=p Pngsica Porob excty ¢ The proper ae, tan be measured wi nout ant ait ro ia the = Subston § fo, OA Phage’ cad property Lhe maw, volume, ay ete, 7, “votes Prob ue ee 7 “ean be evaluated ad the coat zsh % known aa Chemicod papery X emul Hekaoye nous FF Law of Chemical Combination :- | ally | => Low Pananreurtfon Hana for an Cherm ca) thane Bel imi active Boca are alw product Gonwed hE gt - Q a oe 4Dattony Otomic then atom nether created nor deroyed’. Total mapes ‘| Heattank = Tétod Mmowes of producke + Mom of wrreacted Keactnt 4-40 | vohen hee Ho olured ban ae ie | aa an na Pah “ie behaoll we Me 3-465 4 :... A thee sere “SI luarhoate He a" , — see : + i “40 oy ea ‘take Codncte aaa VIE FL IQS "ig een the Ot phodach Heactank ans ners iat = 4.1 — Y 89/= a This Amal) dit exenca raft dug ch «experimental UA Thus, wo of ial mos holds gre wihin expose MMOL = law Constant proportion :- A chemi Combound ay containg same tlemenkt in d a fen b and it dees pst a Sourwn 4 “tampon @! OF On. —" COs Cate, —42-5 C204 Or Naan, + QHU—> QNadd HHaP + Wr CHy + Qa — > Cort QHDii Combesiion (WO. obtained bi erent meand fee Name C10 satos tate 348 => law Malh ple Bijosite whan Es _tlemene Combing to na wo Bl more thay too erent Com pound thn di} Exerc maneey one Surat 8 wae Combind wi ‘xed = moo oter —glement bear & simple fo +o onw anothes. oe Corben pane too oxidea tn Oxygen Carbon monoxds C47) Oss lag ley Carbon Ottdo CHO, = COn lag 325 The nate masses of en in CO Gnd CO dined mow au of tiabaal A 162395 1:2 gr => lw tt a pe 4 choo “Elemente B ond C seach msith ee pcs Hrd element (A), the saHo fn whith the, will be he dame et simple mmuliple + i ® veil t neat with = each othrRatio | masa o Carbon and Lulphu volt Combi uth fd mas (32 parts) “@ Oxygen te yasaa ot 3:3 OY (1) dn CSa rato ma rel aye Casbon and Sulphur % a:6Y A 3:16 Ss Oa. _ =e * a / 3c - The “isl vebpetide aaa (2) cre seelated cto ead Otho by BeB A al wo 3 a ( % Te E; 6 al al waHo fe a multiple ¢ Aecond ty Luacls Cornbini Volumes !— ven) ieee and ee use the Velumea ¢ tour jeactants oducte bear a dimple fe number wato + eath Hara) + Uni y Wy) ER je of saat hy dear ies) a, one volume ae Ten" volume o kd Gs je. Hato Volume — vohich bow & ie whith & a Arple whole nuOther examples ane!- ASO, + Oa = asdg Carta’) Qveluwe Avolumg Volume AnHy Bene +3he [ass] Q Votume qyotume Svolumt Nig + HU Neytl Cvaboux Ut: 3) volume Lvotumg 2 Volumd FE Dalton's Atomic 7 In Wat, Datton published A nto Hee Of Chemical phitesoph fn wohtdh hep. 510 pated lg ph Ma Consist a i acto = AI tho atoms 4 a Ben wtment hare dental paopokies ‘ndludicg Sdn eal maw. Atoms defforent dement df in V mars. = Comp ounds are ce when dcoma ‘a a sea Combined ge ian > Chemica = weactons “wale at These ore ndtr treated Lae 8 Sm Na hie eachon.=> Vimitatfens :— dhe main soflurcs Daktonle atomic theoky axe. > Aton wa no mere indivisible. db fy made \Jup vatow 4ub~ atomic portider ke alechonu, pete and neuten te > iH failed do enblain the shoe a ge thot bind Vs ePosent Eo 2 Ni = aled explain Ga seac'g [aco Corbin aniles ci 1 4 | > g did not make any distinction behoeen wWHmale portide 4 on Uement that tokea pas in xeachon (odors) Vand +e ultimate pasetide’ tho hoes Independent — enetence (molecules > Jgebars Wn not ke explained by Datton's theo te Atomic mass and Moleculax macs !