Built in functions in tuples:

Function Explanation Example
len() Returns the length t= (1,2,’p’,’*’,50.5)
of the tuple print(len(t))
o/p: 5
tuple() The tuple function is T=tuple()
also called a Print(T)
constructor. It is o/p: ()
used to create L=[1,2,’anu’]
empty tuple or with X=tuple(L)
values. Print(X)
o/p: X=(1,2,’anu’)

count() This function returns t= (1,2,2,22,222)

the total number of print(count(2))
times an element o/p: 2
has appeared in a
tuple.
Index() This function returns t= (1,2,’p’,’*’,50.5)
the index of the first print(index(50))
 occurrence of a o/p: Error
given element in the t= (1,2,’p’,’*’,50.5)
tuple otherwise print(index(50.5))
error. o/p: 4
max() This function returns t= (1,2,’p’,’*’,50.5)
the maximum value print(max(t))
in a tuple. o/p: error
min() This function returns tup=(1,2,3,-1)
the minimum value print(min(t))
in a tuple. o/p: -1
sum() This function returns X=(1.1,2,2.5,4.5,9)
the total value of all sum(X)
the items in a tuple. o/p: 19.1

sorted() Sorts in ascending to t=(8,-6)

descending order print(sorted(t))
[-6, 8]

Dictionary:
Dictionary is a data type in python. It is an unordered collection of
items (order may be changed after defining). Each item has a key :
value pair.
Dictionary is a mutable data type.(the values can be added,
removed, and changed at any time).
*Note: The keys in the dictionaries are immutable.
D={1:’a’,2:’e’}

Dictionary Explanation Example

operations
Creating a dictionary The dict() function is D=dict()
used to create a print(D)
dictionary with or {}
without key-value
pair