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Science and Tech Week 2

The document discusses biotechnology, its applications, and its status in India, highlighting its significance in improving human health and agriculture. India is a leading destination for biotechnology, with a projected BioEconomy growth to $150 billion by 2025, focusing on biopharmaceuticals, bio-agriculture, and bio-services. It also covers genetic engineering, its benefits and challenges, and the regulatory framework governing biotechnology in India.

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Science and Tech Week 2

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70 BPSC Mains Notes

02
MAINS CLASS MAINS ANSWER
PROGRAMME WRITING PROGRAMME

SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY
Biotechnology, Bio Patents, AI, Cyber Security and New Technology
BIO TECHNOLOGY Artiﬁcial Intelligence

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT (IPR) CYBER SECURITY

CLOUD COMPUTING & SUPER COMPUTER Fintech, Net Neutrality

New Technology { ROBOTICS, Nano-Science And Technology, LASER TECHNOLOGY,

Super Conductivity
}

CYBER
FROD
1 BPSC MAINS NOTES (Science and Tech)

Biotechnology
MEANING OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
Biotechnology is the use of biology to develop new products, methods and organisms intended to improve human
health and society. Biotechnology, often referred to as biotech, has existed since the beginning of civilization with
the domestication of plants, animals and the discovery of fermentation.
Early applications of biotech led to the development of products such as bread and vaccines. However, the
discipline has evolved significantly over the last century in ways that manipulate the genetic structures
and biomolecular processes of living organisms. The modern practice of biotechnology draws from various
disciplines of science and technology, including the following:
• Molecular Biology
• Chemistry
• Bionics
• Genetic Engineering
• Genomics
• Nanotechnology
• Informatics
Status in India
India is among the Top 12 destinations for biotechnology worldwide and 3rd largest destination for
biotechnology in Asia Pacific. India’s BioEconomy has crossed an estimated $130 Bn in the year 2024 and has
witnessed a many fold increase in valuation in the past eleven years, with COVID-19 giving the industry a much-
needed push. Today, India is poised as one of the leading destinations for bioinnovation and biomanufacturing,
and hence is identified as a sunrise sector and a key part of India’s vision of reaching a $5 Tn Economy by 2024.
India’s Biotechnology sector is categorised into Biopharmaceuticals, Bio agriculture, Bio IT and Bio Services.
Biopharmaceuticals: India is one of the biggest suppliers of low cost drugs and vaccines in the world.
India also leads in biosimilars, with the most number of biosimilars approved in the domestic market.
Bio Agriculture: With nearly 55% of Indian terrain under agriculture and allied activities, India is one of largest
producer of Bt-Cotton and has the 5th Largest Area of Organic Agriculture Land globally. BioAgri, consisting of Bt
Cotton, pesticides, marine biotech, and animal biotech has the potential to nearly double its BioEconomy
contribution from $10.5 Bn to $20 Bn in 2025.
Bioindustrial: The application of biotechnology to industrial processes is transforming
manufacturing and waste disposal across the country.

Applications of Biotechnology

• Medicine:- Biotechnology has facilitated groundbreaking developments in medicine, including the

production of insulin, growth hormone, and molecular diagnostics. Gene therapies and vaccines, such as
those for hepatitis B, exemplify the synergy between biotechnology and genetic engineering. Moreover,
biotechnology enables rapid and cost-effective disease diagnosis, revolutionizing healthcare delivery.
• Industry:- The fusion of biotechnology with smart materials heralds a new era in industrial innovation.
Biodegradable products, a hallmark of this revolution, mitigate environmental impact by reducing waste
generation. Biodegradable plastics, for instance, exemplify this eco-friendly approach, offering sustainable
alternatives for various applications.
• Food:- Biotechnology has revolutionized food production, notably through the development of genetically
modified organisms (GMOs) and drought-resistant crops like WEMA. These innovations hold promise for
addressing food security challenges, particularly in regions susceptible to drought and insect infestation,
such as Africa.
• Environment:- Bioremediation, a cornerstone of environmental conservation, harnesses the catalytic
properties of microorganisms, fungi, plants, and enzymes to restore contaminated ecosystems. By
leveraging bioremediation processes, we can facilitate ecological recovery and mitigate the adverse effects
of pollution on the environment.
This approach has resulted in innovations and breakthroughs in the following areas:
• Medicines and therapeutics that prevent and treat disease;
• Medical diagnostics such as pregnancy tests;
• Biofuels that are sustainable, reducing waste and pollution; and
• Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) that lead to more efficient and cost-effective agriculture.
Modern applications of biotechnology work most often through genetic engineering, which is also known as
recombinant DNA technology. Genetic engineering works by modifying or interacting with the genetic cell
structures. Every cell in an animal or plant contains genes that produce proteins. It's those proteins that
determine the characteristics of the organism.
By modifying or interacting with genes, scientists can strengthen the characteristics of an organism or create an
entirely new organism. These modified and new organisms may be beneficial to humans, such as crops with
higher yields or increased resistance to drought. Genetic engineering also enables the genetic modification and
cloning of animals.

Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering, the artificial manipulation, modification, and recombination of DNA or other nucleic
acid molecules in order to modify an organism or population of organisms. The term genetic engineering is
generally used to refer to methods of recombinant DNA technology, which emerged from basic research in
microbial genetics. The techniques employed in genetic engineering have led to the production of medically
important products, including human insulin, human growth hormone, and hepatitis B vaccine, as well as to the
development of genetically modified organisms such as disease-resistant plants.
The possibility for recombinant DNA technology emerged with the discovery of restriction
enzymes in 1968 by Swiss microbiologist Werner Arber. The following year American microbiologist Hamilton O.
Smith purified so-called type II restriction enzymes, which were found to be essential to genetic engineering for
their ability to cleave a specific site within the DNA (as opposed to type I restriction enzymes, which cleave DNA at
random sites). Drawing on Smith’s work, American molecular biologist Daniel Nathans helped advance the
technique of DNA recombination in 1970–71 and demonstrated that type II enzymes could be useful in genetic
studies. Genetic engineering based on recombination was pioneered in 1973 by American biochemists Stanley N.
Cohen and Herbert W. Boyer, who were among the first to cut DNA into fragments, rejoin different fragments, and
insert the new genes into E. coli bacteria, which then reproduced.

Basic steps of genetic engineering

Applications of Genetic Engineering

Medicine, research, industry and agriculture are a few sectors where genetic engineering applies. It can be used on
various plants, animals and microorganisms. The first microorganism to be genetically modified is bacteria.
1. In Medicine: Genetic engineering can be applied to:
• Manufacturing of drugs
• Creation of model animals that mimic human conditions and,
• Gene therapy
• Human growth hormones
• Follicle-stimulating hormones
• Human albumin

Benefits of Genetic Engineering

1. The production of genetically modified crops is a boon to agriculture.
2. The crops that are drought-resistant, disease-resistant can be grown with it.
3. As described earlier, genetic disorders can be treated.
4. The diseases such as malaria, dengue can be eliminated by sterilising the mosquitoes using genetic
engineering.
5. Therapeutic cloning

Challenges of Genetic Engineering

1. The production of genetically-engineered entities may result in an adverse manner and produce
undesired results which are unforeseen.
2. With the introduction of a genetically-engineered entity into one ecosystem for a desirable result, may
lead to distortion of the existing biodiversity.
3. Genetically-engineered crops can also produce adverse health effects.
4. The concept of genetic-engineering is debated for its bioethics where community against it argue over the
right of distorting or moulding the nature as per our needs.

Regulations in India
Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) is the biotech regulator in India. It is created under the Ministry
of Environment and Forests. Read more about GEAC in the linked article.
There are five bodies that are authorized to handle rules noted under Environment Protection Act 1986 “Rules for
Manufacture, Use, Import, Export and Storage of Hazardous Microorganisms/Genetically Engineered Organisms or
Cells 1989”. These are:

CRISPR-Cas9
• CRISPR stands for ‘clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats’.
• CRISPR is the DNA-targeting part of the system which consists of an RNA molecule, or ‘guide’, designed to bind
to specific DNA bases through complementary base-pairing.
• Cas9 stands for CRISPR-associated protein 9, and is the nuclease part that cuts the DNA.
• The CRISPR-Cas9 system was originally discovered in bacteria that use this system to destroy invading viruses.
• Unlike other gene-editing methods, it is cheap, quick, easy, safer and more accurate to use because it relies on
RNA–DNA base pairing, rather than the engineering of proteins that bind particular DNA sequences
❖ Working of CRISPR- Cas9
• The CRISPR-Cas9 system consists of two key molecules that introduce a change into the DNA. These are:
An Enzyme called Cas9. This acts as a pair of ‘molecular scissors’ that cut the two strands of DNA at a
specific location in the genome so that bits of DNA can then be added or removed.
• A guide RNA (gRNA) which consists of a small piece of pre-designed RNA sequence located within a longer
RNA scaffold. The scaffold part binds to DNA and the pre-designed sequence ‘guides’ Cas9 to the right part
of the Genome. This makes sure that the Cas9 enzyme cuts at the right point in the Genome.
• The Guide RNA is designed to find and bind to a specific sequence in the DNA. The guide RNA has RNA
bases that are complementary to those of the target DNA sequence in the genome. This means that, at
least in theory, the guide RNA will only bind to the target sequence and no other regions of the genome.
• The Cas9 follows the guide RNA to the same location in the DNA sequence and makes a cut across both
strands of the DNA.
• At this stage, the cell recognises that the DNA is damaged and tries to repair it.
• CRISPR-Cas9 and other Genome Editing Tools
• CRISPR-Cas9 is proving to be an efficient and customizable alternative to other existing genome editing
tools.
• Since the CRISPR-Cas9 system itself is capable of cutting DNA strands, CRISPRs do not need to be paired
with separate cleaving enzymes as other tools do.
• They can also easily be matched with tailor-made “guide” RNA (gRNA) sequences designed to lead them to
their DNA targets.
• Tens of thousands of such gRNA sequences have already been created and are available to the research
community.
• CRISPR-Cas9 can also be used to target multiple genes simultaneously, which is another advantage that
sets it apart from other gene-editing tools.
❖ Applications of CRISPR-Cas9
• The most important advantage of CRISPR-Cas9 over other genome editing technologies is its simplicity
and efficiency.
• CRISPR-Cas9 has a lot of potential as a tool for treating a range of medical conditions that have a genetic
component, including Cancer, Hepatitis B or even High Cholesterol.

Three Parent Baby

"Three-parent baby" is a term used to describe a special type of in vitro fertilization (IVF) called mitochondrial
replacement therapy (MRT).
How it works:
• Mitochondria: These are the tiny powerhouses inside our cells that provide energy. They have their own
DNA, which is different from the DNA in the cell's nucleus.
• Mitochondrial diseases: These are serious conditions caused by faulty mitochondria inherited from the
mother.
• MRT: This technique takes healthy mitochondria from a donor egg and replaces the faulty mitochondria
in the mother's egg. The resulting egg is fertilized with the father's sperm.
The result: The baby has genetic material from three people:
• The mother (nuclear DNA)
• The father (nuclear DNA)
• The donor (mitochondrial DNA)
Why it's done Is it legal?
• MRT is performed to prevent mitochondrial diseases from being passed on to the baby.
Is it legal?
• The legality of MRT varies by country. It is currently legal in the UK and some other countries.
Ethical considerations:
• MRT raises some ethical concerns, such as the potential impact on the baby's health and identity.
However, supporters argue that it is a safe and
effective way to prevent serious diseases.
Mitochondrial Replacement Therapy (MRT)
To prevent the transmission of mitochondrial diseases,
scientists developed Mitochondrial Replacement Therapy
(MRT), which involves replacing defective mitochondria in
a mother’s egg with healthy mitochondria from a donor.
There are two primary techniques used in MRT:
1. Pronuclear Transfer: In this method, both the
mother’s egg and a donor egg are fertilized with

Ethical Considerations and Safety Concerns

The introduction of three-parent babies raises numerous ethical questions and safety concerns:
1. Ethical Dilemmas: Critics argue that manipulating human embryos raises moral questions about “playing
God” and could lead to unintended consequences in future generations. There are concerns about consent
from donors and potential psychological impacts on children born through these methods.
2. Health Risks: Long-term health effects of MRT on children born through these techniques remain largely
unknown. While initial results may be promising, there is concern about potential complications arising
from having genetic material from three different individuals.
3. Regulatory Challenges: Different countries have varying regulations regarding MRT and genetic
manipulation technologies. In some places, such as the United States, strict regulations limit research and
application of these techniques, while others like the UK have embraced them under controlled conditions.
4. Designer Babies: There is apprehension that advancements in genetic manipulation could lead to “designer
babies,” where parents might select traits or characteristics beyond health considerations.

