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Dynamic Business Law, 3rd Edition Test Bank – Nancy
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4. Knowledge management is a set of practices aimed at discovering and harnessing the
competition's intellectual resources.

True False

5. Collaboration can occur between but not within organizations.

True False

6. Better serving the customer can start with involving the customer more in company decisions,
especially when it comes to discovering more about customer attitudes.

True False

7. The key to company success is how much the industry in which it operates will affect society
or how much it will grow.

True False

8. The fundamental success drivers for an organization are innovation, quality, speed, and
product delivery time.

True False

9. Innovation is the introduction of new goods and services.

True False

10. If an organization does not innovate, it will die.

True False

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© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution
in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
11. Quality is the excellence of your product (including goods and services).

True False

12. Total quality includes preventing defects before they occur.

True False

13. Today, customers value both the quality of physical goods and the quality of services.

True False

14. One dimension of service quality is making it easy and enjoyable for customers to experience
a service or to buy and use products.

True False

15. Corporate speed often separates the winners from the losers in business.

True False

16. "Cost competitiveness" means pricing your products lower than all competitors' products.

True False

17. Managing for competitive advantage includes delivering innovation, quality, service, speed,
and cost competitiveness.

True False

18. Management is the process of working with people and resources to make profit at all costs.

True False

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19. To be efficient is to achieve organizational goals. To be effective is to achieve goals with
minimum waste of resources.

True False

20. Efficiency is far more important than effectiveness in today's competitive environment.

True False

21. The four traditional functions of management include planning, organizing, leading and
service.

True False

22. Organizing is assembling and coordinating the resources needed to achieve goals.

True False

23. Leading is taking care of all of the organizational items that occur so that your department
moves forward.

True False

24. Controlling monitors performance and implements necessary changes.

True False

25. To become an effective manager you should choose one or two of the four management
functions and become expert in only those. An outstanding manager only needs to be
proficient in one or two of the functions as he or she can hire others to do the remaining
functions.

True False

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26. Top managers are also called tactical managers since they must translate the general goals
into specific objectives and activities.

True False

27. Frontline managers often have titles such as supervisor or sales manager.

True False

28. The need for interpersonal and communication skills fades as a manager moves from the
lower levels of an organization into the upper management arena.

True False

29. As managers rise through an organization, they will probably rely less on their technical
skills.

True False

30. Interpersonal skills are most important early in your career, whereas technical skills are
important as you rise higher in the company.

True False

31. Being a manager is more like being the conductor of an orchestra than playing an instrument
in it.

True False

32. In today's work environment, one should only focus on becoming a specialist, since jobs are
becoming so specialized.

True False

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33. Emotional intelligence involves the skills of understanding yourself, managing yourself and
dealing effectively with others.

True False

34. Social capital is the goodwill stemming from your social relationships.

True False

35. In managing your career, it is important to know that now, more than ever individuals will be
accountable for their actions and for results.

True False

Multiple Choice Questions

36. Which of the following is one of the key elements that make the current business landscape
different from the past?

A. Diversity

B. Collaboration across organizational boundaries

C. Quality

D. Cost competitiveness

E. Speed

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37. Successful CEO's know that the change from a local to a global marketplace is

A. irrelevant to today's business environment.

B. irreversible.

C. unchanging.

D. slowing.

E. no different than it has been over the last three decades.

38. Globalization is an issue primarily for

A. large transnational firms.

B. medium-sized transnational firms.

C. small transnational firms.

D. domestic firms with overseas sales.

E. all firms.

39. Which of the following statements about the Internet is true?

A. The Internet always makes things easier.

B. The Internet drives down costs.

C. The Internet's only impact is on business as a whole.

D. All email messages are emergencies.

E. People connected to the Internet should respond to email messages immediately.

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40. _________ is the set of practices aimed at discovering and harnessing an organization's
intellectual resources—fully utilizing the intellects of the organization's people.

A. Knowledge management

B. Collaboration

C. Innovation

D. Service management

E. Communication management

41. Which of the following statements about collaboration is true?

A. Collaboration occurs only within the boundaries of the organization.

B. It is unrealistic to think that the company can collaborate with its customers.

C. Disclosing your plans by collaborating with potential investors in your firm is not a good
idea.

D. Collaboration is an important process of knowledge management.

E. Collaboration outside of the organization is out of the question because of the risk of
disclosing trade secrets.

42. __________ is the introduction of new goods and services.

A. Collaboration

B. Invention

C. Innovation

D. Adaptation

E. Production life cycle

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43. __________ is the excellence of your product.

A. Innovation

B. Quality

C. Quantity

D. Six-sigma

E. Customization

44. Which of the following is a way to measure quality?

A. Product performance

B. Customer service

C. Reliability

D. Aesthetics

E. All of the above can be used to measure quality.

45. __________--rapid execution, response, and delivery of results—often separates the winners
from the losers.

A. Service

B. Quality

C. Innovation

D. Speed

E. Competitiveness

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46. Cost competitiveness means that you

A. sacrifice quality to keep costs low.

B. carefully monitor costs mainly during the start-up of business.

C. price your product or service at a level attractive to consumers.

D. manage your costs by being effective.

E. offer a high quality product at a higher price.

47. Managing your costs and keeping them down requires being

A. effective.

B. fast.

C. mindful of high service requirements.

D. efficient.

E. collaborative.

48. Which of the following statements about the sources of competitive advantage is true?

A. The best companies choose one source of competitive advantage and perfect it.

B. Managing the sources of competitive advantage is a zero-sum game where one source
improves at the expense of the other.

C. It is possible to improve quality and also enhance speed.

D. Outsourcing certain functions is likely to decrease innovation.

E. The faster the product is provided the more innovation suffers.

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49. ______________ is the process of working with people and resources to accomplish
organizational goals.

A. Planning

B. Management

C. Controlling

D. Decision making

E. Collaboration

50. The key management functions include

A. planning, leading, controlling and organizing.

B. marketing, finance, accounting and production.

C. planning, operations, labor and contracting.

D. hiring, training, appraising and firing.

E. marketing, management, finance and accounting.

51. Planning involves which of the following?

A. Analyzing current situations

B. Determining rewards for goals achievement

C. Attracting people to the organization

D. Motivating employees

E. Implementing necessary changes

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52. _______________ is specifying the goals to be achieved and deciding in advance the
appropriate actions needed to achieve those goals.

A. Staffing

B. Leading

C. Organizing

D. Planning

E. Controlling

53. The Quilt Shop, Inc. periodically reviews the goals of the company. During the process, the
Quilt Shop managers analyze their current strategies as compared to their competitors,
determine goals that they will pursue and decide upon specific actions for each area of the
company to take in pursuit of these goals. With these actions the Quilt Shop managers are
engaged in the management function of

A. organizing.

B. planning.

C. goal coordination.

D. controlling.

E. leading.

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54. Scrappy Sales, Inc. a local recycling plant, recently embarked on an effort to increase
coordination and cooperation within the company. During the process, Scrappy managers
reviewed and specified job responsibilities, grouped jobs into work units and re-allocated
resources within the company. Scrappy managers were exercising the management function
of

A. planning.

B. organizing.

C. leading.

D. controlling.

E. budgeting.

55. ______________ involves assembling and coordinating organizational resources.

A. Controlling

B. Planning

C. Organizing

D. Leading

E. Quantifying

56. Building a dynamic organization is another way of describing which function of

management?

A. Planning

B. Organizing

C. Leading

D. Controlling

E. Staffing

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57. As one of the key management functions, leading focuses on a manager's efforts to

A. mobilize people to contribute their ideas.

B. build organizations that are flexible and adaptive.

C. make sure goals are met.

D. identify opportunities for sustainable advantage.

E. build a dynamic organization.

58. A manager's ability to stimulate people to be high performers is referred to as

A. planning.

B. organizing.

C. leading.

D. controlling.

E. monitoring.

59. When Johnny Jack, manager of Jack-Mack Enterprises realized that his plan to increase sales
levels among associates was not producing the results he desired, he took quick action to
make necessary adjustments. Johnny was exercising the management function of

A. planning.

B. organizing.

C. leading.

D. controlling.

E. communicating.

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60. _______ involves monitoring performance and making necessary changes.

