MO D ULE

Electodymmometes attmttds:
neugle pointed
Current

(Axea)
Current
Col-I

Y A
&uprty
apinde
’I+ &s bu'lt by t fxed coils, Connece d An series
ang a moving cail paoeg between fed cols ft*4
4 pointer or spindte
Orstruchst-(0fred to
-’ 4 coi ase con nectt in series wity load 6o as
the same usrent to the toaq. Teoetoe trmed
9 curent Coi|.
’ Mainmagnetie frelq s.prodaad by tese fq cotl a.

Curnent roportionay to vo ttage

is connected in
Seties wtty the pessure co to res4tct the curentiIt also
engure that the rent in press ure csil &heud be 8ome pha
with the Vettageerit load oltae .
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B) ortrol Sysem - Srin tonte{ syskm s used
for qevetopeng contntli torqu (T)
(4) Beminf ayien t- trfrchn qumpin ued.( Ta)
(5) Catibrateq seae Linear
ear A uniform scale.
() Spindte, poin ter needte Ugkl werht
WeKcnt oindple

-7Whencurend puSses thouih the fred and na

prod ueedby j d co' 8s propoo-tiona t curent,
wwlethe mag
Mpotnn eeg ymaonfa
7defechin toque ls pretuced duu to intractiona of
these -two frets, the deftecte oist pprtio nay to te

+Torque equation f eteetodynamamele satmeer

4= instantaneou eurret
t
e, 22= ing tantaneous turrent

he =sef nductance of mainy codl.

"f electredynamaneser)=utua
equivalenteir cuit inductane
mavinf coi
, = 4i, + Mi

e, (emfi) =
dt
(22tni;)
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 E =p. d+ tme

hery power
t= e..dt
tmf curren t
Ej = ei, dt EEt EL = , dt +ezi,d+

+ijdu+mdi, ti;4n)i t(zdiztiyd 4tM4,ti4)2

teney upieg. ’0
Enerfy stneqin inductos 3-Eui4ui tiM
Increased in store ener-qe1utd)(i
2. +di)*4(td)ld)
lexpand )

Mechenica4 wok done tto Moe the = T4 xe’)

Enery up plied = èncreaed in + mechanicaf
Storeq enry NITKdone

dejle ctny
tnquezn
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for de kugply

Ta = Te

=
te Ve dM

iL= imsin(wt-)
T

’ by expendiny the above eqeton ;

Cutent cat

tt steady 8tatt ;
To = Te

S4, t i founto be an indicatorn

of power to be mees urtd.
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 i

eddy cuTrent (os s48.

’ used on boty :C& die kupe'y

dudvantafer
’ sensitin to overtsoq meeneay mpoath.
’lownsive.

trork in Ele ctrody namemates Natnetd

" Ev1or dwto pressure cad induetene
Tere presSare ad useiy es stie .

(ras istiey +Powes Ber phese

Per

a)

{oesitoace1
inPegt)
(belaseo7 domindat
Teoe viosReoyo-)
Correctsnfet = Tre powes (e)
(Cr) meesured power.l Pa)

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 eos

cotp cos t singeafinß sin

Cas
sec' ex pondin,
wse simyle

t ’ eos(* +pluadon
see'p= t tan=I

l+tenptonf Pm
Prt4 tan tan B)

v{, sint, sh

Retr

’ he prenure coll may hare inherent capse tonce inadditn to

inuetance, The etectof capseite nce eraety poste to
hat ot mdaettnci
-’ If the apactie

3" eror de conechon,

4" eddy Cusrent
Cus errorg.

6. Tempeture erTors

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 Wattneex lL'pF Wattreter)

-’f any cvcuit s

then
watmeter d'Fftult
Te reainf of wat
wattneter is inaeurate because -

2- The inguctance of praswe co ntrduces censi4erabe

’ Inonder to et acacurate Teadin from wattnttr

erut,thus
when pf ia low, luustnt is h h in the
n this case pres Surt cot eannot be conneet4 to supPty
Srde ay produeed
Py (ttnptang) Pr (
% s10s= Pm- Pr 100

tonsiderasle at
L' P.F .
phantn toading
’Wnhe currentatn ofa metd
tmm
wnger te it is 'gh borty actua loecin
Cngiqeet|e wettt of powes ott ouy.
done. pPrestueUT/odtrs (ond

amay votage fatey auveatflous th vouhthe

Current co pom to vottage Bupp'y"
’The enrfy tndleated by te meter under phanton 2y

tbacing te same as te eneriy àdecatn

tte tote enerycns Unption is low tthis test.
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 EneryMeted - l4 s an intefraintype iastumt
wh?dy measure the qeantity eletbicity
and secord the enery c
’ Canstruct'on -

