Pind in ono == Nortec www.humidity.com Ottawa, Ontario, (618) 822. ESTIMATING THE HUMIDIFICATION LOAD Relative humidity, RH, is the percentage of moisture in a volume of air at a given temperature, compared to the maximum amount of moisture that the volume of air can hold at the same tempera- ture and atmospheric pressure. As air becomes warmer, it can absorb more moisture per unit volume. Therefore a quantity of air containing a specific amount of moisture will have different values of relative humidity as the temperature changes. Itis this process that causes dry air in buildings. As cold incoming air is heated, its relative humidity value drops. Therefore moisture must be added to attain an acceptable level of humidity within the building. object of this brochur Determining how much moisture must be added is the Table 2 on page 2 simplifies the calcula- tions which are described here in detail. Further information on humidity and temperature is located in form 124A. WB_OAD CALCULATION SUMMARY Factors to consider Ihewer to determine the humid cation load three basic values need 10 be known: A. The design conditions of the humidified space, ie., the tem- perature and humidity required. B. The conditions of the incoming, air, Le., the temperature and. humidity available. C. Incoming air volume and sec- ondary conditions that can affect the humidification load, Data and calculations required to estimate humidification load are described in the tables on pages 2and 3, ‘A. Temperature and humidity required ‘The design temperature and humidi- ty of a space depends mostly upon the job being performed. Once the design temperature and humidity have been established, the required moisture can be found in gr/fv from Table 3. Remember always to take the worst case (highest temperature, highest humidity). Formula? For example: The press room of a printing plant should be kept at 76 - 80°F at 4396 — 47% RE ‘Therefore, the worst case is: 80", 479 RH. From Table 3 the required mois ture is: 1.04 gif x 47% = 5:19 B. Temperature and humidity available ‘The outdoor conditions tell us the moisture available in the incoming air, Approximate values can be ‘obsained from Table 4, on page 4 and ‘combined with Table 3 to find the moisture available. Once again we must take the worst case (here, itis owest temperature, lowest humidity), As can be seen, the contribution of moisture from the outside air is almost zero. ‘Assume our printing plant is locat- ‘ed in Denver, Colorado. From Table 4 we see as the worst case: 10° F, 37% REL. From Table 3: 0.29 gr/R3 X37 RE. = 0.11 grit Combining this result with that of Moisture Required (A) we see that we will need: 5.19 ~ 0.11 = 5.08 ‘grains of moisture for every cubic foot of outside air brought in. C. Incoming air volume ‘The following outlines the steps necessary to determine the amount of outside air being brought into the humidified space and the correspon- ding amount of moisture required. ‘There are three basic means by which outside air is introduced into ‘a humidified space, ‘These are: 1. Through natural ventilation, ie, ‘opening and closing of doors ard ‘windows, and by infiltration through cracks and openings in the building construction. 2. Through mechanical ventilation, ie, the introduction of make-up air, or the exhausting of stale air by the building HVAC system. 3. Though the economizer section of the HVAC system — if this fea ture is included in the system, For maximum accuracy, all three should be estimated and the largest chosen. 