Three-parent babies represent a significant advancement in reproductive technology aimed at

preventing mitochondrial diseases while enabling families affected by these conditions to have healthy children.
Through techniques like Mitochondrial Replacement Therapy (MRT), scientists are exploring new frontiers in
genetics that hold promise for treating hereditary diseases.
However, as with any groundbreaking technology, ethical considerations and safety concerns must be
carefully addressed through rigorous scientific research and regulatory oversight. Ongoing studies will help
determine long-term outcomes for children born via these methods while ensuring that this technology is used
responsibly and ethically.
As our understanding of genetics continues to evolve alongside technological advancements, three-
parent babies may pave the way for new possibilities in reproductive health and disease prevention—offering
hope to families affected by devastating genetic disorders while challenging us to consider the moral implications
of such innovations.

Stem Cells Therapy

Stem cells refer to a class of undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into various specialized
cells. These cells have the potential to develop into many cell types in the body during early life and growth. In
many tissues, these cells work as a kind of internal repair system to replenish other cells. Stem Cell Therapy (SCT)
is the treatment of various disorders, non-serious to life-threatening, by using stem cells. These stem cells can be
procured from a lot of different sources and used to potentially treat more than approved 80 disorders.

Indian Scenario: India is among the front-runners in stem cell therapy. Clinical trials are being
performed to treat genetic, metabolic, and blood-related conditions. Stem cell has the potential to replace
expensive, painstakingly protracted, and routinely ineffective conventional therapy for treating a multitude of
acute and chronic ailments. In India, the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) guidelines recognize stem cell
therapies only for some treatments and there is no specific law to regulate SCT.
So, it can be understood that stem cell therapy is a unique and safe treatment in itself, and in countries
like India it has huge scope for application. Stem cell therapy has helped millions of patients in treating serious
illnesses. Therefore, a dedicated policy to promote research and regulation of SCT is required. The Union Health
Ministry’s ‘New Drugs and Clinical Trial Rules, 2019’ declared that stem-cell-derived products can be used as “new
drugs”. So, government permission is necessary for such treatment.

CLONING

Cloning, the process of generating a genetically identical copy of a cell or an

organism. Cloning happens often in nature—for example, when a cell replicates itself asexually without
any genetic alteration or recombination. Prokaryotic organisms (organisms lacking a cell nucleus) such
as bacteria create genetically identical duplicates of themselves using binary fission or budding.
In eukaryotic organisms (organisms possessing a cell nucleus) such as humans, all the cells that undergo mitosis,
such as skin cells and cells lining the gastrointestinal tract, are clones; the only exceptions
are gametes (eggs and sperm), which undergo meiosis and genetic recombination.
❖ How Is Cloning Done?
• Many people first heard of cloning when Dolly the Sheep showed up on the scene in 1997. Artificial cloning
technologies have been around for much longer than Dolly, though.
• There are two ways to make an exact genetic copy of an organism in a lab: artificial embryo twinning and
somatic cell nuclear transfer.
❖ Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
• Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), also called nuclear transfer, uses a different approach than artificial
embryo twinning, but it produces the same result: an exact genetic copy, or clone, of an individual. This
was the method used to create Dolly the Sheep.

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9 BPSC MAINS NOTES (Science and Tech)
What does SCNT mean? Let's take it apart:
• Somatic cell: A somatic cell is any cell in the body other than sperm and egg, the two types of
reproductive cells. Reproductive cells are also called germ cells. In mammals, every somatic cell has two
complete sets of chromosomes, whereas the germ cells have only one complete set.
• Nuclear: The nucleus is a compartment that holds the cell's DNA. The DNA is divided into packages called
chromosomes, and it contains all the information needed to form an organism. It's small differences in
our DNA that make each of us unique.
• Transfer: Moving an object from one place to another. To make Dolly, researchers isolated asomatic
cell from an adult female sheep. Next they removed the nucleus and all of its DNA from an egg cell. Then
theytransferred thenucleus from the somatic cell to the egg cell. After a couple of chemical tweaks, the
egg cell, with its new nucleus, was behaving just like a freshly fertilized egg. It developed into an embryo,
which was implanted into a surrogate mother and carried to term. (The transfer step is most often done
using an electrical current to fuse the membranes of the egg and the somatic cell.)
• The lamb, Dolly, was an exact genetic replica of the adult female sheep that donated the somatic cell. She
was the first-ever mammal to be cloned
from an adult somatic cell.
❖ How does SCNT differ from the natural
way of making an embryo?
• Natural fertilization, where egg and sperm
join, and SCNT both make the same thing:
a dividing ball of cells, called an embryo. So
what exactly is the difference between the
two?
• An embryo's cells all have two complete
sets of chromosomes. The difference
between fertilization and SCNT lies in
where those two sets come from.
• In fertilization, the sperm and egg have one
set of chromosomes each. When the sperm
and egg join, they grow into an embryo
with two sets—one from the father's sperm
and one from the mother's egg.
• In SCNT, the egg cell's single set of chromosomes is removed. It is replaced by the nucleus from a somatic
cell, which already contains two complete sets of chromosomes. So, in the resulting embryo, both sets of
chromosomes come from the somatic cell.
❖ Is cloning an organism the same as cloning a gene?
• You may have heard about researchers cloning, or identifying, genes that are responsible for various
medical conditions or traits. What's the difference?
• When scientists clone an organism, they are making an exact genetic copy of the whole organism, as
described above.
• When scientists clone a gene, they isolate and make exact copies of just one of an organism's genes.
Cloning a gene usually involves copying the DNA sequence of that gene into a smaller, more easily
manipulated piece of DNA, such as a plasmid. This process makes it easier to study the function of the
individual gene in the laboratory.

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10 BPSC MAINS NOTES (Science and Tech)
Ethical controversy
Human reproductive cloning remains universally condemned, primarily for the psychological, social,
and physiological risks associated with cloning. A cloned embryo intended for implantation into a womb requires
thorough molecular testing to fully determine whether an embryo is healthy and whether the cloning process is
complete. In addition, as demonstrated by 100 failed attempts to generate a cloned macaque in 2007, a viable
pregnancy is not guaranteed. Because the risks associated with reproductive cloning in humans introduce a very
high likelihood of loss of life, the process is considered unethical. There are other philosophical issues that also
have been raised concerning the nature of reproduction and human identity that reproductive cloning might
violate. Concerns about eugenics, the once popular notion that the human species could be improved through the
selection of individuals possessing desired traits, also have surfaced, since cloning could be used to breed “better”
humans, thus violating principles of human dignity, freedom, and equality.
There also exists controversy over the ethics of therapeutic and research cloning. Some individuals and
groups have an objection to therapeutic cloning, because it is considered the manufacture and destruction of a
human life, even though that life has not developed past the embryonic stage. Those who are opposed to
therapeutic cloning believe that the technique supports and encourages acceptance of the idea that human life
can be created and expended for any purpose. However, those who support therapeutic cloning believe that there
is a moral imperative to heal the sick and to seek greater scientific knowledge. Many of these supporters believe
that therapeutic and research cloning should be not only allowed but also publicly funded, similar to other types
of disease and therapeutics research. Most supporters also argue that the embryo demands special moral
consideration, requiring regulation and oversight by funding agencies. In addition, it is important to many
philosophers and policy makers that women and couples not be exploited for the purpose of obtaining their
embryos or eggs.
There are laws and international conventions that attempt to uphold certain ethical principles and
regulations concerning cloning. In 2005 the United Nations passed a nonbinding Declaration on Human Cloning
that calls upon member states “to adopt all measures necessary to prohibit all forms of human cloning inasmuch
as they are incompatible with human dignity and the protection of human life.” This does provide leeway for
member countries to pursue therapeutic cloning. The United Kingdom, through its Human Fertilisation and
Embryology Authority, issues licenses for creating human embryonic stem cells through nuclear transfer. These
licenses ensure that human embryos are cloned for legitimate therapeutic and research purposes aimed at
obtaining scientific knowledge about disease and human development. The licenses require the destruction of
embryos by the 14th day of development, since this is when embryos begin to develop the primitive streak, the
first indicator of an organism’s nervous system. The United States federal government has not passed any laws
regarding human cloning due to disagreement within the legislative branch about whether to ban all cloning or
to ban only reproductive cloning. The Dickey-Wicker amendment, attached to U.S. appropriations bills since 1995,
has prevented the use of federal dollars to fund the harm or destruction of human embryos for research. It is
presumed that nuclear transfer and any other form of cloning is subject to this restriction.

GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS

Genetically Modified (GM) plants are plants that have undergone deliberate alteration of their genetic material
using genetic engineering techniques. These modifications are aimed at introducing specific traits or
characteristics that may not naturally occur within the plant’s genome. Here are some examples:
❖ GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS
• Bt Cotton: Bt cotton is genetically modified to produce a protein from the bacterium Bacillus
Thuringiensis (Bt) that is toxic to certain insect pests. This protein, known as “cry protein,” helps protect
the cotton crop from damage by reducing the need for chemical insecticides.

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11 BPSC MAINS NOTES (Science and Tech)
• Golden Rice: Golden rice is engineered to produce higher levels of beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A.
This modification addresses vitamin A deficiency, a significant public health issue in many developing
countries.
• Drought-Resistant Crops: Some plants have been modified to tolerate drought conditions better by
introducing genes that help conserve water or withstand dehydration stress.
• Insect-Resistant Eggplant (Bt Brinjal): Similar to Bt cotton, Bt brinjal (eggplant) produces a protein toxic
to certain insect pests, reducing the need for chemical insecticides.
❖ GENETICALLY MODIFIED ANIMALS
Genetically modified (GM) animals are those that have been intentionally altered using genetic engineering
methods to introduce specific traits or features that may not naturally occur in their genetic makeup. Here are
some examples:
• GloFish: These are genetically modified zebrafish that have been engineered to express fluorescent
proteins from jellyfish and coral. They are used in scientific research and as pets to study genetic traits
and environmental pollutants.
• Transgenic Goats: Goats have been engineered to produce certain proteins in their milk that can be
extracted and used for pharmaceutical purposes. For example, transgenic goats can produce antithrombin,
a protein used in blood clotting disorders.
• Genetically Modified Mosquitoes: Mosquitoes have been genetically modified to reduce their ability to
transmit diseases like malaria and dengue fever. Modified mosquitoes can be engineered to carry a gene
that prevents the development of disease-causing parasites.
• Dolly the Sheep: Dolly was the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell using a technique called
somatic cell nuclear transfer. While not a traditional genetic modification, cloning involves altering the
genetic makeup of an organism through a different process.
• Genetically Modified Pigs for Organ Transplants: Pigs have been modified to express human genes in
their organs, with the goal of making their organs suitable for transplantation into humans
(xenotransplantation).
Benefits of Genetically Modified Crops:
The sustainable pathway for GM (genetically modified) crop utilization involves finding a balance between the
benefits and potential risks of these crops. GM crops are engineered to have desirable traits, such as resistance to
pests and improved nutritional content. While they can significantly boost agricultural productivity and food
security, there are concerns about their environmental impact and long-term health effects. A sustainable
approach means carefully regulating and monitoring the use of GM crops to ensure they are safe and beneficial
for both people and the planet. This involves rigorous testing, transparent policies, and ongoing research to
address any emerging issues, ultimately aiming for a future where GM crops can help meet global food demands
responsibly.
• Growth & Development- Genetically modified (GM) Crop, Government Policies & Intervention
• Recently, the Supreme Court has temporarily halted GM mustard cultivation due to differing opinions on its
release.
• This policy should ensure the safe and responsible use of GM technology in agriculture while managing
potential risks.
• The lack of clear regulations has stalled agricultural progress and food security, and created uncertainties
about GM content in imported foods.
• India needs a science-based approach with strict safety protocols and monitoring systems for GM crops and
food products.