A. Budgeting

B. Planning

C. Organizing

D. Leading

E. Controlling

61. Through careful monitoring of the financial budgets of a firm, managers can detect potential
problems in reaching their financial goals and take actions to reverse the problem. This is an
example of the management function of

A. planning.

B. controlling.

C. leading.

D. organizing.

E. budgeting.

62. Senior executives responsible for the overall management and effectiveness of the
organization are called

A. long-term managers.

B. middle managers.

C. strategic managers.

D. tactical managers.

E. short-run managers.

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63. The three levels of managers within large organizations are

A. international, regional and local.

B. marketing, management and accounting.

C. technical, functional and departmental.

D. upper level, top management and functional.

E. top-level, middle-level and frontline.

64. Top-level managers focus on

A. long-term survival of an organization.

B. translating goals and objectives into specific activities.

C. managing frontline managers.

D. supervising non-management employees.

E. initiating new daily activities.

65. ________________ managers are typically concerned with the interaction between the
organization and its external environment.

A. Regional

B. Top-level

C. Middle-level

D. Frontline

E. Functional

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66. CEO, President, COO and Vice President are all titles typical of which level of management?

A. Strategic

B. Tactical

C. Operational

D. Functional

E. Regional

67. Which type of manager has responsibility for translating the general goals and plans
developed for an organization into more specific activities?

A. Operational managers

B. Functional managers

C. Activities managers

D. Strategic managers

E. Tactical managers

68. Lower-level managers who supervise the operational activities of the organization are called

A. frontline managers.

B. middle managers.

C. top-level managers.

D. tactical managers.

E. strategic managers.

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69. Tactical managers are often referred to as

A. center managers.

B. middle-level managers.

C. lower-level managers.

D. operational managers.

E. upper-middle managers.

70. Managers responsible for supervising the operations of an organization are referred to as

A. strategic managers.

B. functional managers.

C. supervisory managers.

D. operational managers.

E. tactical managers.

71. Operational managers play a crucial role in an organization because they provide

A. the link between managerial and non-managerial personnel.

B. discipline for problem managers.

C. the key plans for an organization's success.

D. feedback on top management performance.

E. direction and strategy for the organization.

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72. One of Cory Crowe's primary activities in his career as a supervisor at Crowe Bird Food, Inc.
is working with his middle-manager, A.J. "Crazy" Crowe to carry out opportunities for new
growth in the business (such as expanding into exotic bird foods) and developing the people
who are actually manufacturing the food. Cory is most likely a(n)

A. frontline manager.

B. tactical manager.

C. middle-level manager.

D. top-level manager.

E. administrative controller.

73. Titles such as foreman, sales manager, shift manager, or supervisor typically belong to
managers at what level?

A. Strategic

B. Middle

C. Top

D. Operational

E. Tactical

74. As a manager at Get-Rich-Quick Investments (GRQ), Claus Cloudy spends much of his time
coaching young managers and making sure that needed information reaches the GRQ
branches so they will be successful. Claus would best be described as a (an)

A. frontline manager.

B. tactical manager.

C. operational manager.

D. top-level manager.

E. institutional controller.

1-19
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75. In smaller entrepreneurial firms and even in more adaptive larger firms, managers

A. are no longer utilized.

B. rely more heavily on technical skills.

C. serve as "experts" on whom the entire firm depends.

D. have strategic, tactical and operational responsibilities.

E. focus on internal operations only.

76. Which of a manager's roles involves searching for new business opportunities and initiating
new projects to create change?

A. Leader

B. Figurehead

C. Entrepreneur

D. Resource allocator

E. Monitor

77. Which of a manager's roles involves speaking on behalf of the organization?

A. Disseminator

B. Spokesperson

C. Liaison

D. Figurehead

E. Disturbance handler

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78. Which of the following managerial roles is a decisional role?

A. Spokesperson

B. Liaison

C. Leader

D. Negotiator

E. Monitor

79. The President of Delta Design, LLC attended the opening ceremony for a customer's new
office complex. Which of a manager's roles was the President playing in this situation?

A. Leader

B. Liaison

C. Figurehead

D. Spokesperson

E. Resource allocator

80. When a customer service manger works to diffuse a situation with an irate customer, which
managerial role is he/she taking on?

A. Liaison

B. Disturbance handler

C. Negotiator

D. Resource allocator

E. Leader

1-21
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81. A(n) __________ skill is the ability to perform a specialized task that involves a certain method
or process.

A. conceptual

B. decision

C. interpersonal

D. communication

E. technical

82. Which of the following represent skills that managers need?

A. Interpersonal & communication, conceptual & decision, and professional

B. Technical, interpersonal & communication and conceptual & decision

C. Professional, technical, and interpersonal & communication

D. Conceptual & decision, professional and technical

E. Professional, technical, and conceptual & decision

83. Using a particular software program at an expert level, compilation of an accounting

statement, and writing advertising copy are all examples of which type of skill?

A. Technical

B. Professional

C. Conceptual

D. Interpersonal

E. Quantitative

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84. Managers will utilize _____________ skills with increasing frequency as they rise within an
organization.

A. conceptual and decision

B. informational

C. technical

D. professional

E. negotiation

85. Top management at Sunset Studios, Inc. recognized a lack of employee enthusiasm about
the new website. In fact there was a fair amount of infighting and blame around whom was
responsible for the layout, given the entire firm considered itself to be tops in design and
production. Sammy Sunset got the team together and engaged them in a lively discussion to
determine how to change the website so that it reflected more of Sunset Studios' unique
design ability. As the meeting wound down, each team member volunteered to take on a part
of the project to fix the site. The ability to identify this problem and resolve it is an effective
use of __________ skills.

A. conceptual and decision

B. informational

C. technical

D. professional

E. negotiation

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86. ______________ skills influence a manager's ability to work well with people.

A. Decisional

B. Technical

C. Interpersonal

D. Professional

E. Conceptual

87. Listening to employee suggestions, gaining support for organizational objectives and
fostering an atmosphere of teamwork are all considered

A. technical skills.

B. interpersonal/communication skills.

C. diagnostic skills.

D. professional skills.

E. conceptual skills.

88. The importance of managerial skills is exemplified by which of the following statements?

A. Obtaining high performance from people in the organization is easy because of the
authority managers will continue to have over knowledge workers.

B. Upper- level managers need technical skills to manage supervisory personnel.

C. Supervisory level managers have the most contact with the top-level managers.

D. Conceptual and decision skills become less important than technical skills as a manager
rises higher in the company.

E. Interpersonal skills are important throughout a manager's career, at every level of

management.

1-24
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89. The set of skills composed of understanding yourself, managing yourself and dealing
effectively with others is called

A. self reliance.

B. social capital.

C. emotional intelligence.

D. career management.

E. social management.

90. Which of the following is a component of emotional intelligence?

A. Making good decisions

B. Dealing with power plays made by others

C. Understanding the shortcomings of those you work with

D. Advising others how to become happier at work

E. Helping others understand you are correct

91. A common complaint about leaders, especially those who are newly-appointed is that they
lack which of the following?

A. Emotional understanding

B. Empathy

C. The ability to receive feedback from subordinates

D. Decision making skills

E. Self control

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92. Which of the following is a recommendation for forging a successful career?