1, Natural ventilation Using this method requires knowing the volume of the humidified space and the type of construction, A tightly constructed building will have at least one air change per hour. A loosely constructed build- ing will have at least one and one- half changes per hour, and this same building with a large amount of incoming or exiting trafic will have at least rwo air changes per hour,z= Nortec www.humidity.com Formula 3 ‘Assume our print shop has a floor area of 100! X 100' with a 20! ceil- ing with a large amount of traffic. ‘This gives us: 100 X 100° 20° 2 = 400,000 3 /h, Using our example, the moisture required is: 400,000 X 5.08 = 290 Ibs/he 7000 grains 24. Make-up air Formula d Assume our print shop has a 15,000 CFM HVAC system and uses 10% make-up air during winter. ‘The amount of outside make-up air entering the HVAC system will, therefore, be 10% of 15,000 CFM = 1,500 CFM. Here, the moisture required will be: 1,500 X 5.08 X 60 min/he~ 65 Ibs/he 7,000 grains Table 1 Outdoorindoor relative humidity conversion chart we pesse7eev waa = 3 m [23 t i; tee hae SS oe [23 ts sen bw a we 8 pe [ist bss eg oR SS ees ee er ees ie opm on we a reels se ct ee are) att E we Ji 2 3 5 6 9 1 13 17 2 2 OF Bo |i 3 4 5 8 0 2 1 2 2 pe A ee ee Seep a ee el ns Em li ies ae eet a a ee eee le ey te eat tt 2 wom ee ee ee lea fit: ia tse eth es Bom ]o beta Ek SES eee fon ee es eee ie een a Sm foi:iie 2s 3 8s 53 3 Sim foot i i Fe 33h FES fee ee wee ot tee cee ps) m [oc oo oo 1 1 1 2 ee 8 w]e oo 0 oo ood oo 20 1 OFS IO IG 20 225 oO OS) a ASP SO Outdoor temperature (Chart shows what the residual indoor LH, would be at 70°F under varying outdoor conditions if proper humiaticaton system wore nol installed inthe bulking. Studies indicate that he recommended RH should be between 40% and 60% for optimum benefits fo the occupants (Refer to Figure 1) 2B. Exhaust air Forma 5 Assume the print shop has a 1,000 (CEM fan to exhaust a drying room. Here the moisture required to humid ify the drying room only will be: 1,000 x 5.08 x 60 min/he = 44 Ibs/hr 7,000 grains/I5 (Refer to Figure 1) 3. Economizer Cycle Care should be taken in sizing hhumiification load when an econo- mizer cycle is incorporated into a building HVAC system. The purpose of an economizer cycle is to provide building cooling using outside air, rather than the building refrigeration system when outside air conditions permit Table2 Load calevation summary sheet Determine the moisture equa inthe space (Table 3) ‘Gain tom Tale 3 x inorhH = A grin Sacto Doternine the moist ove! of meoming a Table*) ‘Gain ro Tabio 4 x Outdoor = B gran? ‘Soutsoor trp. Therefore: moisture © beaded: (reise) Mw A-8 _ . i ——orainsn? grins Detorning the volume fat tobe homies, Choose the largest vate 1. Natural vention: Volume x number ot (One ar changes 2. Exhast a CFM 60 mine — rine 3. Makeup ale CFM 60 mine Wn gc tine “Teefore: Gross human ld = oad) L = Mac an 7000 ote: 7000 grin = * pours a "Note: HVAC system uses economizer cyl, check lad using formula Bon page 3== Wortec www.humidity.com Table 3 Note Moisture coment i ety popatona oR, sat: cote at 1008 x RAL Grains of Water Per Cubic Foot - Saturated Air (100% R.H.) “C Fomine “C “FOr “CF Grins °C “FOr °C “FGnins “CF Gina 40 29 4 «0 286 © 58 Sar 76 975 35 5 1728 4 ZO 5 297 9 S60 77 1008 86 17a0 5 3033 0 308 16 60 $80 7% 1040 G7 1031 40 120 348 5s 32" 61 G00 79 10) 56 teas 25 3039 210 78 322 © G2 620 27 6 110 BD 1099 st 100 nat "915 99 7 4 348 6 Sat