Some Other Benefits of GM Crops

• Battling Pests and Diseases: GM crops like Bt cotton resist pests, reducing pesticide use and increasing yields.
• Weather-Proof Farming: GM crops such as drought-tolerant maize maintain yields under water stress,
aiding food security in climate-affected regions.
• Nutritional Powerhouses: Biofortified GM crops, like Golden Rice, address micronutrient deficiencies,
combating malnutrition.
• Green Revolution 2.0: GM crops with enhanced yields and resource efficiency, like C4 rice, support growing
food demands while conserving land.
• Eco-Friendly Farming: Herbicide-tolerant crops enable no-till farming, reducing soil erosion and emissions;
insect-resistant crops minimise pesticide use.
• Shelf-Life Superstars: GM technology extends shelf life of produce, reducing food waste and transportation
emissions.
• Crops as Medicine Factories: Biopharming plants could produce vaccines and pharmaceuticals, potentially
lowering medicine costs.
• Phytoremediation Champions: Some GM plants can absorb pollutants from the soil, aiding in
environmental cleanup.
Global Adoption and Use:
• Introduction: The first GM crop, Flavr Savr tomato, was introduced in the USA in 1994, designed to delay
ripening.
• Current Status: As of 2019, over 18 million farmers in 29 countries planted more than 190 million hectares of
GM crops.
GM Crops in India:
• Approved Crop: Bt cotton, grown on about 11 million hectares.
• Research and Trials: Other crops like mustard, chickpea, pigeonpea, and sugarcane are under various stages
of research and trials.
• Regulatory Framework: Governed by the Rules for the Manufacture, Use, Import, Export, and Storage of
Hazardous Microorganisms, Genetically Engineered Organisms or Cells (1989) under the Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986.
Major Challenges Related to Genetically Modified Crops:
1. Environmental Concerns:
• Gene Flow: Risk of genes transferring to wild relatives, creating herbicide-resistant “superweeds.”
• Non-Target Impact: Potential effects on beneficial insects despite reduced pesticide use.
• Biodiversity Loss: GM crops may promote monoculture farming, affecting biodiversity.
2. Health and Safety Uncertainties:
• Long-Term Effects: Concerns about potential health impacts not covered by current assessments.
• Allergens and Nutritional Changes: Risks of new allergens or altered nutritional content, exemplified
by the StarLink corn controversy.
3. Socio-Economic Impacts:
• Market Concentration: Dependence on seed companies and high costs can disadvantage small-scale
farmers.

Measures to Promote Balanced Use of GM Crops in India:

1. Transparent Trials:
• Public Access: Implement real-time, publicly accessible field trial data.
• Independent Review: Encourage external verification by scientists and stakeholders.
2. Biotech Bridges:
• Public-Private Partnerships: Foster collaboration between public institutions and private companies,
ensuring local relevance and benefit-sharing.
3. Green Gene Bank:
• Preservation: Establish a national gene bank to protect indigenous crop varieties and safeguard
biodiversity.
4. Farmer-First Policies:
• Support for Small Farmers: Prioritise small-scale farmers with training, insurance, and participation in
decision-making.
5. Eco-Impact Assessments:
• Environmental Studies: Mandate long-term impact studies and ecological monitoring for GM crops.
6. Nutritional Navigation:
• Biofortification: Focus GM research on addressing regional nutritional deficiencies and pilot biofortified
crops.
7. Regulatory Reboot:
• Clear Framework: Create a science-based, transparent approval process with an independent regulatory
authority.
8. Label Logic:
• Labelling System: Develop comprehensive labelling guidelines and public awareness campaigns to
inform consumers.

DNA FINGERPRINTING
What is DNA fingerprinting?
DNA fingerprinting is a technique used to identify the DNA of an individual. This technique is based on the
analysis of certain specific sequences present in the DNA, which are unique in every individual.
❖ How does DNA fingerprinting work?
In DNA fingerprinting, a sample of the person's DNA is first taken. This sample can be taken from blood, saliva,
hair or semen. The DNA is then cut into small pieces and these pieces are separated using a technique called gel
electrophoresis. In gel electrophoresis, DNA pieces are separated based on their size. Smaller pieces move faster in
the gel, while larger pieces move slowly.
The separated DNA pieces are transferred to a membrane and then made visible using a special type of DNA
probe. The DNA probes bind to specific sequences of DNA and create a pattern that is unique to every person. This
pattern is called a DNA fingerprint.
❖ Applications of DNA Fingerprinting
DNA fingerprinting is used in a wide variety of applications, including:
• Crime investigation: DNA fingerprinting can be used to identify criminals by comparing DNA samples
found at crime scenes.
• Paternity testing: DNA fingerprinting can be used to determine whether a child is the biological child of
a particular person.
• Criminal identification: DNA fingerprinting can be used to identify unidentified bodies.
• Species identification: DNA fingerprinting can be used to identify different species of animals and plants.
❖ Advantages of DNA fingerprinting
DNA fingerprinting is a very powerful technique that offers a number of advantages, including:
• High accuracy: DNA fingerprinting is very accurate and is almost always able to correctly identify a
person.
• Reliability: DNA fingerprinting is a very reliable technique and its results are admissible in court.
• Versatility: DNA fingerprinting can be used in a wide range of applications.
❖ Disadvantages of DNA fingerprinting
There are also some disadvantages to DNA fingerprinting, which include:
• Expensive: DNA fingerprinting is an expensive technique.
• Time consuming: DNA fingerprinting can be time consuming.
• Complex: DNA fingerprinting is a complex technique that requires special training and equipment.

Biofertilizers
Bio-fertilizers consist of living microorganisms adhering to solid or liquid carriers, aiding in enhancing soil and
crop productivity on cultivable land. Examples of bio-fertilizers include Rhizobium, Azospirilium, Azotobacter,
Phosphobacteria, Blue Green Algae (BGA), Mycorrhiza, and Azolla.

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15 BPSC MAINS NOTES (Science and Tech)
❖ Bio-Fertilizers and Their Use in Agriculture
• In pursuit of sustainable agricultural practices, it is imperative to utilize renewable inputs such as
fertilizers and pesticides that benefit plants while minimizing environmental harm.
• One eco-friendly and energy-efficient method involves harnessing the capabilities of specific
microorganisms—such as bacteria, algae, and fungi—to perform vital functions like nitrogen fixation,
phosphorus solubilization, organic matter decomposition, and sulfur oxidation in the soil.
• When applied to the soil, these microorganisms enhance crop growth and yield, improve soil fertility, and
mitigate pollution, earning them the title of “bio-fertilizers.”
• Bio-fertilizers encompass living or biologically active products, including microbial inoculants of bacteria,
algae, and fungi, either individually or in combination, capable of enriching the soil with essential
nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic matter.
❖ Types of bio-fertilizers commonly utilized in agriculture:
• Rhizobium Biofertilizer:- Rhizobium is a symbiotic bacterium that forms root nodules in leguminous
plants, serving as miniature nitrogen factories. These nodules fix more atmospheric nitrogen than
required by the legume plant, with the surplus nitrogen secreted into the soil, fertilizing it.
• Azotobacter Biofertilizer:- Azotobacter are aerobic free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria that inhibit the
rhizosphere and fix atmospheric nitrogen non-symbiotically, making it available to various cereal crops.
They also produce growth-promoting hormones, enhancing plant growth and yield.
• Blue-Green Algae:- Blue-green algae like Nostoc and Anabaena are photosynthetic organisms capable of
fixing atmospheric nitrogen. In flooded rice fields, they serve as nitrogen bio-fertilizers.
• Azolla Biofertilizer:- Azolla is a water fern hosting nitrogen-fixing blue-green algae, Anabaena. It
contains nitrogen and organic matter, making it a widely used bio-fertilizer. However, its aquatic nature
poses challenges, particularly in water-scarce conditions.
Importance of Biofertilizers
Biofertilizers are important for the following reasons:
• Biofertilizers improve the soil texture and yield of plants.
• They do not allow pathogens to flourish.
• They are eco-friendly and cost-effective.
• Biofertilizers protect the environment from pollutants since they are natural fertilizers.
• They destroy many harmful substances present in the soil that can cause plant diseases.
• Biofertilizers are proved to be effective even under semi-arid conditions.

Immunization
❖ Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) 1985
• It prevents mortality and morbidity in children and pregnantwomen
• Vaccination is provided for 12 life threatening diseases: tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis (whooping
cough), tetanus, poliomyelitis, measles, Hepatitis B, Diarrhoea, Japanese Encephalitis, rubella, Rotavirus
and Pneumonia (added in May2017)

❖ Mission Indradhanush, 2014

• It is a strategic endeavour under Universal Immunisation Programme 1985
• It targets to immunize all children below two years of age either unvaccinated, or are partially
vaccinated as well as all pregnantwomen.

❑ ❑ ❑

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT (IPR)

• Intellectual Property (IP) refers to creations of mind such as inventions, literary and artistic works, designs
and symbols, names and images in commerce.
• By striking the right balance between the interests of innovators and wider public interest, the IP system aims
to foster an environment in which creativity and innovation can flourish.
• IPR are the rights which allow creators of patents, trademarks or copyrighted work to benefit them for their
own work or investment. These rights have been outlined in Article 27 of Universal Declaration of Human
Rights.
• The importance of IPR was first recognized in the Paris Convention for the protection of Industrial Property
(1883) and Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (1886) (both administered by
WIPO).
• IP activity in India is showing remarkable upward movement in the last 15 years with the number of Patents
filed increasing nearly nine times.

Types of IPR
• Patent
→ A patent is granted for an invention which is a new product or process that meets conditions of novelty,
non-obviousness and industrial use.
→ Patents in India are governed by “The patent Act 1970” which was amended in 2005 to make it compliant
with TRIPS.
• Trademark
→ A trademark means a mark capable of being represented graphically and which is capable of
distinguishing the goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings.
→ Trade marks in India are governed by Trade Marks Act 1999 which was amended in 2010.
→ Trade Mark Rules, 2017 has been notified which provides for ease of filing trademarks, ratinalised
trademark fee etc.
• Modilities for determining well-known trademarks has been introduced for the first time
• Geographical Indications
→ It is a sign used on agricultural or natural or manufactured goods as originating or manufactured in a
particular region of a country. It denotes its origin where a specific quality, characteristic or reputation of
the product is essentially attributable to that origin.
→ Geographical Indicators in India are governed by “The Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration &
Protection) Act, 1999”.
• Copyright
→ Copyright is a right given by the law to creators of literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works and
producers of cinematograph films and sound recordings.
→ This right allows its creator the rights of reproduction, communication to the public, adaptation and
translation of the work.
→ Copyrights in India are governed by “The Copyright Act, 1957”.
• Design
→ An industrial design consists of the creation of a shape, configuration or composition of pattern or color,
or combination of pattern and color in three-dimensional form containing aesthetic value.
→ Designs in India are governed by “The Designs Act 2000”.

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18 BPSC MAINS NOTES (Science and Tech)
• Plant Variety Protection
→ It refers to the protection granted for plant varieties. These rights are given to the farmers and plant
breeders to encourage the development of new varieties of plants.
→ Plant variety protection in India is governed by “The Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights
(PPV&FR) Act, 2001”.
Initiatives taken to promote Intellectual Property Rights
In order to promote Intellectual Property in India Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion has taken
various initiatives to ensure that intangible assets of the country are adequately protected such as –
• National IPR Policy 2016
→ An all-encompassing IPR Policy will promote a holistic and conducive ecosystem to catalyse the full
potential of intellectual property for India’s economic growth and socio-cultural development, while
protecting public interest.
→ The rationale for the National IPR Policy lies in the need to create awareness about the importance of
IPRs as a marketable financial asset and economic tool.
→ The National IPR Policy 2016 is completely compliant with the World Trade Organisation’s agreement on
Trade Related aspects of IPRs (TRIPS).
→ Department of industrial policy and promotion (DIPP) will be the nodal agency for all IPR issues and
the policy will be renewed every five years in consultation with all the stakeholders.
→ The policy has a special thrust on
▪ Awareness generation at school/college level,
▪ Effective enforcement of IPRs and
▪ Encouragement of IP commercialisation through various incentives
→ The policy retains the provisions on Compulsory Licensing (CL) (in the National Manufacturing Policy
and Section 84 of India's Patents Act) as well as Section 3(d) of India's Patents Act (preventing ever-
greening of drug patents) in spite of the EU and US objections terming CL as inconsistent with WTO’s
TRIPS agreement.
→ According to Section 3(d), besides novelty and inventive step, improvement in therapeutic efficacy is a
must for grant of patents when it comes to incremental inventions.
→ The policy will also suggest incentives such as tax benefits and fee waivers to encourage R&D and IP
creation to strengthen the Make In India/Start-up/Digital India initiatives.
→ To protect 'small inventions' developed especially in the informal / unorganised sectors, policy will
promote ‘utility patents’ (with lower compliance burden and shorter period of protection, when compared
to the normal patents) only for mechanical innovations.
Seven objectives –
▪ IPR Awareness - To create public awareness about the economic, social and cultural benefits of IPRs
among all sections of society.
▪ Generation of IPRs - To stimulate the generation of IPRs.
▪ Legal and Legislative Framework - To have strong and effective IPR laws, which balance the interests
of rights owners with larger public interest.
▪ Administration and Management - To modernize and strengthen service oriented IPR
administration.
▪ Commercialization of IPR - Get value for IPRs through commercialization.
▪ Enforcement and Adjudication - To strengthen the enforcement and adjudicatory mechanisms for
combating IPR infringements.