A. Be a specialist.

B. Be self-reliant.

C. Be a generalist.

D. Actively manage your relationship with your organization.

E. All of the above are recommendations for forging a successful career.

93. Being self-reliant means

A. to take full responsibility for yourself, your actions, and your career.

B. responding when others have innovative ideas.

C. always waiting for orders from higher in the organization.

D. knowing that the organization will manage your career.

E. responding before orders come from higher in the organization.

94. Goodwill stemming from social relationships is called

A. social empathy.

B. social capital.

C. emotional intelligence.

D. emotional capital.

E. empathetic goodwill.

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95. When you view yourself as an employee and expect your employer to tell you what to do and
give you pay and benefits, you are acting as a(n)

A. active contributor in a productive relationship.

B. agent for social capital.

C. passive employee.

D. example of an emotionally intelligent employee.

E. connected team member.

96. Actively managing your relationship with your organization includes managerial actions such
as

A. delivering strategic value.

B. building a dynamic organization.

C. mobilizing people.

D. learning and changing.

E. doing all of the above.

Essay Questions

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97. "We have moved from an economy of hands to an economy of heads". Do you agree with this
statement? Explain.

98. List and describe several ways organizations collaborate across boundaries.

99. List and explain each of the five keys to managing for competitive advantage.

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100.Briefly describe each of the four key management functions.

101.Differentiate between the various management levels in an organization.

102.At which level of management will you find conceptual and decision skills most utilized?
Why?

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103.What should you do to forge a successful, gratifying career? Briefly explain each of the four
dimensions that should be considered.

Multiple Choice Questions

Scenario A. Naturally Yours, Inc. is a new brand of organic clothing recently introduced
throughout the world. The company is unique in that it has collaborated with its suppliers and
largest potential customers to bring the clothing to market. The concept has been a huge
success as the idea of sustainability is becoming more "main stream" especially in developed
countries. The quick growth in sales has lead Naomi and Yolanda, the company founders, to
look to your consulting company for help in assuring the future success of the company.

1-30
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in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
104.Naomi and Yolanda want to maintain a strong competitive advantage in the organic clothing
industry. They have consulted with you and have decided to maintain their current direction
of continuing to produce new items targeted to new markets, such as children's clothing, in
addition to the women's clothing items that were originally designed and produced by the
company. Given the information in this scenario, which of the fundamental success drivers
are they most likely using?

A. Planning

B. Innovation

C. Quality

D. Organizing

E. Cost competitiveness

105.Naomi and Yolanda have always focused on being efficient managers. What is the best
advice you should give them, given the quick success they have had with Naturally Yours and
the information provided in the scenario?

A. Efficiency is the only key to their continued success.

B. Now it is time for them to consider only effectiveness, since they clearly have efficiency
under control and this is not likely to change in the future.

C. To continue their success they should maintain a clear focus on both effectiveness and
efficiency especially while their company is experiencing such a high growth in sales.

D. Now would be the perfect time to buy beautiful homes for their families since they have
earned it.

E. As the top-level managers the best action plan for them is to carefully design the new
items to assure these items are well accepted by the target consumers.

1-31
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in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
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 CHAPTER II
EARLY WORK IN LONDON
1851—APRIL, 1856

Through all the bright and free life at Finchley, Mrs. Hill had never forgotten
that her daughters would have to earn their living. Miranda, indeed, at the age of
thirteen, had begun to earn as a pupil teacher in the private school of a friend; and
her sister Margaret mentions in a letter the characteristic fact that Miranda had
wished to give some of her first earnings to her half-sisters, who were starting a
school. When, then, these sisters realised that Mrs. Hill was considering Octavia’s
future work, they, in their turn, offered to give her a free education, as a start in
life. On the other hand, Octavia’s artistic talent had already attracted the attention
of Mrs. Hill’s friend, Miss Margaret Gillies; and she offered to train Octavia in her
studio. Both these offers attracted Octavia herself; but Mrs. Hill did not wish to
part with her. Whilst she was still hesitating, her attention was drawn to the notice
of an Exhibition, to be held at 4 Russell Place, Fitzroy Square, of special
preparations of painted glass, consolidated so as to make it suitable for tables and
other purposes. She found that Miss Wallace, the patentee, was promoting the
Exhibition, partly to secure work for some Polish exiles, in whom she was
interested, partly with the more general aim of finding regular suitable paying
employment for ladies.
Mrs. Hill mentions that her first thought was that Miranda, whose overflowing
fancy seemed to her dangerously unpractical, might be roused to more steady work
by such an occupation as this. But it was natural that it soon occurred to her that
Octavia’s admitted artistic talent might also be utilised in this way. So she applied
for admission for both her daughters to this work. But, as Miss Wallace was unable
to carry on the business, Mr. Vansittart Neale most generously came forward with
the capital, in order to carry it on on a co-operative basis. He asked Mrs. Hill to
become the manager, which she very gladly consented to do, as she was much
interested in co-operation and in the employment of women.
Such was Octavia’s first introduction to London. The change from the healthy
open-air life at Finchley, and from the beauty of the country, to the ugliness of her
new surroundings told heavily on her spirits; and this depression was increased by
the sudden sense of the evil and misery in the world. Among the workers at the
Guild was a Miss Joanna Graham, who rapidly became a warm friend of Miranda’s.
She introduced both sisters to the “London Labour and the London Poor,” then
just brought out by Mayhew; also to the pamphlets and other essays written by the
Christian Socialist leaders of the movement with which Mr. Neale had already
brought them into contact. The pictures given by Mayhew of the life of the London
poor, and the desire awakened by the Christian Socialists to struggle against evils,
which seemed to her irresistible, produced in Octavia such a state of mind that she
began to think that all laughter or amusement was wicked. Miranda, always able to
see the humorous side of a question, tried to laugh her out of this extreme
depression; and, when Octavia persisted, the elder sister composed an imaginary
epitaph on herself, supposed to be written by Octavia:

“Her foibles were many, her virtues were few;

And the more that she laughed, the more stern the world grew.”

