Operators in Python Programming are the fundamental concepts that are important to know.

These
operators are needed to perform various operations in Python such as arithmetic calculations, logical
evaluations, bitwise manipulations, etc.
What are Operators in Python?
In Python, operators are special symbols or keywords that carry out operations on values and python
variables. They serve as a basis for expressions, which are used to modify data and execute
computations. Python contains several operators, each with its unique purpose.
Types of Python Operators
Python language supports various types of operators, which are:
1. Arithmetic Operators
2. Comparison (Relational) Operators
3. Assignment Operators
4. Logical Operators
5. Bitwise Operators
6. Membership Operators
7. Identity Operators

1. Python Arithmetic Operators

 Mathematical operations including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are
commonly carried out using Python arithmetic operators.
 They are compatible with integers, variables, and expressions.
 In addition to the standard arithmetic operators, there are operators for modulus,
exponentiation, and floor division.

Operator Name Example

+ Addition 10 + 20 = 30

- Subtraction 20 – 10 = 10

* Multiplication 10 * 20 = 200

/ Division 20 / 10 = 2

% Modulus 22 % 10 = 2

** Exponent 4**2 = 16

// Floor Division 9//2 = 4

 Example of
Python Arithmetic Operators
a = 21
b = 10
# Addition
print ("a + b : ", a + b)
# Subtraction
print ("a - b : ", a - b)
# Multiplication
print ("a * b : ", a * b)
# Division
print ("a / b : ", a / b)
# Modulus
print ("a % b : ", a % b)
# Exponent
print ("a ** b : ", a ** b)

# Floor Division
print ("a // b : ", a // b)
This code defines the two variables "a" and "b." It then applies several arithmetic operations to them
(including addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, modulus, exponentiation, and floor division) and
outputs the results.
Output
a + b : 31
a - b : 11
a * b : 210
a / b : 2.1
a%b:1
a ** b : 16679880978201
a // b : 2
Python Comparison Operators
 To compare two values, Python comparison operators are needed.
 Based on the comparison, they produce a Boolean value (True or False).

Operator Name Example

== Equal 4 == 5 is not true.

!= Not Equal 4 != 5 is true.

> Greater Than 4 > 5 is not true

< Less Than 4 < 5 is true

>= Greater than or Equal to 4 >= 5 is not true.

<= Less than or Equal to 4 <= 5 is true.

Example of Python Comparison Operators

a=4
b=5
# Equal
print ("a == b : ", a == b)
# Not Equal
print ("a != b : ", a != b)
# Greater Than
print ("a > b : ", a > b)
# Less Than
print ("a < b : ", a < b)
# Greater Than or Equal to
print ("a >= b : ", a >= b)
# Less Than or Equal to
print ("a <= b : ", a <= b)
Run Code >>

This code compares the values of python variables 'a' and 'b' and prints if they are equal, not equal,
greater than, less than, more than or equal to, and less than or equal to each other.
 Output
a == b : False
a != b : True
a > b : False
a < b : True
a >= b : False
a <= b : True
3. Python Assignment Operators
 Python assignment operators are used to assign values to variables in Python.
 The single equal symbol (=) is the most fundamental assignment operator.
 It assigns the value on the operator's right side to the variable on the operator's left side.

Operator Name Example

= Assignment Operator a = 10

+= Addition Assignment a += 5 (Same as a = a + 5)

-= Subtraction Assignment a -= 5 (Same as a = a - 5)

*= Multiplication Assignment a *= 5 (Same as a = a * 5)

/= Division Assignment a /= 5 (Same as a = a / 5)

%= Remainder Assignment a %= 5 (Same as a = a % 5)

**= Exponent Assignment a **= 2 (Same as a = a ** 2)

//= Floor Division Assignment a //= 3 (Same as a = a // 3)

Example of Python Assignment Operators

# Assignment Operator
a = 10
# Addition Assignment
a += 5
print ("a += 5 : ", a)
# Subtraction Assignment
a -= 5
print ("a -= 5 : ", a)
# Multiplication Assignment
a *= 5
print ("a *= 5 : ", a)
# Division Assignment
a /= 5
print ("a /= 5 : ",a)
# Remainder Assignment
a %= 3
print ("a %= 3 : ", a)
# Exponent Assignment
a **= 2
print ("a **= 2 : ", a)
# Floor Division Assignment
a //= 3
print ("a //= 3 : ", a)
4. Python Bitwise Operators
 Python bitwise operators execute operations on individual bits of binary integers.
 They work with integer binary representations, performing logical operations on each bit
location.
 Python includes various bitwise operators, such as AND (&), OR (|), NOT (), XOR (), left shift
(), and right shift (>>).