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19 BPSC MAINS NOTES (Science and Tech)
▪ Human Capital Development - To strengthen and expand human resources, institutions and
capacities for teaching, training, research and skill building in IPRs.
Limitations of IPR Policy 2016
• The policy is based on the premise that more IPRs mean more innovation. However there is little research
that backs this assumption.
• Openness, sharing and access to knowledge have been given back seat in the policy document.
• Policy suggests researchers in public funded research organizations to mandatorily convert all research into
IP. However it is best left at the discretion of the inventor.
• Criminalizing the civil wrong of unauthorized copying such as movies and literature is prone to misuse.
• To create an atmosphere of creativity and innovation, a holistic approach is required and not just IPR
protection.
Conclusion and way forward
• The Policy aims to push IPRs as a marketable financial asset, promote innovation and entrepreneurship,
while protecting public interest including ensuring the availability of essential and life-saving drugs at
affordable prices.
• The new IPR policy introduced with a slogan of “Creative India, Innovative India” is largely a step in the right
direction. However to obtain the best outcome the challenges and limitations needs to be suitable addressed.
Secondary Patents
• Secondary Patent refers to the various ways wherein the patent holders attempts to exploit the loopholes in
patent laws and related regulatory processes in order to maximize their monopoly especially over bestseller
drugs by filing disguised or artful patents on previously patented invention just before the end of the term of
parent patents.
• This strategy is most lucrative when employed in the context of so-called blockbuster medicines, which reap
annual revenues exceeding $1 billion.
• Patent Evergreening promotes development of unfair means of competition and related abuse.
• Enhanced IP security may remove the curse of these unfair practices which are widely followed by the
innovator companies to create a roadblock for generic companies that are trying hard to provide safe and
efficacious medicines to the masses at cost efficient prices.
Innovations in Indian patent law to stop secondary patents
• Section 2(1)(ja) of the Patents Act, the product in question must feature a technical advance over what came
before that’s not obvious to a skilled person. Because secondary patents for pharmaceuticals are often sought
for trivial variants, they typically fail to qualify as an invention.
• Section 3(d): when a medicine is merely a variant of a known substance, Section 3(d) necessitates a
demonstration of improvement in its therapeutic efficacy. The provision also bars patents for new uses and
new properties of known substances.
• Section 3(e) ensures that patents for combinations of known substances are allowed only if there is
synergistic effect.
• Section 3(i) ensures that no exclusivity can be claimed over methods of treatment.
• These provisions also extend to biologics, the new big players in the therapeutics marketplace. Biologics due to
their complex structure offers more opportunity in secondary patenting for extending patent terms.
• Together, Sections 3(d), 3(e) and 3(i) have been instrumental in rejecting close to 1,000 secondary patents for
pharmaceuticals according to a study.

CLOUD COMPUTING & SUPER COMPUTING

Cloud Computing
What is Cloud computing?
Cloud computing is a technology that allows you to store and access data over the internet. This
eliminates the need to store data on your computer or device. Cloud computing has many benefits, including:
• Lower cost: You don't need to invest in
hardware or software.
• Greater convenience: You can access your
data from any device.
• Greater security: Cloud providers take
measures to keep your data safe.
• Greater scalability: You can increase or
decrease storage and computing resources as
needed.
❖ There are many types of cloud computing,
including:
• Public cloud: This type of cloud is made
available to the public by a provider.
• Private cloud: This type of cloud is built by
an organization for its own use.
• Hybrid cloud: This type of cloud is a
combination of public and private clouds.
❖ Objectives of Cloud Computing
• Data storage: You can store your data in the cloud and access it from anywhere.
• Application hosting: You can host your application in the cloud and make it available to users around
the world.
• Backup and recovery: You can back up your data in the cloud and restore it if necessary.
• Testing and development: You can test and develop applications in the cloud.
Cloud computing is a rapidly growing technology and has many benefits. If you are looking for a convenient and
cost-effective way to store and access your data, cloud computing is a good option.
What is the regulatory and legal framework for cloud computing in India?
• Cloud computing needs careful scrutiny by regulators due to its multi-dimensional nature.
→ Legal frameworks should be mandated due to concerns regarding cloud services like data privacy, data
protection, data ownership, multi-jurisdiction issues, and disclosure and cross-border movement of data.
→ While the Indian Telegraph Act, of 1885, the Civil Procedure Code of 1908, and the Telecom Regulatory
Authority of India Act, 1997 deal with this sector in an indirect manner, the Information Technology (IT)
Act of 2000 is of more relevance for regulating this sector.
→ IT Act, 2000 – provides for provisions regarding penalties for the breach of data and privacy. The Act
targets e-commerce and cybercrime in general and data protection and data privacy are covered under it.
→ While the above-mentioned laws do cover some legal issues regarding cloud computing, however, they
don’t cover the scope of cloud computing services and the issues arising from it.

Area Usage

• The e-Panchayat scheme was launched to enhance government

E-Gram Panchayat
operations and governance quality.

• To mitigate ticketing losses, cloud technology has been adopted for data
management.
• RailCloud service as a high-speed connectivity solution initiated by Indian
Indian Railways
Railways.
• Nivaran grievance portal as a service grievance platform for current and
former railway employees.

• The Kisan Suvidha portal was designed to provide farmers with essential
information.
• It offers details on weather, market prices, seeds, fertilisers, pesticides,
Kisan Suvidha
and agricultural practices.
• It notifies farmers of extreme weather events and market
fluctuations.

• A public cloud storage for Indian citizens provided by the government.

Digilocker
• Enables instant digital verification and signing by the government.

• It utilises a multi-cloud architecture for expanded scalability.

Government e-Marketplace
• it features a vast range of products and services for numerous buyer
(GeM)
organisations.

• NHAI introduced an AI-based big data analytics platform.

National Highway Authority
• Documents are stored on a cloud data lake with GIS tagging for easy
of India (NHAI)
accessibility.

• Also known as GI Cloud, it aims to adopt cloud computing in government

operations.
MeghRaj
• It will aid in the quickening of e-service delivery and optimise ICT
expenditures.

• Smart Cities Mission leverages cloud computing for local development

Infrastructure Sector and real-time data processing.
• Cloud services act as a crucial backbone for Digital India's infrastructure.

• The RBI employs cloud solutions to achieve nationwide banking

accessibility.
Banking Sector
• The Indian Banking Community Cloud (IBCC) is the banking industry's
first community cloud.

• Power applications include CRM, supply chain management, and data

warehousing, among others.
Manufacturing Sector
• Operational benefits include green IT and HMI (Human-Machine
Interface) via cloud computing.

• Cloud platforms address various business and technical needs in

telecom.
Telecom Sector
• It facilitates resource sharing, automation, and operation
improvements.

What are the challenges in the adoption of cloud computing in India?

• Infrastructure: Lack of effective infrastructure for data centers in India.
• Energy resource management: The cost of powering and cooling amounts to 53% of the total operational
expenditure of data centers. The challenge is not only to reduce energy costs in data centers, but also to meet
government regulations and environmental standards.
• Consolidation of servers: Achieving effective server consolidation (i.e., utilizing the remote servers to the
maximum level to reduce energy usage) without affecting application performance is a primary challenge.
• Platform management: Challenges in providing middleware capabilities for building, deploying, integrating
and managing applications in a multi-tenant, elastic and scalable environment.
• Maintaining security architecture: The right cloud security architecture is needed for responding to
security threats effectively and instantly and reducing risks associated with the business or government
services.

SUPER COMPUTER
Supercomputers are high-performing computers, designed to tackle complex computational
challenges. They encompass multiple central processing units that break down the required tasks into multiple
parts and process them simultaneously, which effectively results in high-speed computation. The performance of
supercomputers is measured in terms of floating-point operations per second (FLOPs).
Supercomputers can be utilised for general purposes as well as special purposes such as Belle, Hydra, and Deep
Blue for playing chess.
Features and Working of Supercomputers
Supercomputers possess multiple distinctive features that set them apart from conventional computers. These
are described below:
• Multiple CPUs: Supercomputers incorporate more than one CPU.
→ Each CPU contains circuits for interpreting program instructions and executing arithmetic and logic
operations.
• Speed: These computers can support the high computation speed of CPUs.
• Storage: It has a very high storage capacity. Rapid retrieval of stored data and instructions is crucial to
support high computational speed.

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23 BPSC MAINS NOTES (Science and Tech)
Supercomputers in India
In 1987, the USA denied India's request to purchase the Cray X-MP for academic and weather forecasting purposes,
which compelled India to promote its supercomputing programme.
• Agencies involved: Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), Centre for Development of
Telematics (C-DOT), National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL), Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), and
Advanced Numerical Research and Analysis Group (ANURAG) took the lead in this direction.
→ C-DOT developed "CHIPPS", a high-performance Parallel Processing System.
→ BARC created the Anupam series of supercomputers.
→ ANURAG created the PACE series of supercomputers.
• Param Series: PARAM supercomputers are designed and assembled by the Centre for Development of
Advanced Computing (C-DAC) in Pune, India.
→ PARAM means "supreme" in Sanskrit, and also creates an acronym for "PARAllEl Machine".
→ The PARAM 8000 was a success for C-DAC in delivering a giga FLOPS range parallel computer. It was
launched in 1991.
→ In 1993, the PARAM 9000 series was released, which had a peak computing power of 5 GFLOPS.
→ In 1998, the PARAM 10000 series had a sustained performance of 38 GFLOPS on the LINPACK benchmark.
→ The AI Supercomputer ‘AIRAWAT’ and PARAM Siddhi – AI are currently the fastest supercomputers in
India. AIRAWAT has been ranked 75th in the world as of June 2023.
Applications of Supercomputers
Supercomputers are being used in multiple fields and have several applications such as:
• Weather Forecasting and Climate Research: When the supercomputer is fed with data gathered via
satellites, radars and weather balloons, field experts become better informed on how atmospheric conditions
affect us.
→ They become better equipped to advise the public on weather-related topics.
→ For example, the Derecho supercomputer is being used to explore the effects of solar geoengineering and
how releasing aerosols influences rainfall patterns.
• Genome Sequencing: It is a type of molecular modelling which scientists use to get a closer look at a virus’
DNA sequence that helps them diagnose diseases.
→ The supercomputer can perform DNA sequencing in a few hours.
→ For example, Researchers at Stanford University scored the Guinness World Record title for the
fastest genomic sequencing.
• Aviation Engineering: Supercomputing systems in aviation have been used to detect solar flares, predict
turbulence and approximate aeroelasticity to build better aircraft.
→ For example, Frontier has been recruited by GE Aerospace to test open fan engine architecture designed
for the next generation of commercial aircraft that can reduce carbon dioxide emissions significantly.
• Space Exploration: Supercomputers can take the massive amounts of data collected
by satellites, probes, robots and telescopes and use it to simulate outer space conditions earthside.
→ For example, at NASA, Aitken is used to create high-resolution simulations in preparation for
upcoming Artemis moon missions.
• Nuclear Fusion Research: They can create simulations to predict energy loss and optimise performance in
plasma, used in the tokamak research.
→ Example: Frontier and Summit for a project led by scientists at General Atomics, USA.

Disadvantages of Supercomputer
The following are a few disadvantages of the supercomputers:
• Physical Size: Supercomputers are physically large. Hence, they require lots of space.
→ A supercomputer typically takes more than 1000 square feet of area.
• Maintenance: For this purpose, special software and expertise are needed to detect failures and the
computer's overall usage.
• Storage: To acquire the full capacity of a supercomputer, it should be equipped with enough storage space to
accommodate all the produced data.
→ Without sufficient storage space, the supercomputer simply cannot perform calculations.
• Heat Release: A supercomputer is equipped with a large number of processors all of which can generate a
significant amount of heat during their operations.
→ Due to this heat, most devices tend to get damaged easily.
• Power Consumption: Supercomputers typically consume large amounts of electricity.
→ In general, a supercomputer needs around 4 megawatts (MW) of electricity.
National Supercomputing Mission(NSM)
The National Supercomputing Mission, which was approved in 2016, is being implemented and managed jointly
by the Departments of Science and Technology (DST) and Electronics and Information Technology (DEET) (DeitY).
• The Mission intends to empower national academic and research institutions across the country by
constructing a massive supercomputing grid comprised of more than 70 high-performance computing units.
• These supercomputers will also be linked via the National Knowledge Network (NKN) to the National
Supercomputing Grid. The NKN is another government program that connects academic institutions and
R&D labs over a high-speed network.
• The Mission comprises the creation of highly professional High-Performance Computing (HPC) aware human
resources to tackle the development requirements of these applications.

❑ ❑ ❑

New Technology

ROBOTICS
Robotics is the intersection of science, engineering and technology that produces machines, called robots, that
replicate or substitute for human actions. Robots perform basic and repetitive tasks with greater efficiency and
accuracy than humans, making them ideal for industries like manufacturing. However, the introduction of
artificial intelligence in robotics has given robots the ability to handle increasingly complex situations in various
industries.
What Is a Robot?