This produced a most startling letter of stern remonstrance from Octavia; so stern
that one is relieved to find it closed by a loving message and followed by a P.S.
“Love to all. Thank you for the apples.”
Of course, this extreme gloom, unnatural in any young girl, was especially out of
keeping with anyone of Octavia’s buoyant temperament, and the happy busy life at
the Ladies’ Guild soon had its effect.
THE LADIES’ The following account given by Mrs. Hill in April,
GUILD 1856, shows somewhat of the social life. “The ladies
used to go to lectures together. In this case, the subject
of the lecture became, next day, that of the conversation in the workroom. The
conversation in general fell on interesting subjects, the favourite subjects being
politics, religion, art, news, the country and its scenery, poverty and wages, etc. A
very favourite subject was the derivation and definition of words; then the ladies
would join their voices in chorus, taking different parts. Indeed a merrier
company, ‘within the limits of becoming mirth,’ the writer never chanced to see.
There was generally some joke in hand. In the winter, they often assembled in the
evening at the Guild. Sometimes they drank tea together, and afterwards sang and
danced joyously.”
The artistic work at the Guild brought Octavia into contact with the Rogers
family. Mr. G. Rogers was wood carver to the Queen, and produced some very
interesting work. All his family had artistic leanings; but it was his daughter, who is
best known by her writings on Palestine, who specially attracted Octavia, and for
whom she formed one of those enthusiastic friendships which exercised so marked
an influence on her life. A younger friend, whose name was afterwards to be so
closely associated with Octavia’s, was Miss Emma Cons. She, like Octavia, was
much interested in art; and, on the other hand, her high girlish spirits called out in
Octavia again the old love of exercise and fun that had shown itself so strongly in
the Finchley days. Indeed Miss Cons was so much given to romps that Octavia’s
fellow workers (including her sisters) were rather startled at the attraction which
her new friend had for her. But it is clear from the letters, produced here, that
Octavia saw the real power concealed for the time under these hoydenish ways;
and she marked her as one on whom she could rely, and from whom she expected
much.
But it must not be forgotten that among the most important of these influences,
then at work on Octavia, were the characters and teaching of the Christian Socialist
leaders. Soon after joining the Guild she had begun to attend the lectures at the
Hall of Association; and her attendance at Lincoln’s Inn Chapel brought her in
1852 under the influence of my father, Rev. F. D. Maurice. She and Emily attended
the daily morning service; and, after a time, my father used often to let them walk
back with him, and he would answer many of Octavia’s difficulties about religious
and social questions. On one occasion she asked him if it would not be very nice if
one could get rid of all responsibility. He laughed and said it would indeed be very
comfortable. But that she did not shirk responsibility is shown by the following
incident. It was in the early days of the Guild, when Octavia was only about
fourteen, that she was alone in the house with the exception of Mrs. Horne,[5] who
was at the top of the house. It was Sunday; and everyone else had gone to Church.
On coming out of a second-floor room she saw a man standing near the door of a
large cupboard, in which she supposed he must have hidden. “How did you come
up here?” she asked. “I came up the stairs,” replied the man. “Then you will please
to walk down again,” said Octavia in a quiet tone. He obeyed her, and she walked
behind him down three long flights of stairs, and saw him out at the front door.
Her sense of responsibility was the greater because some money, belonging to the
Guild, had been paid late on Saturday and was in the office.
After the Guild had been carried on for some time, Mr. Neale was asked to take
over a new kind of work, which a lady had started in order to employ some Ragged
School children. This was the making of a special kind of toy which she had
invented; and Mr. Neale appointed Octavia head of the workroom. The following
account is given by my wife and her sister Miranda. The management of the toy-
making helped to “develop Octavia’s business faculties. She had to pass the
children’s work, which was paid by the piece, to assign the various processes to
each child, to choose the shapes and colours of the toy furniture, to price it, and to
see that, when the suites were finished, they were neatly packed in boxes and sent
over to the show room, where the ladies’ glass work was also exhibited. From time
to time she had to take stock, and to see if the sales justified the expenditure.
TOY-WORKERS “Her daily intercourse with the girls taught her to
know intimately the life of the poor. Most of the
children came from very poor homes, and had, though so young, experienced great
hardships. There was Louisa, an emotional, affectionate girl who had lost both
parents, and helped to support herself and the aunt with whom she lived. She had
worked at artificial flower-making, and told us how, when trade was busy, she had
been kept late into the night, and had had to run frightened through the streets in
the small hours of the morning, and tap at the window to wake her aunt. There was
poor Denis whose face and neck were terribly disfigured with burns; but who had
such a sweet pathetic voice that, when she sang, one forgot her ugliness. There was
Clara, a tall, over-grown girl from a dirty home, who was half-starved and cruelly
treated. She wore a low dress and short sleeves, and one could see her bones
almost coming through her skin. On one occasion when her work was too slovenly
to be passed, she burst into tears, and said that her mother would beat her if she
did not take back the money expected of her. There was little Elizabeth, a stunted
child of about nine, with so fierce a look that Octavia, in loving raillery, called her
her little wild beast. She had never come with us on the Saturday-afternoon walks
to Hampstead, but used to look wistfully after us. Once we pressed her very much
to come, and then she exclaimed ‘I cannot, I have to nurse the baby.’
“Another child was R. who was lost sight of, and later on was found in a dark
cellar into which one descended by a ladder, where she sat all day to sell
pennyworths of coal. She was half-starved and unkindly treated, but she seemed to
take that as a matter of course; what she did resent was that her cat was starved.
Later on Octavia sent her to an Industrial School; and after some years she
emigrated, and wrote to tell of her happy married life.
“Harriet and her sister were of a higher class, and had a clean, respectable home.
They were earnest Methodists. We lost sight of Harriet for forty years, and then
found her very happily married. She had remembered Octavia with the deepest
affection, and had preserved all her letters.
“The girls were in the habit of bringing their dinners to eat in the workroom, and
what they brought was very poor fare. Octavia suggested that they should club
together to buy their food, and that each girl in turn should cook it. The long table
was cleared, and a white cloth laid, and the food served nicely. Octavia brought
over her own luncheon to eat with the girls, and, after the Grace had been sung, it
was a pretty sight to see the sad, careworn faces of the children light up, as they sat
round the table while she talked to them. Among other things, she learnt to scrub
the floor, in order to teach the children to keep the workroom clean.
“A good many of the girls were older than Octavia and inclined to be
insubordinate, but she very soon established order, and that without recourse to
punishment. The girls had been accustomed to be fined for offences, and they were
quite amazed when they found this was no longer the case. On one occasion they
refused to scrub the work-tables, which was part of their daily duty. Immediately
Octavia and her two younger sisters set to work to do the scrubbing, and soon the
girls gave in. They had been fined for swearing, but the swearing soon ceased, and
they sang hymns or nice songs. Octavia was their leader and companion in all that
they did, and this sharing in their work, and yet leading the way, won them all to
obey as well as to love her. Sometimes, on a Saturday afternoon, she would take
her little group of workers for a walk to Hampstead Heath or Bishop’s Wood. Her
sister Gertrude remembers walking in Highgate Lane on a spring afternoon with
Professor Owen, who was quietly explaining something about the mosses on Lord
Mansfield’s fence—all being very still—when, to her surprise, the hedge was broken
open, and, with a burst of joy, who should leap down from the bank with a staff in
her hand and a straw hat torn by the thicket but Octavia, followed by a troop of
ragged toy-workers, happy and flushed, each with a lap full of blue-bells. Octavia
stayed for a minute to speak to her sister and the Professor; then off they all went
back into the wood and away towards Finchley.
“Schools were not what they are now, and Octavia was amazed at the ignorance
of these girls. They quite believed that wolves and bears might be lurking in the
woods; and they did not know the names of any of the flowers. It was afterwards
arranged that Miranda should give the girls lessons for an hour or so each
afternoon.”[6]
In 1854 Dr. Southwood Smith left Hillside and moved to Weybridge, where his
grandchildren were always welcomed in the same loving way that they had been at
Highgate.
But, before he could move, he was seized with a severe illness which necessitated
an operation. A few weeks later his granddaughter Emily was attacked by scarlet
fever, and her life was despaired of by two doctors. Then her grandfather, in spite
of his weak state, came back to London, and saved her life; and when she could be
removed, took her to Weybridge to watch over her convalescence. This of course
withdrew her from the toy work, and threw more of the burden on Octavia. A year
later her youngest sister Florence was also withdrawn from the work by ill-health,
and taken to Italy by her aunt, Miss Emily Smith, who gave her loving care for six
years. It was in the summer of 1855 that an expedition of the toy-workers into the
country led to the formation of some important friendships. Mrs. Harrison, to
whose house at Romford they were invited, was the sister of Mrs. Howitt, and she
and her family became warm friends of Octavia’s. Some of the letters given further
on were written to Mary, the eldest daughter, who was very artistic.
EARLY But even more important was the friendship then
FRIENDSHIPS formed with Miss Mary Harris, a member of the Society
of Friends, who was a great deal older than Octavia, and
whose calm, loving nature was a great rest to her. From the time they first met till
1893, when Miss Harris died, Octavia poured out more of her secret thoughts to
her than to anyone else, and when they were away from each other wrote to her
constantly.
On the occasion of this visit to Romford another guest was Mr. Ellis Yarnall, the
American, whose letters to Lord Coleridge have lately been published. He recorded
in his diary the following description of Miranda and Octavia.
“Some young ladies were expected, and with them about twenty children, girls to
whom they are teaching some decorative arts. The children played in the grounds;
the young ladies (Miranda and Octavia) were with us at luncheon; and we had a
great deal of talk about Mr. Ruskin, who is a friend of theirs. They described his
eloquence as a speaker, his earnestness of manner, his changing countenance, even
when he was silent, as though thoughts grave and gay were passing through his
mind. It was plain to me that his strong intellect and bright fancy were having their
true influence on these young persons, themselves highly gifted and altogether
like-minded, eighteen and sixteen or thereabouts—sisters. I was astonished at the
strength of intellect which they displayed. The talk of the elder one especially was, I
think, more striking than that of any person of her age I ever knew. She reminded
me of Corinne and other women of renown. What a pleasure it was to look at her
fine face with the glow of enthusiasm upon it, and to wonder whether gifts like hers
would not one day produce fruits which the world would value. Her description of
the effect which the hearing of Beethoven’s music on some late occasion had had
upon her was an utterance of passionate feeling showing true poetic susceptibility.
“They are the granddaughters of Dr. Southwood Smith.”