Bt 1140 38 100 1995 195 5030 7 20 124 35) Gt Ge2 2 T78 1Or 20S Go 140 Seat 4s 186 Seo 10 65 Gas GS 2m toe 2A 45 6404 4 50 195 383” 6S 707 BA 1243108 2171 66 150 7200 31 200 397 G7 731 20 85 Tear ion 22m 18S BOT? 32 213 10 §0 411 6s 757 8S Iazr 41 10s 2295 71 160 9049 B22 425 G8 780 G7 1967 106 2060 165 101.00 parr 4a) a1 70 G10 88 408 fo? 2428 77 170 T1280 2% 238 455 "| 71 age 69 tas) 108 2eg0 175 T2540 a8 2a? 27% 72 B80 92 80 aoe 100 2862 82 100 19020 37 256 13 55 489 73 Bar St 1599 49 110 2098 185 154.90 a3 206 505 74 G15 SP 1See NH 2707 68 190 17070 278 523 24 75 945 sa Tem «N12 278 195 188.0 oem ne a7 Figure 1 Schematic of typical print shop HVAC system age we GENERAL ANT SPACE BAYS ROOM £ ra > FU ge ae ose a fea “+4000.6FM ooo | cc 00 sr ci] gl rk ‘The economizer cycle senses and ‘compares outdoor air temperature and return air temperature during the cooling season, ‘When the HVAC system calls for cooling and the outdoor air tempera- ture is low enough — typically 55° or lower — the outside air and exhaust air dampers are positioned to provide the required supply air temperature to maintain cooling, and the recircu- lated air damper is positioned to maintain the required supply air vol ume. When the outdoor air tempera ture is higher than the supply air temperature required to maintain cooling but is lower than the return air temperature, the make-up air and exhaust air dampers are 100% open. ‘The recirculation air damper closes, and the building refrigeration system provides the portion of cooling load. that cannot be provided by outside air intake. From this it can be seen that it is possible to introduce 100% outside air into a building during the cooling Forma For example, if our print shop were using 100% outdoor air at 55 degrees and 40% RH., then the moisture required will be: 5.19 ~ 4.89 X 40% RED = 3.23 ay/t ‘Therefore, on a 15,000 CFM system, the humidification load will be: 15,000 X_ 3.28 X 60 min/he =415 Ibs/he 7,000 grains/Tb In the above examples, the largest humidification load was due to the ‘economizer cycle at 415 Ibs/hr. Cooling or refrigeration loads As air is cooled, it loses its ability to hold moisture. If itis cooled ‘enough, some of the moisture will ‘condense out. This is known as cooling load. Cooling load calcula- tions can be important for process applications or refrigeration applica- tions to product dehydration, Forma 7 ‘Assume that during the summer the HIVAC system is in the cooling ‘mode. ‘The air leaving the cooling ‘coil is at 55°F and 90% RH. In ‘order to maintain the desired 47% [RH in the space, moisture must be added using the following formula: Desired SOF 4796 RH =5.19 gr/f3 space Formula 1) 55° 90% = 489x090 = 4.40 ih Grains 0 add = 0.79 go 15,000 x. 0.79 x 60 min/br = 101.57 Ihs/he 7,000 grains/bTable 4 Design outdoor JANUARY Juuy JANUARY JULY conditions: Relative Humidity Relative Humidity Relative Humidity Relative Humicity (RH) (%R.H,) (% RH) (GRA) 2 2 ox 2 state ty Me (eaeitae [cate |, state cy LEIP [tat | © ma ot See lets Se Se ea oe a ee Ree ee eS Se BIE Ss She i8 i Blk ee Sie 6 Sled gals =a ee eS ee ies ie ten| el dese) = See eee eee ee a ere ee ee Pneaee alle teea all Seales acceecuupele aeevels eecoes ole ope lel eel ale erremea bie csi ale! a] 2 Seei 5|8 2 Sele 5 Sie ae HIE AB ee [fe leis oS |s Sa — eee ete eee ets Putte Bole 4 | 6/7 4 % |% Vonn nome 0 15 [oe eo col os [1_s7 72 [a rea % Se ae ete eat ele oes = fea ef peat fmiateals Seanallal oasis tear oa Sale eee ger ees] Sore sar bs