A robot is a programmable machine that can complete a task, while the term robotics describes the field of study
focused on developing robots and automation. Each robot has a different level of autonomy. These levels range
from human-controlled bots that carry out tasks to fully-autonomous bots that perform tasks without any
external influences.
In terms of etymology, the word ‘robot’ is derived from the Czech word robota, which means “forced labor.” The
word first appeared in the 1920 play R.U.R., in reference to the play’s characters who were mass-produced workers
incapable of creative thinking.
Robotics Applications

Robots serve a multitude of functions across various industries. Here are some of their key applications:
• Manufacturing: Performing assembly, welding, painting, and material handling.
• Healthcare: Assisting in surgeries, patient rehabilitation, and dispensing medication.
• Agriculture: Harvesting crops, monitoring fields, and automating irrigation.
• Defense: Reconnaissance, diffusing bombs, and unmanned surveillance.
• Logistics: Sorting packages, managing inventory, and delivering goods.
• Home Assistance: Cleaning, lawn mowing, and performing household chores.
• Space Exploration: Conducting research, collecting samples, and maintaining equipment.
• Entertainment: Performing in shows, simulating rides, and interacting with guests.
• Education: Teaching assistance, language tutoring, and educational demonstrations.
• Customer Service: Providing information, guiding users, and automating check-ins.
• Search and Rescue: Locating individuals in disaster zones and inaccessible areas.
• Underwater Exploration: Mapping the sea floor, monitoring marine life, and inspecting infrastructure.
• Research and Development: Prototyping, testing theories, and laboratory automation.
• Construction: Fabricating structures, heavy lifting, and precision tasks.
• Environmental Monitoring: Sampling air and water quality, and wildlife tracking.
• Security and Surveillance: Monitoring areas, detecting anomalies, and reporting incidents.
• Elderly Care: Assisting with mobility, social interaction, and daily living activities.

Status of Robotics in India

India has made multiple strides towards strengthening its industrial base with the adoption of advanced
manufacturing technologies such as robotics, enabling productivity gains, in the last decade.

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Mob. 8084994876 | Bhagalpur Centre Mob. 9431690496 | Delhi Mukherjee Nagar Centre Mob. 8603855800 | Delhi Karol Bagh Centre Mob. 9870288703
26 BPSC MAINS NOTES (Science and Tech)
• In the span of 3 years, i.e., 2020-2023, the operational stock of industrial robots has increased to 54%.
• India was globally ranked 10 in terms of annual industrial installations, as per the World Robotics Report,
2022.
• The growth of the robotics ecosystem in India has been slower in comparison to certain developed economies.
Initiatives by the Government
The government of India has established the following research centres regarding the development of robotics in
India.
• Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Technology Park (ARTPARK) Technology Innovation Hub under the
National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems (NM-ICPS) has been established to leverage AI
and robotics.
• Center for Advanced Manufacturing for Robotics and Autonomous Systems (CAMRAS) has been established to
reduce the import of robotics and autonomous systems.
• I-HUB Foundation for Cobotics (IHFC), IIT Delhi has launched 8 grand projects in the area of Medical
Simulators, Healthcare Robotics, Rehabilitation Robotics, Drone Applications, etc.
• National Strategy for Robotics: The draft strategy aims to position India as a global leader in robotics by
2030 to actualize its transformative potential.
• ISRO and Robotics: For manned missions, ISRO is in the process of developing humanoid robots that can
assist and eventually even replace human beings.
→ Vyommitra: India is set to launch Vyommitra, a female robot astronaut, into space as part of the
ambitious Gaganyaan project in 2024.
Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO)
→ Research & Development Establishment (Engineers) is working on the development of robotic platforms
for defence applications.
→ Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment (CVRDE) and VRDE are involved in the
development of unmanned tracked and wheeled vehicles.
→ The Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (CAIR) is working in the field of autonomous navigation,
computer vision processing, and artificial intelligence, for the realisation of autonomous robotic and
unmanned systems.
• Capacity Building Initiatives
→ FutureSkills Prime (MeitY): Under this, a robust online platform has been created that aims to offer
subsidised access to certified courses to interested participants in AI, Blockchain, Robotics, Cybersecurity, etc.
→ Atal Innovation Mission: ATLs have dedicated innovation workspaces where Do-It-Yourself (DIY) kits on
emerging technologies like robotics, IoT, etc. have been installed.
→ e-YANTRA: Robotics outreach program funded by the Ministry of Education to harness the talent of
young engineers to solve problems in agriculture, manufacturing, defence, etc.
Make-in-India Robots
• DAKSHA: An automated mobile platform for multi-purpose payloads.
• It has stair-climbing capabilities and can be deployed for handling IEDs (Improvised Explosive Devices).
• Vyommitra: A spacefaring humanoid robot is being developed by the ISRO to function onboard the
Gaganyaan.
• MANAV: India’s first 3D-printed humanoid robot with inbuilt vision and sound processing capability
which allows it to walk, talk and dance just in response to human commands.
Pros and Cons of Robotics
Robotics comes with a number of benefits and drawbacks.

Nano-Science And Technology

The word Nanoscience refers to the study, manipulation and engineering of matter, particles and
structures on the nanometer scale (one millionth of a millimeter, the scale of atoms and molecules). Important
properties of materials, such as the electrical, optical, thermal and mechanical properties, are determined by the
way molecules and atoms assemble on the nanoscale into larger structures. Moreover, in nanometer size
structures these properties often different then on macroscale, because quantum mechanical effects become
important.
Nanotechnology is the application of nanoscience leading to the use of new nanomaterials and nanosize
components in useful products. Nanotechnology will eventually provide us with the ability to design custom-
made materials and products with new enhanced properties, new nanoelectronics components, new types of
“smart” medicines and sensors, and even interfaces between electronics and biological systems…
These newborn scientific disciplines are situated at the interface between physics, chemistry, materials science,
microelectronics, biochemistry, and biotechnology. Control of these disciplines therefore requires an academic
and multidisciplinary scientific education.

Nanoscience and nanotechnology are at the forefront of modern research. The fast growing economy in this area
requires experts who have an outstanding knowledge of nanoscience in combination with the skills to apply this
knowledge in new products. A multidisciplinary scientific education is crucial to provide industry and research

Application of Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is a new and rapidly developing field that affects variety of disciplines, including health, food,
computing, textiles, energy, transportation, space, and agriculture.
❖ Health Sector
• Nanotechnology has a wide range of applications in the medical field like Surgery and drug delivery.
• Nanomaterials have use both within and outside the human body.
• As a result of the combination of nanomaterials with biology, diagnostic gadgets, analytical instruments,
drug delivery vehicles, and physical therapy applications have been developed.
• This technology has enabled the delivery of medications to specific cells, resulting in increased efficiency
and fewer side effects.
• Nanomaterials have also opened up the possibility of healing damaged tissues by allowing cells to be
manufactured artificially.
• Because it can detect and name specific chemicals, structures, or bacteria, this technique has become a
significant diagnostic tool.
❖ Food Industry
• Nanotechnology has the potential to produce food that is safer and of higher quality, with improved
texture and flavor.
• The presence of E. coli can be detected using a contamination sensor that uses a flash of light.
• Antimicrobial packaging comprised of cinnamon or oregano oil, as well as zinc, calcium, and other
nanoparticles, can destroy bacteria.
• The oxygen-sensitive food can be kept fresh using the nano-enhanced barrier.
• Vitamins, antioxidants, healthful omega-3 fatty acids, and other nutrients can be improved by
nanoencapsulation.
• Antimicrobial packaging constructed from lobster shells or organic maize is possible, and it is
biodegradable.
• Nanobarcodes are used to track epidemics and tag specific products.
❖ Electronic components
• Nanoscale computers are already in use.
• The capacity of electrical components has been substantially boosted because of nanotechnology.
• Transistors in integrated circuits are being shrunk in size.
• Improving the appearance of electronic device display displays
• Electronic devices’ power usage, weight, and thickness are all being reduced.
❖ Energy-efficient solutions
• This invention has the potential to increase the efficiency and cost effectiveness of existing solar panels.
• It has the potential to increase the efficiency of fuel generation and petroleum material use.
• Many batteries that are less flammable, efficient, faster charging, lightweight, and have a better power
density are already using it.
• In general, it has the ability to make existing technologies more efficient while consuming less energy.

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29 BPSC MAINS NOTES (Science and Tech)
❖ Textile manufacturing
• Nanotechnology has already revolutionised the textile business, with a commercial impact estimated to
be worth hundreds of billions of dollars.
• Nanoscience has now manufactured wrinkle- and stain-resistant fabrics, and it may be able to improve
on previous achievements.
❖ Environment conservation
• Nanotechnology has a wide range of environmentally favorable uses.
• It has the potential to help with the existing pollution problem.
• It can supply clean, inexpensive drinking water by quickly detecting pollutants and purifying the water.
• Nanotechnology has the potential to eliminate industrial water pollutants from groundwater through
chemical reactions at a lower cost than conventional approaches, which need groundwater pumping for
treatment.
• Nanotechnology sensors and solutions have the capability of detecting, identifying, filtering, and
neutralising dangerous chemical or biological substances in the air and soil.
❖ Transport
• Nanotechnology aids in the development of lighter, smarter, more efficient, and environmentally friendly
automobiles, aircraft, and ships.
• It also allows for a variety of ways to improve transportation infrastructure, such as ensuring the highway
and other infrastructure components’ resilience and lifespan.
• Nanoscale sensors and gadgets can also be used to monitor the real time status and performance of
bridges, trains, tunnels, and other structures at a low cost. They can also improve transportation
infrastructure to help vehicles avoid incidents and traffic jams, as well as preserve lane position.
❖ Space
• Carbon nanotube-based materials can help spacecrafts lose weight while maintaining or improving
structural strength.
• They can also be utilised to produce the wires that the space elevator requires. Space elevators can cut the
cost of delivering items to orbit by a large amount.
• The nanosensors can be used to track the chemicals in the spacecraft to see how well the life support
system is working.
❖ Agriculture
• Herbicides, chemical fertilisers, and genes can all be effectively delivered to the desired region of the plant
thanks to the nanocapsule.
• This ensures a steady and moderate delivery of the required material to the plants while reducing
pollutants.
• Precision farming is the another contribution of nano-sensors and delivery systems that make optimal
use of natural resources such as water, fertilisers, and chemicals.
• Plant viruses and soil nutrient levels can also be detected using nanosensors.
• With the use of Nanotechnology in agriculture, the produce quality could potentially be monitored using
nano-barcodes and nano-processing.
Nanotechnology in India
India has been actively developing its capabilities in nanotechnology with initiatives aimed at promoting research
and translating discoveries into practical applications.

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30 BPSC MAINS NOTES (Science and Tech)
Key highlights of India's involvement in nanotechnology include:
• Research and Development: The Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR) was
founded in Bengaluru in 1989, and the Department of Science and Technology (DST) initiated the Nano
Science and Technology Initiative (NSTI) in 2001.
• Government Initiatives:
• The Nano Mission was launched in 2007 under the DST, aiming to position India as a global leader in
nanoscience research and facilitate the transition of innovations from the laboratory to the market.
• Five Nanoscience Centres like Mohali (Punjab) and others places were established to coordinate activities
in the thematic areas of nanomaterials, nanodevices, and nanosystems.
• The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research initiated the New Millennium Indian Technology
Leadership Initiative Programme to integrate nanotechnology developments with industrial applications.
• Industry Linkages and Startups:
• Over 30 companies, including TCS, Bharat Biotech, Sun Pharma, and Tata Chemicals, are engaged in
nanotechnology products and applications.
• Nano incubators are strengthening entrepreneurship by providing resources and funding support to
technology startups and young researchers with promising ideas and prototypes.
• International Collaborations:
• India has established agreements with countries like the USA, Germany, Italy, Japan, and Israel, and is
participating in multilateral projects of UN agencies.
• As of 2023, India ranks third globally in terms of contributions to nanotechnology publications,
demonstrating its ongoing commitment to expanding its capacity in this rapidly evolving field.
Challenges and Concerns with Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology poses several challenges and concerns that need to be addressed for its safe and responsible
development:
• Toxicology: Nanoparticles can accumulate in various organs and induce toxicity.
→ Research has shown that nanoparticles can accumulate in the nasal cavities, lungs, and brains of
animals, raising concerns about their potential impact on human health.
• Long-term safety: There are concerns about the long-term safety of nanomaterials due to their potential
toxic effects on humans and the environment.
→ Studies suggest that nanoparticles can accumulate in the body over time, leading to various health issues
like inhaling nano particles can lead to lung inflammation and heart problems.
• Commercialisation: Scaling up nanotechnology for mass production requires significant investment and
expertise.
→ The transition from lab-scale production to industrial-scale manufacturing poses challenges that need
to be carefully addressed
• Availability of resources: While some concerns exist regarding the availability of resources for
nanomaterial production, many essential minerals are abundant on Earth.
→ However, scaling up production may require careful resource management
• Regulation: The regulatory framework for nanotechnology is still evolving but ongoing developments in the
industry necessitate continuous updates to regulations to ensure safety and transparency