Towards the end of 1855 an important event took place, which led to Mrs. Hill’s
withdrawal from the Ladies’ Guild. My father had been interested in Octavia’s
work for the Toy-workers, and offered to take a Bible Class for them. The
Theological Essays controversy was just then at burning point; and the ladies who
had handed over the business part of the toy work, still considered that they had a
right to interfere about the religious instruction of the children. These ladies were
very Evangelical (as Evangelicalism went in those days) and they threatened to
withdraw all pecuniary help and the support of the Ragged School Union, if my
father was allowed to teach the girls. The managers of the business were so much
alarmed at this threat that they asked my father to withdraw his offer. Mrs. Hill
and her daughters were naturally very indignant at this; and Mrs. Hill’s protests
led to her losing the post of Manager at the Guild. She and Emily went to
Weybridge. Miranda and Octavia continued to work for a time; but when it seemed
likely that the Guild would fail, Miranda obtained daily teaching and Octavia
applied to Ruskin to learn from him if there would be any chance of her supporting
herself by painting. He replied most kindly, and asked her to let him have a table-
top designed and painted by herself. This design[7] was a spray of bramble leaves in
all their brilliant autumn colours, encircling the centre space which formed a
background that was dark at one part and gradually grew lighter, and finally
changed into soft blue, suggesting storm clouds passing away, and leaving a bright
sky. Round the edge, among the leaves, were the words of the Psalm, “He brought
them out of darkness and out of the shadow of death, and brake their bonds in
sunder.”
This led to Ruskin’s undertaking to train Octavia and give her work. Soon after
this came the final crisis at the Guild; and Octavia obtained the appointment
mentioned in the last letter of this chapter.
EARLY WORK IN
LONDON
June 14th, 1852.

To Miranda.

Thank you many many times for your sweet letter. It was such a
comfort to me.
 I am very well indeed now. I do not know when I have been better,
except that I am rather weak. I am at Finchley with Minnie. I long
dreadfully to go to town; but I think I can wait patiently till
Wednesday.
I have been very unfortunate in being away from the Guild just at
this time. Do you know Mr. Walter Cooper has been there? and Mr.
Lewis and the trustees (Mr. Furnivall) go there so often; and all the
bustle, and trying to feel Christian-like to Mr. and Miss ——. O,
would it not have been delightful!
I have Miss Graham’s books here; they are so interesting. I am so
very happy when I am reading them. My interest gets deeper and
stronger every day. I wish, oh! I so long, to do something, and I
cannot. Andy! do you think I ever shall be able to do anything really
useful?
I do not at all like Mr. ——, or rather I entirely despise and dislike
his opinions. I will tell you all about it when I see you. I will only tell
you now that he likes “the subordination of the employed to the
employer”; and he thinks “there is no tribunal so proper as the
discretion of the employer to decide those delicate questions of the
personal conduct of the employed.” Did you ever hear of such a
thing? Is it not horrible?
Mr. Furnivall I admire more and more the more I know and read
of him; and, as to Mr. Ludlow, certainly there is not (excepting Mr.
Furnivall) such a person in the whole world. He has the largest,
clearest, best-balanced mind joined to the truest most earnest wish
to help the working classes I ever met with (of course excepting Mr.
Furnivall’s).
I have read to-day his “Christian Socialism and its Opponents.” All
I can say of it, and all he writes is that it is grand, and that I never
can forget it, or cease to be grateful for it. His lectures have sunk
deeper into my heart than anything else; one reason is, I dare say,
that they were the first; but they were most noble and grand; his own
great soul seemed to breathe itself into his works. But I forget—I
shall get no sympathy from you. I must tell Miss Graham. Andy, do
you think Mr. Furnivall will bring him to the Guild? Do you think he
meant it; or, if not, do you think we ever shall know him?
 The Festival will be on Monday. I am looking forward to it with
such pleasure. I do so long to see you; it seems ages since I did; I
want to know what you think about the ‘Guild’; I do so want your
advice, too, upon a thousand subjects. I have a good deal to read to
you, which I have written since you were away. Give my dearest love
to Miss Graham. Tell her I never can thank her enough for all the
noble and beautiful books she has lent me; that, as to the Christian
Socialist, I never never before read anything which inspired such
earnest longing to do something for the cause of association; and it
interested me so very much that the hours I have spent in reading
that are never to be forgotten; they were unequalled in pleasure to
any that I have ever spent in reading; and that, if I live years and
years, I shall never forget, or cease to remember with gratitude that it
was to her that I owe the great happiness of first reading a Socialist
book, which I consider one of the greatest happinesses any one can
have. Thank her, also, for the other books; tell her the “Cheap
Clothes and Nasty” and “Labour and the Poor” are some of the most
dreadful things I ever read. They have made a deep impression on
me. How delightful the History of the Working Tailors’ Association
is!
Do you know I have a post at the Guild? I have to give out the
stores and am responsible for them. The ladies have all sent me a
book as a testimony of their gratitude to me for reading to them.
How very kind it is of them! Dear Laura has written me such a sweet
letter. I love to think of you among those lovely scenes by the
beautiful sea, with dear Miss Graham....
Your own loving little sister, Ockey.

I am sadly afraid the Journal[8] will stop at Midsummer. What is to

become of me???

Ladies’ Guild,
July 27th, 1852.

Miranda to Joanna Graham,

 We all declare that we have never spent a more glorious evening. I
think I never saw such a face as Mr. Kingsley’s. That face was the
chief pleasure of all, though there was a most splendid collection of
people there. We went a party of six, Ockey, Mama, Mary, I, Mr.
Rogers, and Miss Cons. We met Walter Cooper at the door, and he
was very kind and seemed glad to see us. The Hall was very crowded
but he got seats for us. Mama and I were together. We looked round
and got glimpses of the Promoters.[9] Mary fixed on Mr. Neale at
once and was delighted with him. She noticed his head among all the
rest and admired it almost more than any.... Suddenly, amongst a
great crowd of faces, Mary pointed out one to me and asked if that
was Mr. Kingsley, and it was. Mary thought it noble. Mr. Neale
introduced Kingsley to Mama, and he talked to her for some time ...
and Mr. Neale introduced Mr. Ludlow to Mama, much to Ockey’s
delight.... I think Mr. Kingsley’s face extremely suffering and full of
the deepest feeling. But there is such a sublime spirituality; he looks
so far above this earth, as if he were rapt up in grand reveries; one
feels such intense humility and awe of him. I hardly dared look at
him; and the more I looked, the more I felt what a grand thing the
human soul is when developed as it is in him. Professor Maurice was
called to the chair, and he made a nice speech. He seemed as if he felt
a great deal more than he could express, and therefore left feelings
rather than ideas in one’s mind. He said a great deal about self-
sacrifice; though he said he felt almost ashamed to speak of self-
sacrifice to working men, while he himself was in possession of all
the comforts of life. He had to leave after he had made his speech;
and, just as he was about to leave the platform, Mr. Cooper said that
the Manager of the Builders’ Association, Mr. Pickard, would read an
address to Professor Maurice as an embodiment of the sentiments of
the Associations, and that the Manager of the Printers would present
him with a testimonial, the exclusive gift of the working men. The
address of thanks was very nicely expressed; and then the
testimonial, a silver inkstand, was presented. It was so touching to
think of all those poor working men, who had worked so hard to earn
the money to make the testimonial, and the beautiful spirit of
gratitude. I could not restrain my tears. Professor Maurice answered
the address and thanked them in the most heartfelt manner. After he
left, Mr. Hansard was put in the chair, and Lloyd Jones spoke on Co-
operative Stores. Mr. Newton spoke on Mechanics’ Institutes, and
said they were not at all satisfactory as far as they professed to
educate the working men. Someone in the Hall got up and said that
he knew of one gentleman on the Committee of these Institutes, who,
in opposition to the majority of the Committee, threatened to resign
if “Alton Locke” was allowed in the Library. I could not see Mr.
Kingsley’s face.... The next subject was the Industrial and Provident
Societies Bill which had just been passed. Mr. Kingsley then made a
short speech; one knew at once that it was a poet who was
speaking.... Gerald Massey’s is a very fine face. He has dreamy eyes
and wild looking hair; but, after the others, he’s not to be thought of.
Ladies’ Guild,
October 22nd, 1852.