Operator Name Example

& Binary AND Sets each bit to 1 if both bits are 1

| Binary OR Sets each bit to 1 if one of the two bits is 1

^ Binary XOR Sets each bit to 1 if only one of two bits is 1

Binary Ones
~ Inverts all the bits
Complement

Binary Ones
~ Inverts all the bits
Complement

Shift left by pushing zeros in from the right and let the leftmost
<< Binary Left Shift
bits fall off

Binary Right Shift right by pushing copies of the leftmost bit in from the left,
>>
Shift and let the rightmost bits fall off
Example of Python Bitwise Operators
a = 60 # 60 = 0011 1100
b = 13 # 13 = 0000 1101
# Binary AND
c = a & b # 12 = 0000 1100
print ("a & b : ", c)
# Binary OR
c = a | b # 61 = 0011 1101
print ("a | b : ", c)
# Binary XOR
c = a ^ b # 49 = 0011 0001
print ("a ^ b : ", c)
# Binary Ones Complement
c = ~a; # -61 = 1100 0011
print ("~a : ", c)
# Binary Left Shift
c = a << 2; # 240 = 1111 0000
print ("a << 2 : ", c)
# Binary Right Shift
c = a >> 2; # 15 = 0000 1111
print ("a >> 2 : ", c)
The binary representations of the numbers 'a and b' are subjected to bitwise operations in this code. It
displays the results of binary AND, OR, XOR, Ones Complement, Left Shift, and Right Shift operations.
Output
a & b : 12
a | b : 61
a ^ b : 49
~a : -61
a >> 2 : 240
 a >> 2 : 15
5. Python Logical Operators
 Python logical operators are used to compose Boolean expressions and evaluate their truth
values.
 They are required for the creation of conditional statements as well as for managing the flow of
execution in programs.
 Python has three basic logical operators: AND, OR, and NOT.

Operator Description Example

and Logical If both of the operands are true then

(a and b) is true.
AND the condition becomes true.

If any of the two operands is non-zero

or Logical OR (a or b) is true.
then the condition becomes true.

Used to reverse the logical state of its Not (a and b) is

not Logical NOT
operand false.

Example of Python Logical Operators

x=5
y = 10
if x > 3 and y < 15:
print("Both x and y are within the specified range")
The code assigns the values 5 and 10 to variables x and y. It determines whether x is larger than 3 and y is
less than 15. If both conditions are met, it writes "Both x and y are within the specified range."
Output
Both x and y are within the specified range
Python Membership Operators
 Python membership operators are used to determine whether or not a certain value occurs
within a sequence.
 They make it simple to determine the membership of elements in various Python data
structures such as lists, tuples, sets, and strings.
 Python has two primary membership operators: the in and not in operators.

Operator Description Example

Evaluates to true if it finds a variable in the x in y, here in results in a 1 if x is

in
specified sequence and false otherwise. a member of sequence y.

not in Evaluates to true if it does not find a x not in y, here not in results in a 1
variable in the specified sequence and false
 otherwise. if x is not a member of sequence y.

Example of Python Membership Operators

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
if "banana" in fruits:
print("Yes, banana is a fruit!")
else:
print("No, banana is not a fruit!")
The code defines a list of fruits and tests to see if the word "banana" appears in the list. If it is, the message
"Yes, banana is a fruit!" is displayed; otherwise, the message "No, banana is not a fruit!" is displayed.
Python Identity Operators
 Python identity operators are used to compare two objects' memory addresses rather than their
values.
 If the two objects refer to the same memory address, they evaluate to True; otherwise, they
evaluate to False.
 Python includes two identity operators: the is and is not operators.

Operator Description Example

Evaluates to true if the variables on either side

x is y, here are results in 1 if
is of the operator point to the same object and
id(x) equals id(y)
false otherwise

Evaluates to false if the variables on either side x is not y, there are no results
is not of the operator point to the same object and true in 1 if id(x) is not equal to
otherwise id(y).

Example of Python Identity Operators

x = 10
y=5
if x is y:
print("x and y are the same object")
else:
print("x and y are not the same object")
The code sets the variables x and y to 10 and 5, respectively. It then uses the is keyword to
determine whether x and y relate to the same item in memory. If they are, it displays "x and y are
the same object"; otherwise, it displays "x and y are not the same object."