LASER TECHNOLOGY

A laser is a device that causes atoms or molecules to emit light at specific wavelengths and then amplifies that
light to produce an extremely narrow beam of radiation.
Properties of a Laser
When compared to regular light, laser light has various distinct qualities that distinguish it. Those properties are
1. Monochromatic
2. Coherence
3. Directionality
4. Intense or bright

Super Conductivity
Superconductivity is a fascinating phenomenon that occurs in certain materials when they are cooled below a
certain temperature, resulting in the complete absence of electrical resistance.
• Superconductivity refers to a state in which a material offers zero, or near-zero, resistance to electric current.
• So far, this phenomenon is observed in certain materials at very low temperatures, typically close to absolute
zero (-273.15°C or 0 Kelvin).
• In superconductors, electrical resistance drops to virtually zero, allowing electric current to flow through them
without any loss of energy due to resistance.
• Key characteristics

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33 BPSC MAINS NOTES (Science and Tech)
→ Zero Resistance: In a superconductor, electrons can move through the material without encountering
any resistance.
→ Perfect Diamagnetism: Superconductors exhibit a strong repulsion of magnetic fields, a property known
as perfect diamagnetism.
▪ When a superconductor is exposed to an external magnetic field, it expels the magnetic flux lines
from its interior, effectively causing the magnetic field to be excluded from the material.
→ Critical Temperature (Tc): Every superconductor has a critical temperature.
Below this temperature, the material exhibits superconducting behaviour.
▪
▪ Above the critical temperature, the material returns to its normal state with resistive behaviour.
→ Meissner Effect: It is the expulsion of a magnetic field from the interior of a superconductor as it
transitions into the superconducting state.
▪ This effect results in the material's ability to trap a magnetic field within its interior, preventing it
from penetrating the material.
Superconductivity Applications
Superconductivity is a phenomenon where certain materials exhibit zero electrical resistance and the expulsion
of magnetic fields when cooled below a critical temperature. This unique property of superconductors has opened
up a plethora of opportunities for their use in various fields. Here are some of the major applications of
superconductivity:
1. MRI machines: Superconducting magnets are an essential component of MRI machines, which use strong
magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of the inside of the human body. Superconducting
magnets are capable of producing higher magnetic fields than traditional magnets, resulting in clearer and
more accurate images.
2. Particle Accelerators: Superconducting magnets are also used in particle accelerators, which are used to
study the behavior of subatomic particles. The magnetic fields produced by superconducting magnets help to
guide and focus the particles as they travel through the accelerator, enabling scientists to study their
properties and interactions.
3. Power Transmission Cables: Superconducting materials can be used to create power transmission cables
that have almost no electrical resistance. This means that electricity can be transmitted over longer distances
with less energy loss, resulting in more efficient and cost-effective power transmission.
4. Electric Motors and Generators: Superconducting materials can be used to create more efficient electric
motors and generators, which are essential components of many machines and devices. Superconducting
motors and generators can operate with the greater power density and efficiency than traditional motors and
generators, resulting in less energy consumption and lower operating costs.
5. Superconducting Quantum Computers: Superconducting materials are also being used to develop quantum
computers, which have the potential to revolutionize computing by performing complex calculations much
faster than traditional computers. Superconducting quantum computers use superconducting circuits to
manipulate and store quantum information, which could lead to advances in fields such as cryptography,
drug discovery, and materials science.
6. Fusion Energy: Superconductors are being investigated as a potential solution for producing sustainable
fusion energy, which involves merging atomic nuclei to release energy. Superconductors are being used to
create powerful magnetic fields that can confine and control the plasma used in fusion reactors, enabling the
production of large amounts of energy.
7. High-Speed Transportation Systems: Superconductors are being explored as a potential solution for
creating high-speed transportation systems, such as Maglev trains. Maglev trains use superconducting
magnets to levitate and propel the train, resulting in faster and more efficient transportation.

Challenges Associated with Superconductivity

Despite its vast potential, there are still several challenges that need to be overcome before superconductivity can
be widely adopted.
1. High Cost: Superconducting materials are expensive to produce and require special manufacturing processes
that add to their cost. This can make it challenging to adopt superconducting technology on a large scale.
2. Low Critical Temperatures: Superconducting materials typically require extremely low temperatures to
exhibit their properties. This can be challenging to achieve and maintain, and can also limit the practical
applications of superconductivity.
3. Sensitivity to Magnetic Fields: Superconducting materials are sensitive to magnetic fields, which can
disrupt their properties. This can limit their use in applications that involve high magnetic fields, such as
particle accelerators.
4. Mechanical Fragility: Some superconducting materials are mechanically fragile, which can make them
challenging to work with and limit their use in applications that require mechanical strength.

Superconductivity-Indian Scenario
India has a long history of research in superconductivity, with notable contributions from institutions such as
the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) and the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay. This
section provides an overview of the state of superconductivity research in India, including ongoing initiatives like
the National Superconductivity Mission, which aims to promote the development of superconducting materials
and their applications in various sectors.
• National Superconductivity Mission
The National Superconductivity Mission (NSM) is an initiative launched by the Government of India in 2017 to
promote research and development in the field of superconductivity. The mission aims to develop indigenous
technology for superconductors and their applications in various industries, including healthcare, energy, and
transportation.
The NSM is being implemented by the Department of Science and Technology (DST) in collaboration with the
Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) and the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). The mission
has a budget of INR 750 crores (approximately USD 105 million) for a period of five years.
Future Prospects
The future of superconductivity is full of promise, with new discoveries and applications on the horizon. This
section explores some of the potential future developments in superconductivity, such as the use of
superconductors in fusion energy, space exploration, and high-speed transportation systems. The section also
discusses the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead for superconductivity research and development.
❑ ❑ ❑

Artificial Intelligence
AI is a technology that enables machines and computers to simulate human Intelligence and problem-solving
capabilities.
Speaking in simpler terms, AI and its applications with other technologies like Sensors, robotics, etc can enable
performing actions that would otherwise require Human Intelligence. Examples - Siri, Alexa, Autonomous cars,
ChatGPT, etc.
❖ Machine learning vs. deep learning -
● Before understanding ML and DL, it is important to first understand Neural Networks -
• Neural networks are like a mini-brain for computers, helping them learn and make decisions. They have
layers of "neurons" — little units that work together to process information. You start with the input layer,
where you give the network some data. Then, the data goes through several hidden layers where the
learning happens, and finally, the output layer gives you the result or answer. The more examples the
network sees, the better it gets at recognizing patterns, just like how studying more helps you do better on
tests. This technology is what lets your phone recognize your voice or suggests videos you might like.
● Machine learning and deep learning are both branches of AI that utilize neural networks, structures
inspired by the human brain, to process and learn from data. Machine learning generally involves simpler
neural networks with a few layers and relies on structured, labeled data. It often needs human input to
guide the learning process.
● Deep learning, a subset of machine learning, uses more complex neural networks with many layers,
allowing it to learn from vast amounts of both structured and unstructured data without much human
intervention. This enables it to recognize patterns and make predictions more autonomously.
● For example, a machine learning algorithm might require labeled photos to learn to recognize cats,
whereas a deep learning algorithm could learn to identify cats from a mixed set of unlabeled images by
itself.
❖ What is LLM?
● A Large Language Model (LLM) is a type of artificial intelligence that processes and generates human-like
text based on the data it has been trained on. It uses deep learning techniques to understand and produce
language in a way that mimics human conversation. An example of an LLM is ChatGPT, developed by
OpenAI, which can engage in conversations, answer questions, and even write essays based on the prompts
it receives.

Application of AI in various fields

❖ Healthcare
AI-driven Diagnostics: With healthcare challenges like accessibility and affordability, AI can revolutionize
early diagnosis and patient care, especially in rural areas. For instance, AI algorithms can enhance image-
based diagnostics, significantly improving outcomes in diseases like tuberculosis and cancer. An example is
NITI Aayog's collaboration with top tech firms to develop AI tools for early detection of diabetic retinopathy,
demonstrating the potential to expand into other healthcare areas.
Personalized Treatment: Leveraging AI to analyze patient data can lead to personalized medicine, thus
ensuring more effective treatment plans tailored to individual genetic profiles, lifestyle, and health data.
❖ Agriculture

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36 BPSC MAINS NOTES (Science and Tech)
Precision Farming: AI can optimize resource use in agriculture, dramatically increasing yield without
straining resources. For example, companies like SatSure leverage satellite imagery and AI to predict the
health of crops and soil moisture levels, helping farmers make informed decisions about irrigation and
pesticide use.
Crop Health Monitoring: Startups like Intello Labs use AI to monitor crop health and predict yields through
image recognition technology, enabling timely interventions to mitigate disease spread and enhance crop
productivity.
❖ Education
Adaptive Learning Platforms: AI can personalize learning experiences for students by adapting content to
meet their pace and level of understanding. Platforms like Byju’s, which integrate AI to create customized
educational content, have revolutionized self-paced learning in India.
Automated Administration: AI can automate administrative tasks, reducing the burden on educators and
allowing them to focus more on teaching. AI tools can handle everything from grading to attendance,
significantly improving operational efficiencies within educational institutions.
❖ Smart Mobility and Transportation
Traffic Management Systems: AI can be used to optimize traffic flow and reduce congestion through real-time
data analysis and management systems. For instance, cities like Surat have implemented AI-driven traffic
management systems that analyze traffic patterns and automatically adjust signal timings to reduce
congestion.
Autonomous Vehicles: Although fully autonomous vehicles are not yet viable in India due to cost concerns,
semi-autonomous features like advanced cruise control are being integrated into vehicles, enhancing road
safety and driving efficiency.
Challenges of Artificial Intelligence
1. AI's ethical and social implications in India are profound, given its rapid digital transformation and diverse
demographics. AI systems may exhibit biases, as demonstrated in a 2019 MIT Media Lab study showing facial
recognition's lower accuracy with darker-skinned women. To mitigate bias, India must diversify its AI
training datasets, which are currently limited to a few research centers.
2. Privacy issues are heightened by expansive digital identity programs like Aadhaar, lacking robust protections
akin to Europe's GDPR. Stronger regulations on AI and privacy are essential to safeguard individual rights and
ensure equitable AI benefits.
3. The employment landscape is also shifting dramatically due to AI. The World Economic Forum predicts AI
and automation will globally displace 75 million jobs but create 133 million new ones by 2022. In India, this
transition demands significant educational reforms and skilling initiatives to prepare the workforce for AI-
driven roles, particularly as high-skill jobs may exacerbate income inequalities without inclusive strategies.
4. Security risks in AI are notable, with adversarial attacks posing threats to systems like autonomous
vehicles—a study by Cornell University highlighted such vulnerabilities. The potential for AI's militarization,
such as autonomous drones and decision-making systems, calls for stringent international regulations to
prevent an arms race, underscored by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
5. Governance and regulation need urgent attention as AI becomes integral to critical sectors like healthcare
and defense. India lacks a comprehensive AI regulatory framework, risking misuse. The AI stresses the
importance of strong governance structures to oversee AI development responsibly. Moreover, existing
intellectual property laws must evolve to address the unique challenges.
6. AI's "black box" decision-making processes, particularly in deep learning models, obstruct transparency and
accountability. Research into making AI decisions more understandable is crucial, especially for critical
applications in healthcare and criminal justice.

Internet of Things (IoT)

The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to an integrated system of physical objects (things) embedded with sensors,
software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data within the systems over the
“internet”. The physical objects used in the IoT range from ordinary household objects to sophisticated industrial
tools connected to the internet via embedded devices.
IoT is one of the fastest emerging technologies, providing enormous beneficial opportunities for individuals,
society, and governments.
Major Components of Internet of Things
Various components are required to work together in
order to facilitate Internet of Things (IoT). These are Major Components of IoT
as follows:
• Things or devices: These include smart
thermostats, wearable fitness trackers, connected
home appliances, industrial machinery that has
embedded sensors, processors, and
communication hardware to collect and
transmit data.
→ IoT devices are connected to the internet
network through various means, such as Wi-
Fi, cellular networks, Bluetooth, etc.