To Gertrude.

Oh Gertrude! I am so happy, so very very happy. I wish you were

with me. You would so love all my beautiful things. I will tell you
about them when you come. I have a little room, all to myself. When
anything is wrong or unjust down stairs, I have only to come up into
my own little room, and it is so still. It is full of such happy
recollections. I have my nice books; all my great soul-inspiring books
are here. Then I have all my writing things. I write a great deal now. I
have such a beautiful book of extracts that I have made. I have
usually some flowers; for the ladies are very kind in bringing me
them. I have a few poor little plants that I am fond of. Then I have
eleven dear little snails. They are such darlings. And then, Gertrude,
I have my drawing things. I do not let anyone see my drawings. I do
not do much. It is sad to think, after I have done anything, “And,
after all your visions of grandeur and beauty, is this all you can
produce?” I believe I am very wrong about my drawing; I never draw
things for the sake of learning. I try things above me. I have such
dreams, both day and night, of what I would do, and when I try what
do I see? A little miserable scrap that is not worth looking at. Once I
tried a figure. Of course it was frightful.... We have returned Ruskin.
I do so miss it. It was so very beautiful. This evening I have found
such an extract from “Modern Painters” that I shall copy it for you.
Do you go on with your drawing? I hope you do. Oh Gertrude! is it
not a glorious thing to think that a divine thought should descend for
ages and ages? Think of Raphael and Michael Angelo! (though I
know but little of them).—To think that every grand feeling they had
they could preserve for centuries! Oh what an influence they must
have! Think of the thousands of great thoughts they must have
created in people’s minds; the millions of sorrow that one great
picture (one truly great picture) would calm and comfort. Will that
never be painted again? Do you think there will? And when? I am
going to see the Dulwich Gallery soon. Is it not glorious? I wish you
could see a bit of hawthorn I have here, such colours! I am writing a
curious letter; just what comes foremost in my mind.... When I have
finished work and go up to tea, if any one is out of spirits, it makes
me so; and I feel (do you know what I mean?) a tear in my throat.

Ladies’ Guild,
July 13th, /53.

To Gertrude.

I write to you because I wish to give you a happier impression of

me than you can have from Tuesday. I am all alone; it is so still; and I
am very happy; now I will try and account for the strange state I was
in last night.

When I got into the country I felt that, if I stayed looking at sky
and trees and flowers,[10] my friends would think me dull and become
dull themselves and spoil all enjoyment. So all the day my whole
energies were “stretched” to be merry and lively. I felt that if I waited
one moment to look at anything, I should never tear myself away,
and I got into a wild state. I did enjoy very much the mere exercise,
and the mirth, and happiness of every one. I hardly thought all this; I
only felt it. Then, at the singing class, the strain being over, and
having nothing to sustain me, I sank into low spirits. As we were
singing “Oh come ye into the summer woods,” a longing came over
me to be there; a dim recollection of tops of the trees with the
evening sun upon them, a panting desire to sit there, and cry myself
quiet....
 But it is all too beautiful now; I could almost fancy myself at
home.... As to my drawing, whether I will or no I must go on with
that; and, though I do not hope, I trust....

September 18th, /53.

Dear Sisters,

I fully intended to come over to you to-day, but I have a sore foot,
and can only limp to the classes. Private. On Wednesday evening I
went to see Miss Cooper, and spent the whole evening there. Just as I
was going William Cooper came in and told me (don’t tell anyone)
that they have discovered heresy in Professor Maurice’s last book,
and he will probably be expelled from the Church. I had not time to
ask any questions, as Miss Cooper returned, and she is not to know.
Professor Maurice came to town on Monday night, went to Walter
Cooper on Tuesday before Miss Cooper was out of bed, and returned
to the country in the evening.... On Thursday there was a Council.
Walter Cooper looks very grave and rather ill and anxious. What all
this betokens, I cannot guess; but I fear something sad.
I have been reading “The Message of the Church to the Labouring
Men”; it is so beautiful; also “The Duty of the Age.” I did not think
Lord Goderich[11] was so nice; it would just suit Andy.
Mr. Edwards will give us a large order for a skirting board of
marble if we can do it for 8d. a foot; also an order for a painted glass
conservatory.
If any of you love me, see if you can’t send me a piece of Indian ink
and a paint brush, and “The Land we live in,” and look out for some
toys, or books that you don’t want—the latter two for the little child
at the needlewoman’s.

November 27th, 1853.

To Gertrude.
 About Ruskin, it matters very little to me what The Times, or
anything else, says of him. I see much, very very much, to admire in
him, and several things which I could wish different. If, as I suppose,
The Times accuses him of affectation of style and want of humility, I
entirely deny the first charge; as I think there is never a single word
he writes, which could have been left out without loss, or changed
without spoiling the idea; and, if it means that each sentence of his
has a beauty of sound as well as of meaning, I say that it is to me all
the more right for that; and that to be able to reproduce that sound is
a gift not to be neglected.... As to the second objection I say, if Ruskin
sees a truth which is generally denied, he is right to proclaim it with
his whole strength. He says not “I see it is so because I am a higher
creature than you,” but “I see it, because I have gone to God, and His
works for it. You may all see it, if you will look, using the powers He
has given you; only look in sincerity and humility. It is only because I
am humble, because I am content to give up my own ideas and
notions, to take the truth because it is God’s, to believe that it is good
and right. It is only so I can discover harmony in this universe, and I
am sent (he says) with a loud voice to proclaim this to you.”

Ladies’ Guild,
December 5th, 1853.

To Gertrude.

Ruskin has been here. All went as well as I could possibly wish. He
was most delighted with the things, as showing the wonderful power
we possess of introducing and preserving colour. He gave us some
most interesting and useful hints about colour, and ordered five slabs
to be painted for him; adapting two of the designs he wanted from
some we had, which Mr. Terry was to go to his house to do on
Monday. He offered to lend us some things to copy. If you had seen
the kind, gentle way in which he spoke, the interest he showed, the
noble way in which he treated every subject, the pretty way in which
he gave the order, and lastly, if you had seen him as he said on going
away, his eyes full of tears, “I wish you all success with all my heart,”
you would have said with me that it was utterly wonderful to think
that that was the man who was accused of being mad, presumptuous,
conceited and prejudiced. If it be prejudice to love right and beauty,
if it be conceited to declare that God had revealed them to you, to
endeavour to make your voice heard in their defence, if it be mad to
believe in their triumph, and that we must work to make them
triumph, then he is all four, and may God make us all so!... All my
sisters, Kitty and Mama, have given me Mr. Maurice’s “Ancient
Philosophy” and have written in it “From her sisters in affection and
work.” This sentence makes me very happy. I know it is true. I know
our work has bound us together.... Another thing happened on
Sunday which pleased me very much. Mr. Neale heard Miranda
talking about my birthday; and he said he was going to give me Mr.
Maurice’s “Prophets and Kings of the Old Testament.” He came on
Sunday on purpose to bring it. It seems such a glory that he does look
upon us as related to him, not merely as receivers of wages, that he
considers us workers with him. All that I have struggled to
accomplish, so long and so wearily, seems just now to be succeeding,
all fruitless as the work has seemed; the seeds buried, dead as I
thought them, have sprung above the ground.

Ladies’ Guild,
January 10th, 1854.

To Gertrude.

Mr. Cooper gave me last night a copy of the Address of the

congregation at Lincoln’s Inn to Mr. Maurice. He had asked Mr.
Ludlow for it on purpose for me, and Mr. Ludlow had written my
name on it.
I got “Yeast” for Miranda. Have you ever read it, and do you
remember that Barnakill forbids Launcelot to be an artist? It has
made a great impression on me.