- => Porte Mass The atomic mas an element tan be dened as +e number vobich Niindicater how sae Hmes VU tha masg one atom the glement & hava th Carpeabon to the ¢ one Gdoro af hydragen Atomic mass oY an tlement => _Mas ond tha elem Mase of Yotn park o} 8s of Cla ademoduath 4 heat in ia ae i ie Pee “hb fe Atomte man x Ape ect heat = alli nek But His lao & on Abpli cable Aitken element Uke bern, Carbon, Sileon. She ry) adom! Ye i Ey ie | a me ‘i mic mow 82 Sof" = Speagie heat = = SOR Qtomic mas # Avec Ail Wiel poe axe found ae frotopic qrnm Coterna o Same) No. 4 moles of molecule s _ Wah fo iota on > No, q mel ef atoms = Wat fn so Atomic mae Ne moles s Gases Vot. at STP Standard molar veluma (standard molar velurea ab STPS 22.4 U4)- Sha li + number molecules S& 4 ear 4 4G i) tueg cf Canzor ©) 364 | Hed @) sia | Nads AS 364 Had= & mole a Heb while oth» opto hoa Les mole. He Atomic weg grt an Element & arama Pr Called ad qi ass rem ater an Element. Gram atomic mass & He w a. 1 mete ea eS Seer) of tho flea di a i called og ft a Aw cela, GAw SRG = $038 io ‘am, Cavbon = 4 mole atom CT Cad “gran Ortom + tbo | HF Percentage Corniposi-on 4 a Combounal gS Foassniisye | ie of a Compound Se the relate ‘4 He ComAtuent — fn [0 park ab on olecar masa of Compourct, ag Bee eartien( in dection 1-10) ' can it oe os Ho dum of +he Atomic masces atoms which Consttuie +2 molecule 4 ‘ane Compound.Frcteoulen mase Calcium = Nitrate *- Ca(NOs)2 = Atomic mass op Cat Q% Atomic mast N46 X Arromic mass of O = Yoraxi4tEx 16> Got 2b + I's 164 UY Loo} Caldurn(Cq)= __ Mace of Ca (loo "2 molecula, mats of Cal ae Saq% t 4 en (N)= ___ mags of N19 =_8F clo 2-05 _ melewtlar mase of Cal NO. 6 . = a 7 era mars ii ta (Ng), “jer! * How muth fe obtined Arvo ‘Cebha “agree (Cot ile te Sof Molecular mase of Cusdy= Atomic mas of bat Atornie mast of S+4xX Atomic mas of O = 68. S404 UXI6 = IS9S y yam molecular mase of Babs isis @ Novo, 188.5 g of Casey hae (x= 68S . Img of CuSoy hare Ce fei m.. 39 la 59-8# Empivicd formula :- St fe the formula which expresrer the. dmal(eat- vohole num rato of ae Contiteent acbom vorthn Me molecule. gt A Compound Contains C= #1.8% ,H = 12.95% and O= - vI% . What & the &mpivical froma Ye tho Compound. ay mic | WO9t-% | Relate | Sirnpleat Empinical name ust | Mase eae no. oF | thymic femmes thd §ymbo| Atom | Ratio Carbon (¢) | 1Q | 41-98 ]4692 S90 $996 we Ia 0-997 Com. D Hy drogen (WH) 2 fiaas |129s. ef ieas cp) ° : DAR Ox 0 . k 41 = 4g Co) 1 | ise 11.078] oan = 3» Wote tHe chemical equation qr the follows veaction and balance the ame by Nt and trial method Sel dha akeletm equatton qf Hn seaction fe: CaaNat Had —s Calon + NHs dhe balendng @& done in tho following tes 2- W Saleag Ca octoms ¢ ‘t - CasNat Y Had—» 3Ca(okKh + Nik () Balance tha N atoms’. WeNat HO — 3Ca( OH), + ANHe @) Belane He O adm (agNat 6Ha® > 30s(OH). + QNHyaa ches ahoms are a balenee d. v. Fino cod Peet uxton ae CasNat 6H —3 30o(Ox) + “ANH => Balone He fptevng 4 ' inal Q) Cat Ha®— Colo + Ha A) Ayla + HaO—> Al(OH + CHy tie vohat mast of ‘ Cobpen oxida mig Mec | as 4 o Copper Carbonate 2 (Atomic m 63-8 Bn the Chern cal P for the Yenttion fe (xlos Het, eS 2 63-5+12 +45 6a $36 = as eT 183.89 Tal Carbonate uben heat ue ae 40g | per Corbonate tha? nae ‘die “Res 4 . leasg of Cobper me de = ty Casa Kd03 on heat decomposes do ore and Om. What be the Volums. of Ox at — NTP Goede by OL mole of ko; 44> The Chemical eg” tha decomposition of KUO, & QAKUO, Hear, cane P 4 ‘ Ame} 3m (3 02a¥l > Grav) KdO, tole Og at NTPs 62.24. Q moles kel0, evole O, at NTPs 672 | a 4 mole 0-| mole of KUO, evole Ox at NTPs 622 4 OLS 32L a = 1 dite o} ne at NTP & allowed to seach usth 3 Lies al (Carbon monoxide af NTP, Calatate +2 volume t ath gu fous qe the xeaction An" Jha seeackon takes place acini