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38 BPSC MAINS NOTES (Science and Tech)
• Gateway: Gateway ensures interoperability of the connected devices and sensors.
→ It manages the bidirectional data traffic between different networks and protocols.
• Cloud: IoT cloud offers tools to collect, process, manage, and store huge amounts of data in real time.
→ Industries and services can easily access this data remotely and make critical decisions when necessary.
• Analytics: Itis the process of converting analog data from billions of smart devices and sensors into useful
insights that can be interpreted and used for detailed analysis.
→ It manages and improves the IoT system.
• User interface: User interfaces are the visible and tangible part of the IoT system that users can access,
interact with, and feed input and response to.
Applications of Internet of Things
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a versatile emerging technology with diverse applications in various key sectors
encompassing all quarters of human lives
• Smart Homes: Home automation systems are designed to make everyday routine tasks convenient, such as
regulating lights, controlling appliances, adjusting thermostats, etc.
→ It works with the help of Embedded systems, Home Automation Systems, Energy
Management and Climate adaptation.
• Health and wellbeing (Internet of Medical Things):
→ IoT for Patients - Wearable devices such as fitness bands and other wirelessly connected devices track
and monitor health parameters such as heartbeats and oxygen saturation in individual patients.
→ IoT for doctors - Data collected from IoT devices can help physicians identify the best treatment process
for patients by using wearables and other home monitoring equipments, etc.
→ IoT for Hospitals - IoT devices tagged with sensors can be used for tracking real time location of medical
equipment like wheelchairs, defibrillators, nebulizers, oxygen pumps, and other monitoring equipment.
• Smart industry: IoT can boost productivity by enabling industrial automation by real-time data analytics
and seamless operations with high-quality output.
→ The automation of industrial processes or Industrial IoT is integral to Industry 4.0.
• Smart Energy: IoT-enabled smart grid empowers consumers and governments to make better decisions
regarding energy usage.
→ It allows cities to save electricity through sophisticated, seamless connectivity and communications.
• Smart agriculture: IoT enables precision farming through data analysis to optimise agricultural operations.
→ It monitors key parameters such as soil moisture, nutrients, etc. and helps the farmer community make
better informed decisions.
→ It uses various technologies such as GPS, GIS, sensors, aerial devices, field mapping, etc. to streamline crop
management processes, increase production levels, and improve profitability.
→ Example: Israel based start-up FieldIn employs IoT to manage pests by using pesticides more efficiently
and safely.
• Smart Environment: IoT allows environmental sensors to connect with devices such as smartphones to
enable real time status of environmental factors such as humidity, temperature, pollutants, etc.
→ Moreover, it gives information about CO2 emissions and other greenhouse gases that can be harnessed for
climate modeling.
• IoT in Disaster Management: IoT can be helpful in quick hazard mapping, Earthquake Early Warning
Systems, etc.
→ For example, the National Advance Seismic System of the United States delivers real-time information,
providing situational awareness for emergency response.
• Smart Water Monitoring: Ministry of Jal Shakti, India, has decided to employ “sensorr-based IoT devices” in
every village under the National Jal jeevan mission to monitor the quality of water.

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Center Mob. 7255092722 | Muzaffarpur Centre Mob. 7707093072 | Siwan Center Mob. 7739620596 | Motihari Centre Mob. 9430052874 | Sasaram Centre
Mob. 8084994876 | Bhagalpur Centre Mob. 9431690496 | Delhi Mukherjee Nagar Centre Mob. 8603855800 | Delhi Karol Bagh Centre Mob. 9870288703
39 BPSC MAINS NOTES (Science and Tech)
• Smart Cities: Smart cities leverage IoT to facilitate smart infrastructure to improve the quality of life for
their city residents, optimize resource usage, and increase operational efficiency.
→ Smart traffic management systems for example, employ embedded sensors and cameras to regulate
traffic flow by taking real time data.
• Street lighting offers energy-efficient solutions through adaptive lighting facilitated by embedded systems on
the network.
• Waste Management Systems optimise collection routes and schedule the fill levels of waste containers by
collecting and analysing sensor data.
• IoT in Defense: The Internet of Military Things (IoMT) is a class of connected devices employed for warfare.
→ It has wide applications in advanced combat operations and intelligence-oriented warfare.
→ It allows real-time connectivity among devices, such as between unmanned vehicles and a central
command station.
→ For example, Joint All Domain Command and Control of the United States is based on a similar network
of sensors that connect all battlefield devices.
Government Initiatives to Promote IoT
The versatile utility of IoT has prompted the Indian Government to take the following initiatives to boost its
adoption in India:
• Draft IoT Policy, 2015: Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology launched India’s first IoT Policy
Document in 2014 as a framework for holistic implementation and execution of IoT-related policies.
• IoT-Centre of Excellence (CoE) by NASSCOM, MeitY, and ERNET: The CoE is specifically designed to help
Indian IoT start-ups create market-leading products.
→ CoE is India’s largest deep tech innovation ecosystem.
• National Digital Communications Policy 2018: It envisages enhancing internet and digital engagement
through IoT.
• Future Skill PRIME: It isa joint initiative by Nasscom & MeitY aiming to create a reskilling/upskilling
ecosystem in ten emerging and futuristic technologies, including IoT.
Challenges Associated with IoT
IoT offers many benefits; however, it also poses several risks and challenges. Following are some of the issues.
• Security and privacy risks: Any Internet-enabled device is vulnerable to being hacked and misused.
→ In the age of the Internet of Things, there are billions of connected devices that someone can use to access
private data, spread malware, or even cause tangible harm.
→ A recent leak of personally identifiable information about 815 million Indians on the dark web highlighted
the vulnerability of devices connected to the internet.
→ Data-breach further result in significant financial losses for both individuals and governments.
• Interoperability issues: IoT devices from different manufacturers often use distinct standards and protocols,
making it incompatible to interact and communicate between machines.
• Cost and complexity: Implementing an IoT system requires significant investments in hardware, software,
and infrastructure. Moreover, it requires specialized skills and expertise.
• Regulatory and legal challenges: Large-scale application and production of IoT devices in various
geographies create regulatory and legal challenges.
→ Different regulatory standards across nations create a complex environment for MNCs to comply with
data protection, privacy, and cybersecurity laws and regulations.
• Digital divide: The operation of IoT depends on Internet facilities, which are lacking in under-developed and
developing countries, such as India.
IoT as an emerging technology is still in its evolving phase. Given its vast applications encompassing almost all
quarters of human lives, the number of IoT devices is going to increase more rapidly in the future.

CYBER SECURITY
Computer security, cybersecurity or information technology security (IT security) is the protection of computer
systems and networks from information disclosure, theft of or damage to their hardware, software, or electronic
data, as well as from the disruption or misdirection of the services they provide.
The field is becoming increasingly significant due to the increased reliance on computer systems, the Internet
and wireless network standards such as Bluetooth and Wi-Fi, and due to the growth of “smart” devices, including
smartphones, televisions, and the various devices that constitute the “Internet of things”.
The government of India is taking many initiatives to enhance cybersecurity. With the rapid development of
information technology, it is critical to provide a safe and secure cyberspace.
What is Cyber?
The term, ‘Cyber’ is used in relation to the culture of computers, information technology, and virtual reality. The
connection between internet ecosystems forms cyberspace. The threat to cyberspace leads to an issue and gives
rise to the need for cybersecurity
Threats to Cyberspace:
1. Interconnectedness of Sectors
2. Increase in the number of exposure points
3. Concentration of assets
As per the NITI Aayog report, the threats to cyberspace have increased dramatically over the last 10 years. The
cyber attacks lead to the exposure of:
1. Sensitive information
2. Personal information and
3. Business information
The need for Cyber Security
Cyber Security protects the cyberspace from the following:
1. Cyber Attacks
2. Damage to Cyberspace
3. Misuse of Cyberspace
4. Economic Espionage
Cyber Threats and Cyber Security
There are types of cyber attacks that have evolved over a period of time:
1. Virus – It is a malware that self-replicates and spreads by inserting copies of itself into other executable
code or documents.
2. Hacking Websites – An unauthorized access to any website belonging in a personal or professional space
3. Malicious Codes – It is a kind of security threat where any code present in software tends to bring harmful
effects, breach the security of the system, or bring damage to the system.
4. Advanced Worm and Trojan – This is again a malware that camouflages as a regular software however
once accessed, brings damage to the hard drive, background systems and corrupts allocation systems
5. Identity Theft and Phishing – It is a cyber attack involving fraudulent emails posing as authorized entities
in order to induce people to reveal their information (personal and professional.)
6. DOS, DDOS – DOS stands for Denial-of-Service attack, and DDOS stands for Distributed Denial-of-Service
attack. The attackers make the machine or network unavailable by disrupting services of the host
network through the flood of superfluous requests to overload systems. And when such flooding of
requests comes from various ends, it is termed as DDOS.

Cyber Security – Indian Laws & Government Initiatives

There are various legislations that support cybersecurity in India. The table below mentions these:
Laws related to Cyber Important Facts
Security in India
Information and • Came into force in October 2000
Technology Act, 2000 • Also called Indian Cyber Act
• Provide legal recognition to all e-transactions
• To protect online privacy and curb online crimes
Information Technology The amendments in the IT Act mentioned:
Amendment Act 2008 • ‘Data Privacy’
(ITAA) • Information Security
• Definition of Cyber Cafe
• Digital Signature
• Recognizing the role of CERT-In
• To authorize the inspector to investigate cyber offenses against DSP who
was given the charge earlier
National Cyber Security Indian Government is coming up with the National Cyber Security Strategy 2020
Strategy 2020 entailing the provisions to secure cyberspace in India. The cabinet’s nod is pending
and it will soon be out for the public.
Cyber Surakshit Bharat MeitY in collaboration with National e-Governance Division (NeGD) came up with
Initiative this initiative in 2018 to build a cyber-resilient IT set up

What is the National Cyber Security Policy

National Cyber Security Policy is a policy framework by Department of Electronics and Information Technology
(DeitY) It aims at protecting the public and private infrastructure from cyber attacks. The policy also intends to

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Patna Musallahpur Hat Mob. 7250740458 | Gaya Center Mob. 8252507118 | Purnia Centre Mob. 8092086324 | Bihar Sharif Centre Mob. 7004382832 | Ara
Center Mob. 7255092722 | Muzaffarpur Centre Mob. 7707093072 | Siwan Center Mob. 7739620596 | Motihari Centre Mob. 9430052874 | Sasaram Centre
Mob. 8084994876 | Bhagalpur Centre Mob. 9431690496 | Delhi Mukherjee Nagar Centre Mob. 8603855800 | Delhi Karol Bagh Centre Mob. 9870288703
42 BPSC MAINS NOTES (Science and Tech)
safeguard “information, such as personal information (of web users), financial and banking information and
sovereign data”. Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India) defines Cyberspace as a
complex environment consisting of interactions between people, software services supported by worldwide
distribution of information and communication technology.
Need for a cybersecurity policy
• Before 2013, India did not have a cybersecurity policy. The need for it was felt during the NSA spying issue
that surfaced in 2013.
• Information empowers people and there is a need to create a distinction between information that can
run freely between systems and those that need to be secured. This could be personal information,
banking and financial details, security information which when passed onto the wrong hands can put the
country’s safety in jeopardy.
• This Policy has been drafted in consultation with all the stakeholders.
• In order to digitise the economy and promote more digital transactions, the government must be able to
generate trust in people in the Information and Communications Technology systems that govern
financial transactions.
• A strong integrated and coherent policy on cybersecurity is also needed to curb the menace of cyber
terrorism.
Cyber Security: Steps taken
❖ Institutional Measures:
• Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-in) functions under MEITY to secure India’s
Communications and Information Infrastructure.
• National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID)is a central agency which aims to have an integrated intelligence
grid that will source sensitive personal information on citizens from different government agencies for
counter-terrorism investigations.
• Cyber Swachhta Kendra, a Botnet Cleaning and Malware Analysis Centre. It helps in detecting malicious
programmes and free tools to remove such programmes.
• National Technical Research Organisation (NTRO)is a technical intelligence gathering agency. It
undertakes hi-tech surveillance jobs such as : satellite monitoring, data gathering and processing,
software development.
• National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC) national nodal agency for the
protection of Critical Information Infrastructure. It is created under the IT Act, 2000.
• National cyber coordination centre (NCCC) under Ministry of Home Affairs, scans the internet traffic
coming into the country and provides real time information regarding cyber threats to various security
agencies.
❖ Legislative Measures:
• Information Technology Act, 2000 (amended in 2008)provides legal recognition to electronic documents. It
also provides a legal framework for e-commerce transactions and to deal with cybercrimes.
• National Cyber Security Policy 2013 aims to create a secure cyberspace; develop suitable indigenous
security technologies and enhance global cooperation.
• National Encryption Policy, 2015aims to secure transactions in Cyber Space for individuals, businesses,
Government including nationally critical information systems and networks.
❖ Programmes and Initiatives:
• Cyber Surakshit Bharat Initiative is first public-private partnership where the various IT officers across
the central and state government departments, banks, PSUs are trained by IT industry.