Hillside,
February 10th, 1854.
Miranda to Miss Joanna Graham.

You have not heard yet that there is great thought of enrolling the
Guild as an Industrial Society, under the new Act. Would it not be
very nice? Mr. Neale had drawn out a set of rules; and he sent them
to Mama for her to approve or make her remarks upon. There are
however some difficulties in the way.
I have not yet been able to write a recollection of that very
beautiful class at Mr. Maurice’s; but I hope to do it.

Ladies’ Guild,
June 11th, 1854.

To Gertrude.
(Speaking of Hillside.)

I hope that I may never, as long as I live, forget the sunny,

bright happy hours I have passed there. There remains in my mind a
recollection, a vision of beauty connected with it, which can never be
effaced....
Mr. Maurice has been speaking to-day of sacrifice as the link
between man and man, and man and God. It was such a sermon!
One feels as if all peace and quiet holiness were around one;
everything appears to have a beauty and calm in it, to which we can
turn back in times of storm and wild noisy rivalries, as to the
memory of sunny days, and to shed a light on all dark and difficult
things, on sorrow and loneliness....
It is so still! A garnet coloured glass is on the table full of bright
golden buttercups, and grass; now the door is open they tremble in
the wind, carrying one back to slopes of long grass full of buttercups
and sorrel, as the evening wind sweeps over it.

INFLUENCE OF
RUSKIN AND F. D.
September 17th, 1854.
MAURICE
To Miranda.
(In the Lake Country.)

I have spent three happy evenings with Miss Rogers. I have

had a very interesting conversation on religion with Charlie Bennett,
Harry and Mr. Rogers.... You cannot think what pleasure your notes
have been, telling us, as they do, of a life of rest and beauty. One
doesn’t seem to know much about that sort of thing, and yet they
seem to speak of home to you, as not many things do. One thing will
be that you will be able to understand Ruskin infinitely better than
you would have done. I imagine that some of the descriptions, that
appear to us bright images of things almost vague at times (they are
so far off), will remind you of actual beauties that you have really
seen, memories connected with life. Ruskin has done something to
rescue many things from vagueness. He has embodied them in words
which will convey these impressions they gave you, as nobody else
ever has, I believe....
I have been to Westminster Abbey with Miss Cons, have I ever
spoken about her to you? It seems to me that she is capable of a very
great deal. She said something the other day about Mr. Maurice and
Walter Cooper that made me very angry. I told her I would never tell
her anything again; however, instead of that, I told her a great deal
more than I ever did before. I told her that it was he who had led me
to the Church, who had shown me a life in the creeds, the services
and the Bible; who had interpreted for me much that was dark and
puzzling in life; how the belief in a Father, a Son and a Holy Ghost
might be the most real faith, not a dead notion; that I might believe,
not only that God was manifesting himself to each man in the inward
consciousness of light and beauty in himself and all around; that
those had led to infinite perplexities and doubts, but that a real
person had come amongst us, who had known the Father, whose will
had been brought into harmony with His; that He was stronger than
doubts and sorrow and had overcome them; that He had declared
that we might have life, that life was knowledge of God. From this
conversation came a determination that Miss Cons and I should read
the Theological Essays together.
... Oh if you could but see my ferns and all my things here. I have
so many things I want to do in this room, but they all want money,
sometimes as little as threepence, sometimes several pounds. It is
perfect, because everything is progressing. The ivy will some day
creep around the windows. I shall some day know my books better,
and perhaps at last the room will be all grey stone, the window
Gothic, and there may be pictures of my own painting; and the stony
walls may be covered with wild masses of leaves standing out boldly
in the sunlight, with their shadows sharp and dark on the grey
background.
I began this letter to-day, as the first sunbeam fell on my flowers.
Nobody could have been happier. Now I have run up from work to
finish it, feeling very cross. Kitty has complained to Mama that Miss
Cons and I make a great deal of noise. We never do anything but talk.
Never mind! she’ll find me silent enough.

INFLUENCE OF
RUSKIN
Ladies’ Guild,
March 14th, 1855.

To Emily.

I find on reflection that it will be a rather more difficult

undertaking than I imagined to write to you every two days. However
I will do my best.
You will have seen, by this time, what a wonderful event is about to
take place in my life, and will, no doubt, have realized what it will be
to me. But, however wonderfully you may all enter into my feelings,
or even discover them, I do not think any of you can really
understand what this is to me, unless you could have looked into my
heart continually for three years, and seen how at first he was only a
friend of Mr. Furnivall’s[12]; then how his books were everything and
he nothing; then how his name suggested a vision of vague beauty
and distant and indefinite glory.... Still he was distant, almost unreal.
He might be in Italy, or Palestine, or he might be passing me at that
moment.... Perhaps in a year or two hence I may tell you what my
thoughts were, and are at this period;—but, all this time I was
learning to admire him more and more, and now leave the rest till
after Friday.
 I send you a prospectus of the College, which I beg you will return.
Walter Cooper was with us last night; but I don’t think we heard any
news.
Anna Mary (Howitt) has fulfilled her promise to lend me “Modern
Painters.” She sent them yesterday; I leave you to put in all the marks
of admiration and the “oh how delightfuls!” according to your own
fancies; working people have no time for anything but facts, (not that
the delight of reading “Modern Painters” is less a fact than that the
book is in this house), but——
I am very bright to-night, as you may perceive, and am writing this
in the most comfortable way, in bed. Tell F. that I expect she is quite
a woman, and is quite independent of my letters, and, as I promised
to write to you, she must not expect letters from me; but she must
accept my kindness to Pussie, and my care of her plants, as the
affectionate proof of my remembrance and friendship. Will you, dear
children, think of me very earnestly on Friday at two; and try to see
poor Mansfield’s[13] grave? I suppose there is not a single fern. You
know how much I want them.
I’m getting a toothache with sitting up in the cold; so I must lie
down and read. I’ve written to accept Ruskin’s invitation.

Ladies’ Guild,
March 16th, 1855.

To Emily.

There is only one thing to speak about just now, Ruskin. I have
been,—fancy! We could not get an omnibus which would pass the
door, without waiting till it would be too late. We took one which
brought us to Camberwell Gate; we tore along, thinking we were late,
and too much engrossed by that idea, to see or think of anything else.
At last we arrived at a green gate with a lodge. We asked for Mr.
Ruskin, and were sent on to the house. Imagine a handsome
mansion or large villa, a broad sweep of gravel road leading to it,
bordered by a lawn, on which stood an immense cedar of Lebanon,
on the other a bank covered with golden celandines in full flower,
and shaded by immense elms. Ascending a flight of steps leading to a
glass door, we looked into a handsome hall; a footman came and
showed us upstairs; we entered Mr. Ruskin’s study, and he was there.
He received us very warmly, asked us about our journey there, and
about the weather, which I then for the first time perceived. The
room was lofty, the furniture dark, the table covered with papers, the
walls rich with pictures, a cabinet full of shells, with a dead fern or
two; and looking out of the window over a garden (I never looked at
it) on to a field which sloped very gently, more like a bit of park, large
trees on it, with their shadows strongly marked by the bright sun,
and very still; beyond, slopes of meadow and woodland, over which
the shadows of large white clouds kept passing. Mr. Ruskin was very
kind, and showed us numbers of manuscripts, which I admired more
than I had any idea of, and sketches. He evidently thought my design
well done, admired the fir and bramble, blamed my not knowing
exactly what colours I should put everywhere, and illustrated these
things—that in a fine design each thing is of importance, that the
effect of the whole would be spoilt by the alteration of any part; that
simplicity of form is needful to show colour; that no colour is
precious till it is gradated; that grass is more yellow than we think;
that holly is not green (made only with blue and yellow) (sic) but
with crimson and white in it; that it is impossible to have colour on
paper so light and so living as in nature; that, in the fourteenth and
fifteenth centuries, work becomes coarser, more floral, less grotesque
than in the thirteenth. We had a delightful conversation about one
thing. I remarked what a world of beauty he was surrounded with;
and he answered that, if I could change places with him, I should be
no happier than I am now. I said I knew that very well; but I affirmed
there was a positive pleasure in a beautiful thing. He said he was very
covetous, always wanting more; and that he desired happiness, but
from the success of what he was doing; that he would part with all he
possessed, if he could thereby insure that some real illuminators
would arise. We then, though quite consistent, appeared to change
sides in the argument. I said that there was as much pleasure to be
found in London as in the country; that the beauties were more
valued when seen, and the scraps of beauty more loved. He said that
man was not meant to be in a constant state of enthusiasm (of which
by the way we stand in no danger); that the blessing of the country
was more negative; that brick walls were a positive pain. I said that I
was very glad to say that, although sometimes feeling crushed by the
ugliness, I could forget it. He ended by saying that, as I was fond of
the country, he hoped after May, when the weather was warm, I
should often go down there; and then, altering the reason of the
invitation, he said that, if I wanted to refresh my memory and come
to see his MSS., I could come any day and chance finding him at
home; or, if I would send a line the day before, he would try and be at
home. This is not half of this conversation, and we had several
others, to say nothing of illustrations and propositions.
And now, M., do you, or do you not wish to hear what I think of it;
that that which is asked for is given; that, well-used, this friendship
(?), so happily begun, may be a long and growing one; that I have
seen a world of beauty; and that this might be the opening to a more
glorious path; and that I would give years, if I could bring to Ruskin
“the peace which passeth all understanding”?