to the equation aco + O, ——> Ara, a ol Qe 2L of Oa race wsth COrQL at Vet of CO Left uneeatied = 3-Q2= 4L vat of (oa) {rmets ahSho sceactant vohich & totally? consumed during the Course of aeacton and when SH f& tenaumed 2¢&th'on athe. ‘dhe Concept of Limiting sceactant fe applicable to reaction = ott than mo ge Je when more than one Heactant — {nvolred: By Qk AKU t BOR ag no Limit eds Jo determing Se Limit geagent amount o oll seactankt «and = mole = xaHo Jeactatl must de Keown. Ha ato moles of Vaeactant A with sxeapect ch eactant B %& 'Gueate than toe sxRHo ‘i tho mole a A do moles 8 dev a balanced chemical ee Hoy BY The Limiting seacient. Oa to yield HO, & 3049 of Ha xa with UO ) Woh & tha Limiting reacted ) 2) (abeudate the maxim amount of HaD tho Can be nol @) Calurtete Hie, [nace ona y ha Heactarly wo th memaind — Url gl’: Sha balanced Chemical gh KS Qua + Ox — QHD BAQ> UY 4g Axit> 364Skp- F Determination Umit yeachant 4 Ha wack withY Oe 3 i : & y of Ha reach with Oa 3B yas e But tho Amount of omen at available s 22 As gen Se ayailable “tn excess, ape » hyde Ge the Aimiting weachant. Seb Caluutetion at Hho mount o water dha can be fone “9 Ha dem HaO fn the Keaction = 36 | ve a + Ha care Had fn Hho neacHon = Si-xa ad Seber (aludation of tha amousct a beet unreacted ri q a t 4 v ube Oa aeaction = 32 2 31 of Hie begue peachion = wad But oxygen whith achally pxent= 4 a Fevourt vey lyr inves sat Ora, eGER VLEUEEN > Molaaity (M)> dhe meee $ the no. of moles oh alee pxeaent one Lite (sae of Ho et" Ms Ww X Lomo m XV in mJ M=> _No. mole of Aol Vedume of dei" (in Litt) w= mast of Aolutem,= melon mar af dohule, Ve Vet. of 401 => Ihe rote (mm): - dhe rootalty fe the no. + moles of Aotute poeaent Gr ong 'f va ye ° a ea of gofuse aera cy grams) a raf Sotverch (in i) =D Relation beboeen moter and = Molaly = > i “ acon (oho : at an’)=> Part 7 millten ast ( ppm)- tet tafe a4 Hho. mar of dolut "prevent 'in one million 10°.) past bs mass of te dat”. es ier a tolute A, perma = mass x 10% mass of af >Relationthip beboeen molarity (N) and Molality (im) ! - Molanity M measa M meted dole are phedunt fn 0 ct. 1 ae an deni 4 Ho sof (Us: max 4 4 Mun Yates mag ( Ma a i oy vf Hunee, mast of Solvent = Lovo d~ rye ~ Molabidy tm) = ___M__y [ovo 4 lopod ~ MM = loom topo d~ MM thu, ms__M d= MMe [1650 a m(d- rans M ot m(i4 mMe \ md a) loo a Ms 1+m M2 / oro=> Relationship behoen molabity (m) and mole fraction fa)'~ Molabity{m)! meara m motes of! the Aotue in “1oV0.9 oY Ho Adbtent = Lov/'m, moler( m= met of may | Ha dolrent ) Hence, mole fracion Xa) 2 __ m+lovo/ m, = mM ss lop + mM, thus) X. = —mMs __ lovo+ mm, a 4 | loptmm = [oD 4 4 Xo mm, mm, O top 24-2 2 I-Xe =X mM Ra re A, %, OA m= Jovy, my > Relationship behaeen matey (im) and mole fraction Cua). Mole fraction, Xao M loved ~ MMs) 7m, 4M & Xa MM, (immed ~ Mma.) +m, = N M[Mi- Ma) + Jono d Thar X25 MM m(M\~Ne) + loved BA, Ms loved xa XM tatasi Coludate the molasity of a _go{ tontadntinn og of Cowon NadH cae h Ann “tt Nao diesolved = 0-8 vi tho go}? = 00g Coduatation of te ts OS9 of Nadt= ote of NaoH (e Nd. maw "ee 4o) = 0018s mele Shs, S00 wt 4} contain Na0H= 0-0las mok ~ Lovo un He dof Contain Naot p2las x tov wa = 0-0ar mote. Hence, mole of the sets 002s M ss Cludate Ho mel a Aol eontoining V8 H2as0y fn 8d oat d The ot" N o” > Man of Hay iin 43 Vet. He Aofs sv om* Cateulatton of baal Mol. maw 3" Hapoys N98 ~ No. of moles of Hefoys Meng = At =04 a 50 cm of The 40{" Condain Haldy = Ol mete Lose um® of ha def” Contain Habe 2-1, lowe = 0-4 el Hence, tna | dol = 0.4 M