cae eeetses|/S0aRe |e alates Pitan tele 5 Blele a vio “wr foe Bele S slsle 8 als oom tee, ERIE S S/S/S Bog | Hae ow ew ele we ele la ole TE pet eta Prince city Ee 2 3[ SSS|E SBI me ee eet ye} ee “= Boe ole © slele so |e Seams S| 2 [el oe |e war Sie Stee tote [a ee ree 2 ele 2 Be|% 3 e/g “Kamer e 2] fe] fk mm rer = = pete ees ee Ge fiaewtanale oars, oleh al] asl ale mo Se atresia Siege ale ae ee =e eee = ss, a ist a ie fos eee See Ere @e 23) 8 8} 2 |8 faces) edeea eleeeal|e m S| 5 (| & [8 ae a ee ore ee ae oe ee] ar ayant ——eanmoe te _o [72 ee se | a5 | 71_se_e5_[os ieee 2 al & jel & |h Ee rere ee ee eels aale |e) aeeeells savas! e [el 2 |g wn" Eee SS le 2 alse eS le Sen! i |B] @ |s =a ee ete ete fee a | | eT Bisa isles sis “~ te 2 i] # [2] 2 |e Stee ee [esa fe same | OB le] 2 |e i |e aw | [www [ae ne Ne el Se so |e s7_e) S |e 8 72 1% Fey ‘Chavleuetown 216 = ry 7 2 meee ee eer ea 2] " el ge lg Sone Paio aio fare 7a | so [ae as ae |S w]e fa ae ett ee ane * foemeeab ea a0a =| aepel|s © (8 2 EH a |i i Sue US Wns Bon 7Nortec www.humidity.com Table5 Inside Relative Humidities At Which Moisture Wil Condense On Windows (ute ie Temonnt CF nec” tas tea ne me Sng Windows, St Ar 2s rary or} BRS ows, Wind Double windows, Sil Air Bi RRR ES Double windows, Wine Table6 Regain Of Hygroscopic Materials Moisture Content Expressed in Per Cent of Dry Weight of the Substance at Various Relative Humidities ~ Temperature 75°F avery Mt atte nantly suing raters 21 28 43 29 50 65 €3 109 9 hte aa os 47 a1 4s 62 as Ht M43 180 Priming Paps -Conm Later 754 Reg KAN 32 42 50 SE 62 6S a1 103 me Pape MF Negrt 206 eh 2132 40 47 G1 72 07 108 PrperWttedonsRag-TuAch «24 AT 4785 BS 7 BR 108 102 Paps wrong Ah ao 42 $2 62 72 a9 09 na 42 Cater Senos og 25 a7 48 S866 79 05 15 13 Unsn=Ord Spun =a 26 S465 79 81 a8 98 12 TOR Fajon—CiprrnonumAwage Sieh 40 «S7 G8 79 92 108 124 M42 160 eoaese sa mas mo weed a0 44 58 78 93 ma uo 175 m0 scatanoun Che: Sam Athos 74 49 22a m2 m9 m2 m0 914 m7 ain a7 16 28 a8 49 61 75 92 ta se te 38 37 Soe be a8 52== Nortec www. humidity. com Mos om Cy Sap Deana Proton nd Decoing Fao 3-50 Cel Pctoaes re ‘ceramics pet Oe Frat Fur Storage cum Table7 Design Indoor Conditions For Various Places, Products And Processes Prodet andlor Process Temperature ———iaive —_Prodet nator Process Temperature Fieve fm tomy + oo “Whe «cc hw ‘erates waruacng Chm cung == a iar Rooms rors mee como Sm Bret = - ow agro Pe Seas ae ferrets ne er ine SEES eels ‘Sno eng EERE esgeez= Nortec www.humidity.com Poticindertanm anyone ln adutender Pet Tempe an cs a +e oe nw — nig SC aonenctanten aim aww Rely eon os mee a BS me St SS BA, Seo RE ee ee oe we we 2 a ae — Seo wee ee BEE aro Bem te eae Las Oe Sizer mB = 5g Babee fs ES = 303 8 Behe. we 28 we ae ‘ore esters Same ek om wc aca = on Se ie 8 Seen 2 ae aces ee 2 82 ‘ning ham ‘cardeg - : Eas 32 8 oe we 28 o RE 28 wonton teen EX 58 EiSewnen FS £6 BS EL ak £8 fee 3c BB i el Eoin ESO SB a we 28 — me Ei ES ae. Bi = Ra RS Sioooe eras kms FO a a in o-m -ae ” Spimnieg . S pon: Some ees rl ae ER 2:8 BREE owmeecraigaine sg gata iipemtrcgmewems 3 kB Eke xz ss a SF 5 mae Ea 8:8 = SF ake ug a See Bb SS neg Seeeei ie 2 2 SF oe Berwin FB ine Ea BS ‘Serums =" 76 ES ing a I Se ze ex ieg me = a8 ed ee le ER Se Bs soho ste wo 8 oes Beene agent og Ser 2 2 ., Ss ag Sea! SB te ERs vio ate 8 a ne nePsychometric Chart Figure 2 ‘The previous load calculating formulas have been developed from the ASHRAE Psychrometric Char. TON ey 9EDWIOAYDKS| AVAHSY TAN 4-aunuvuaawal ena AN