WORK FOR
RUSKIN
Ladies’ Guild,
March 19th, 1855.

To Emily.

I ought to have written yesterday; but, as I cannot write on

Saturdays, I thought it was well to get to the right days again. You
must not think it unkind, if I do not write to you again, as Mr. Ruskin
has lately sent us some work to do. Of course I wish to do it; so, as
there is other work wanted, I shall have to do it in the evening. Mr.
Maurice also will be home on Wednesday; and I am not sure that we
shall not be admitted to two meetings there are to be.... Tell F. her
kettle mourns day and night at its loneliness, and muses over its
utter uselessness; and the book-case looks sadly dejected, but it has
not told me the reason.
Don’t expect a merry letter to-night. I am rather dejected.... I often
wish now I were quite free and could work at what I liked.... It
requires a strong heart to go on working, without anyone caring
whether you are longing to do anything else. I am going to work all
the Fast[14] day at Ruskin’s things; and God give me a brave heart, for
I am sure nothing else can.
 Dear child, I hope you are happy and enjoying the country very
much. I long to see Mr. Maurice again. When I do, I shall have more
to tell you, if I have time to write. I am very wretched. I am not to
begin Ruskin’s work to-morrow.... I am trying very hard not to
complain. If I have attained so far thro’ all obstacles of three long
years, surely I shall be helped to go farther; and surely there is a
reward, there is a use in all the long hours I have worked, all the
energy I have given; surely there is a brighter day coming. He who
works for man must look to man for his reward; but we have worked
for God, and He will reward us.

Ladies’ Guild,
March 21st, 1855.

To Emily.

Thank you very much for your letter. I am very much interested by
your account of that clergyman. I should think from what you say,
that his influence must be very good. The mere fact of the
congregation being so poor and degraded would seem to shew it. It is
very difficult to tell what the doctrines of a man are from one
sermon; and very likely you heard the worst side of them.
I have been to Lincoln’s Inn to-day, and have heard Mr. Maurice,
and have seen Mr. Hughes, Mr. Kingsley and Mr. Ludlow. Mr.
Cooper advises me to go and see whether we shall be admitted at the
meeting. Mr. Kingsley will preach at Bethnal Green on Sunday
evening. I am in the very heart of painting Ruskin’s designs, really
enjoying it.
SERMON BY F. D. I have a copy of the form of prayer for to-
MAURICE day, which you will like to read when you
return. Mr. Maurice preached such a beautiful sermon about it.[15]
The text was the 1st to 8th verses of 1st Chapter of S. Luke. He said
that, three weeks ago all England was startled by the news that the
man[16] whom she had looked upon as her most deadly enemy was
dead; that whatever hopes statesmen or merchants might entertain
of the result, had proved wrong; that many people said there must be
a purpose in this event; that however sinful it might be to rejoice over
it, they could not but believe that it was working towards some good
end. To such people, he continued, I would answer, “assuredly not an
emperor falls (because not a sparrow falls) without our Father in
Heaven; and to Him who wills it every event will bring a blessing.”
And what should we learn from this? In the first place, we have all of
us fancied that we were fighting against a man; whereas the fact is we
are fighting against a principle, which is represented, perhaps in a
nobler form than usual, in this man. People objecting to this say, “no,
we are fighting against flesh and blood; we leave all abstractions to
philosophers.” I agree with them thus far. We are engaged with
realities; if a principle be a mere theory, to be disputed about in
books, it is nothing to living men; but, if it be that which gives energy
and motive to action, then it has everything to do with them. We are
fighting against that arbitrary power, which treats men as mere
machines or tools, and is utterly indifferent to national life. There is
great danger connected with the belief that our enemies are men, not
principles. We are likely, we are almost sure, not to see the same
enemy at home. We are all too much inclined to think that we live
only to carry on our separate trades and professions. We happen,
indeed, to carry them on together in a certain geographical position,
which has been for some years called the island of Great Britain. We
have, it is true, a common language. It is very convenient it should be
so, just as it is very convenient to have a medium of exchange. It
would hinder our buying and selling very much, if it were not so. It is
also very important to have laws to punish those who injure their
neighbours. These laws must be general, lest one class should gain
the ascendency. We must also have a doctrine preached about future
rewards and punishments. Of course about such an uncertain subject
there can be little agreement; and therefore, if all compete in
preaching, it will suit all tastes. We do not want a sense of national
life. It is this indifference to it which we have been striving against
thro’ all generations. This common enemy unites us to all past ages;
if we have lost sight of it, we lose the meaning of history. And this is
the meaning of a Fast day. It speaks to us all as members of a nation;
it tells us of a stronger bond than that of possessing a common
enemy; that we possess a common Father; this gives prayer a
meaning, and national life a reality. And this speaks to us
individually. So long as we look upon the Emperor of Russia as our
enemy we cannot expect to have to conquer him; (sic), and we cannot
ask for help to do so.... Thank you for the promise of ferns. Bring
several. Numbers here will be glad of them. We are having the
garden dug, and shall be glad of all contributions. Can you bring a
stone and a root from Mr. Mansfield’s grave?... It is very late, past
twelve (long).

Ladies’ Guild,
March 27th, 1855.

To Emily.

Thank you for your two dear letters. They interested me very much
indeed. Have you read “Brave Words”?[17] I think G. and you might
like to read it together. Mr. Maurice preached at Lincoln’s Inn on
Sunday morning. I did not know of it. Since I have known him[18] I
have missed hearing him four times, Stepney, Whitechapel, lecture
on Newspapers, and last Sunday. It was a funeral sermon for Mr.
Mansfield; and all his friends met together afterwards. They are
going to have it every year. Mama went with me in the afternoon.
The text was the 27th verse of the fourteenth of St. John. Mr.
Maurice began by saying that these words were not understood at the
time they were spoken. The events which followed them seemed the
most awful contradiction of them; for even He who had spoken them
appeared to have lost then the gift which He promised. The question
was, What peace was it which He gave? It could not be peace in the
world; the wars, the contentions showed that that had not been
given. The Gospel which they brought to the world seemed to bring
divisions not unity, strife not peace. It could not be peace in the
Church; for a few weeks it seemed as if this might be the gift which
Christ had left. They had all things in common; and then arose
contentions, people pretending to have sold their possessions, and
given the whole value of them to the Church, when they had retained
half. Paul rebuking Peter; discussions about circumcision. Was it
outward peace for themselves? Never had any set of men experienced
so little as the Apostles. Was it inward peace, a cessation of all fierce
war with evil, of all conflict? Surely not. For that which Christ
promised He must have realised Himself. They had heard the cry on
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