Fintech
Definition: Fintech, short for financial technology, refers to technologically enabled financial innovations. It
represents an emerging industry that utilizes technology to enhance various activities within the financial sector.
Fintech encompasses a range of services, from mobile banking and investing to borrowing and cryptocurrency,
with the aim of making financial services more accessible and efficient.
❖ Characteristics of Fintech:
• Technological Integration: Fintech leverages advancements in technology, such as smartphones, to
deliver financial services.
• Innovation: Fintech companies, both startups and established institutions, innovate to enhance or
replace traditional financial services.
• Agility: Fintech aims to provide agile and differentiated experiences for end-users, offering a wider range
of options at competitive prices.
❖ Fintech in India:
• Global Recognition: India is recognized as one of the fastest-growing Fintech markets globally, sharing
the highest FinTech adoption rate with China.
• Digital Payments: The digital payments sector in India exhibited substantial growth, with a value of $65
billion in 2019. It is expected to continue growing at a CAGR of 20% until 2023.
• Market Size: The overall transaction value in the Indian Fintech market is projected to increase from $65
billion in 2019 to $140 billion in 2023.
• Fintech Companies: India boasts around 1,250 Fintech firms, contributing to job creation and attracting
significant investments.
❖ Regulatory Perspective:
• Reserve Bank’s Role: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has actively encouraged the use of electronic
payments to move towards a “less-cash” society.
Objectives:
• Safety: Ensuring secure payment transactions.
• Convenience: Enhancing the convenience of financial services.
• Accessibility: Making financial services accessible to a broader population.
• Technological Solutions: Leveraging technology for faster processing.
• Affordability: Ensuring cost-effective financial solutions.
• Interoperability: Facilitating seamless interaction between different systems.
Customer Awareness and Protection: Educating and safeguarding customers in the digital financial space.
• Fintech in India represents a transformative force in the financial sector, offering innovative solutions
that align with the country’s goals of universal financial inclusion. The growth of digital payments and
the vibrant Fintech ecosystem underscore the significant progress made in the Indian financial
landscape. Regulatory initiatives aim to balance innovation with safety, accessibility, and consumer
protection.
❖ Types:
• Digital Payments: These offer digital payment solutions, such as mobile wallets, online payment
gateways, and peer-to-peer (P2P) payments. Ex-Phonepe, Paytm etc.

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Patna Musallahpur Hat Mob. 7250740458 | Gaya Center Mob. 8252507118 | Purnia Centre Mob. 8092086324 | Bihar Sharif Centre Mob. 7004382832 | Ara
Center Mob. 7255092722 | Muzaffarpur Centre Mob. 7707093072 | Siwan Center Mob. 7739620596 | Motihari Centre Mob. 9430052874 | Sasaram Centre
Mob. 8084994876 | Bhagalpur Centre Mob. 9431690496 | Delhi Mukherjee Nagar Centre Mob. 8603855800 | Delhi Karol Bagh Centre Mob. 9870288703
45 BPSC MAINS NOTES (Science and Tech)
• Alternative Lending: They are also known as marketplace lending or Peer-2-Peer (P2P lending), occurring
on online platforms that connect borrowers overlooked by traditional lenders with investors looking for
high-yield investments. Ex: Lending Club, Prosper, PayPal Working Capital, GoFundMe etc.
• Insurance: These offer digital insurance solutions, such as health insurance, life insurance, and car
insurance. Ex-Digit Insurance, Policybazaar etc.
• InvestmentTech: These offer digital investment solutions, such as stock trading, mutual funds, and
• Cryptocurrency trading. Ex-Zerodha, Groww etc.
• Others types include Crop loan risk management (Eg: Satsure), online fraud detection (e.g. Tutelar), debt
management (Debt Nirvana) and Banking-as-a-Service Platform (e.g., FidPay)
❖ What are the Government Initiatives Driving the Growth of FinTech?
Digital Identity Infrastructure (JAM Trinity):
• Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY): This world's largest financial inclusion program has provided bank accounts to
over 450 million people creating a massive base for FinTech companies to offer new financial products and
services like remittances, credit, insurance, and pensions directly through these accounts.
• Aadhaar: According to a World Bank study, Aadhaar has facilitated bank account opening for over 570 million
previously unbanked adults in India. Aadhaar Enabled Payment System (AePS) has allowed Aadhaar card
holders to conduct financial transactions using their Aadhaar number and biometric authentication
(fingerprint or iris scan).
• Unified Payments Interface: UPI transaction volume has surged by 49% year-on-year. More banks are
embracing UPI, with the number of integrated banks increasing from 414 in April 2023 to 581 in April 2024.
This wider availability is fueling the overall growth in UPI transactions.
• Regulatory Support and Innovation:- In 2017, the RBI granted recognition to Peer-to-Peer (P2P) lending
platforms as Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) providing legitimacy and facilitated growth within
the P2P lending segment, expanding credit access for individuals and small businesses.
• Regulatory Sandbox (RS) and Fintech Repository: - RS is an infrastructure that helps Fintech players to live
test their products or solutions, before getting the necessary regulatory approvals for a mass launch, saving
start-ups time and cost. The RBI established a Regulatory Sandbox in 2017. Additionally, the Fintech Repository
launched in 2021 serves as a centralised information hub for fintech companies, promoting transparency and
streamlining regulatory compliance.
• Self-Regulatory Organisations (SRO) Framework:- To promote responsible growth, and recognizing the need
for industry-led self-regulation, the RBI introduced a framework for Self-Regulatory Organizations (SROs) in
the FinTech sector in 2023. These SROs act like guardians within the industry, establishing and enforcing a
code of conduct, grievance redressal mechanisms, and consumer protection standards.
❖ Steering Committee Recommendations Related to Fintech
• The Steering Committee, chaired by Subhash Chandra Garg, on Fintech Related Issues submitted its report to
the Finance Minister in 2019.
• The Committee was constituted with the objective of making Fintech related regulations more flexible and
enhancing entrepreneurship.
Key Observations regarding Fintechs:
• Banking entities have an advantage in accessing crucial payment infrastructure like Aadhaar-enabled
payment systems. This hinders a level playing field for non-banking Fintech companies.
• The lack of a regulatory sandbox, a controlled environment for testing innovative products, stifles
experimentation and slows growth.
• The rise of Fintech introduces new data privacy and security risks. Existing regulations and the Data
Protection Act might need adjustments to foster a secure and growth-oriented environment.

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Patna Musallahpur Hat Mob. 7250740458 | Gaya Center Mob. 8252507118 | Purnia Centre Mob. 8092086324 | Bihar Sharif Centre Mob. 7004382832 | Ara
Center Mob. 7255092722 | Muzaffarpur Centre Mob. 7707093072 | Siwan Center Mob. 7739620596 | Motihari Centre Mob. 9430052874 | Sasaram Centre
Mob. 8084994876 | Bhagalpur Centre Mob. 9431690496 | Delhi Mukherjee Nagar Centre Mob. 8603855800 | Delhi Karol Bagh Centre Mob. 9870288703
46 BPSC MAINS NOTES (Science and Tech)
Recommendations:-
• Expanding Fintech Services: Encourage the use of Fintech for bolstering cybersecurity, fraud control, and
money laundering prevention. Explore virtual banking and dematerialisation of financial instruments
(converting physical certificates to electronic form).
Policy Actions for Promotion:
• Government and public sector institutions should leverage AI for back-end automation.
• Collaborate with MSMEs to implement blockchain solutions in trade finance.
Financial Inclusion:
• Develop a credit registry for farmers using AI/ML based credit scoring to enable easier loan access.
• Utilise Fintech for managing claims and premium payments in agricultural crop insurance schemes.
• Create a common digital platform for small savings products, micro-pension schemes, and government
pensions, facilitating digital subscriptions.
Collaboration and Coordination:
• Form an advisory council on Fintech with industry experts for each financial sector regulator.
• Establish an inter-regulatory technical group for better coordination between regulatory bodies.
• Set up an inter-ministerial group to explore potential applications of Fintech-enabling technologies.
• Collaborate with other countries to share knowledge on Fintech risks and benefits.
• Data Protection: Establish a task force within the Ministry of Finance to address data protection challenges
specific to the financial sector.
Associated challenge
• Cyber-Attacks: Automation of processes and digitization of data makes fintech systems vulnerable to attacks
from hackers. Recent instances of hacks at debit card companies and banks are illustrations of the ease with
which hackers can gain access to systems and cause irreparable damage.
• Data Privacy Issue: The most important questions for consumers pertain to the responsibility for cyber
attacks as well as misuse of personal information and important financial data.
• Difficulty in Regulation: Regulation is also a problem in the emerging world of FinTech, especially
cryptocurrencies. In most countries, they are unregulated and have become fertile ground for scams and
frauds. Due to the diversity of offerings in FinTech, it is difficult to formulate a single and comprehensive
approach to these problems.
Way Forward
• Guarding Against Cybercriminals: Currently, India majorly relies on import of offensive as well as defensive
cybersecurity capabilities. Given the growing scale of adoption of technology, it is imperative for India to
attain Atma-Nirbharta (Self- Sufficiency) in this domain.
• Educating Consumers: Apart from establishing technological safeguards, educating and training customers
to spread awareness about the benefits of fintech and guard against cyberattacks will also help in
democratisation of FinTech.
• Data Protection Law: Established fintech sandboxes by RBI to evaluate the implications of technology in the
sector is a step in the right direction.
However, there is a requirement for a strong data protection framework in India. In this context, the personal
data protection bill, 2019, must be passed after thorough debate and discussion

Net Neutrality
What is Net Neutrality ?
'Net- Neutrality' refers to the concept of non-discrimination of internet traffic by intermediate
networks on any criteria. The network should be neutral to all the information being transmitted through it.

Concerns for Consumers:

Additional Costs :
• Supporters of net neutrality contend that imposing extra costs on OTT platforms might be transferred to
subscribers, leading to higher fees or diminished service quality.

What is the Way Forward for an Inclusive Digital Landscape in India?

• Regulation Clarity: The TRAI should continue to provide regulatory clarity and guidance on net
neutrality. This includes defining and enforcing net neutrality principles that prevent discriminatory
practices, while also allowing for reasonable network management.
• Multi-Stakeholder Approach: Consider a balanced approach that acknowledges the interests of both
telecom companies and OTT service providers. Finding a middle ground that ensures fair competition and
innovation while allowing telecom companies to recover investments is crucial.
• Transparency: Encourage transparency in how ISPs manage their networks and how they cooperate with
OTT providers. This transparency can help ensure that any network management practices are
reasonable and non-discriminatory.
• Continual Assessment: Regularly assess the impact of net neutrality regulations on the telecom industry
and OTT providers. This assessment should consider the evolving nature of the internet and its services.
• Public Awareness and Education: Increase public awareness and education about the importance of net
neutrality, its principles, and how it impacts consumers. Informed consumers can play a role in
formulating regulations for net neutrality.
• Global Best Practices: Take a look at global best practices and examples of successful net neutrality
regulations in other countries. These can provide insights and lessons for India's regulatory framework
❑ ❑ ❑

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Science and Tech Week 2

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Science and Tech Week 2

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70 BPSC Mains Notes

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT (IPR) CYBER SECURITY

CLOUD COMPUTING & SUPER COMPUTER Fintech, Net Neutrality

New Technology { ROBOTICS, Nano-Science And Technology, LASER TECHNOLOGY,

• Medicine:- Biotechnology has facilitated groundbreaking developments in medicine, including the

Basic steps of genetic engineering

Applications of Genetic Engineering

Benefits of Genetic Engineering

Challenges of Genetic Engineering

Three Parent Baby

Ethical Considerations and Safety Concerns

Three-parent babies represent a significant advancement in reproductive technology aimed at

Stem Cells Therapy

Cloning, the process of generating a genetically identical copy of a cell or an

GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS

Some Other Benefits of GM Crops

Measures to Promote Balanced Use of GM Crops in India:

❖ Mission Indradhanush, 2014

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT (IPR)

CLOUD COMPUTING & SUPER COMPUTING

• The e-Panchayat scheme was launched to enhance government

• A public cloud storage for Indian citizens provided by the government.

• It utilises a multi-cloud architecture for expanded scalability.

• NHAI introduced an AI-based big data analytics platform.

• Also known as GI Cloud, it aims to adopt cloud computing in government

• Smart Cities Mission leverages cloud computing for local development

• The RBI employs cloud solutions to achieve nationwide banking

• Power applications include CRM, supply chain management, and data

• Cloud platforms address various business and technical needs in

What are the challenges in the adoption of cloud computing in India?

Status of Robotics in India

Nano-Science And Technology

Challenges Associated with Superconductivity

Application of AI in various fields

Internet of Things (IoT)

Cyber Security – Indian Laws & Government Initiatives

What is the National Cyber Security Policy

Concerns for Consumers:

What is the Way Forward for an Inclusive Digital Landscape in India?

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