instrone nt
Shuntmagnet
PPressure

Rupely shad'n
Coll

Srotsin
Pernanent
magnet
(braking Current

Serie
Dmaget
bessing

-’The C| atache

-euyprod ured by the shant Fs fought in eaet

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 www.iitkirba.xyz
Eep
ies
Ees
Carsen
euvrtntEep dueto eday upe tndactie)
-’(purely
current eddy
tectuat) 6-4)
indueed
due emf edody Ee=s turrent
s to pressuwt
ca p
todue emf eddy Ee=p
e indueed Current
voltafe Curret
co Supply dsz V=
q?se. the by
made
evoluttons the topopoti
ona whcy
4
mechsnm frkng tor qncminium atu the
neat Placeq
betoen suppoteq shaf atey ght ina
gnets, khent
Khunt and res betway
st t in
 # Errors in enerfymted -
| laquetve loag adjurtrrent /pf adljustrent/qxadvotare sdjutment
’The enery me ter w? ve cor tue enery on!y &
Preisure cor| ghoud be cesn uca that t s
indactive an hs a loaw neetstanee d tobwion eort losse3.
’H an be done by usi Bhadn ban d.
2 Lifht le ad or friekon ompeato i
ticton errors are seoiou at
NLeess ary to arrane for bmalt forg,praticalhy indipandent
ta on the mete y whieey aets in the gicct'on ofotahin
and whd is nearyeuothe Magnitude of Grca t e
7hs ts sualy obtained by a Bmal 6kadiny loop
Ktuated s cere pole of shunt aget ang tho qse.
3"

ts obser ved re when thee is cuent

the cutrent cotl ony pressust ol is ene his is

amponjatiÝnof
foiction .
t can be avotded by drl twe holes on the atemin)
qinc placed am giame trieay ofposite toeatdns.
the qtse and the disc auitt teng to itop orth the heles comin
undes neaty e shunt mgnet poles.
4 due to
nereeses the preisurt Co'l oesistacest eby equeing
S oT0r ue to 6vevtoad
6" ¬o Vue to voVoltge voaraton.

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 Working of the Energy Meter
Ihe energy meter has the aluminium disc whose rotation determines the power
COnsumption of the load. The disc is placed between the air gap of the series and
Shunt electromagnet. The shunt magnet has the pressure coil, and the series magnet
has ihe cureni coil.
Thepressure coil creates the magnetic field because of the supply voltage, and the
Current coil produces itbecause of the current.
The field induces by the voltage coil is lagging by 90° on the magnetic field of the
Current coil because of which eddy Current induced in the disc. The interaction of the
eddy curent and the maanetic field causes toraue. which exerts a force on the disc
Thus,the disc starts rotating.
The force on the disc is proporional to the current and voltage of the coil. The
pemanent magnet controls Their rotation. The permanent magnet opposes the
movement of the disc and equalises it on the power consumption. The cyclometer
Ounts the rotation of the disc.

Ihe net driving torque of the disc 0s expressed as

f f
Ta « 0,0,,sinßcosa =K;0,0,,sinßcosa
where Ky - constant ,o and > are the phase angle between the fluxes. For energy meter,
we take p and s,ß- phase angle between fluxes , and , = (A-), therefore

f
Driving Torque,Ta = K{ö,0, sin(å ) cosa
But D, ox V, and , « I

T¡ oc K,VI, Sin(4 0)cosa

Iff, Z and a are Constants,

T = KzVlsin(A -0)
If Nis stecady specd, braking torque
T; = KN
Atsteady state, the speed of the driving torque is equal to the braking torque.

KN= KzVI(A -0)

N= KVIsin(A -0)
IfA =90,

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 N= KVIsin(90° - 0) = KVlcos)
=K Xpower
Speed,

The speed of the rotation is directty proportional to the power.

Total number of revolution= [Ndt =KVlsin(A -0)

If A= 90°, total number of revoiutions

= KVIcosodt
= K power dt = KX energy

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4 Power in mee phase system
I supply qomestc appucationa.
(Sme magniude ,120'phese ahift)
tdvantas t- more vsHages
nransnsslon of s power e

’MF(Ttoting lescannecte)
masnetit gu) yEcon
-actustayt omdcay.

# Ts tyes of connection in 34 Rupp'y phese asrnt

ST46 MoDEL BELTA MODER

R
y'

’ VL = Vph
’ h=3.Vph
’ Line us sent le the
phese vottaf phase cuttent.

untalanced syktem in Star Cannecta

= vytiyVy t bV,
very

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# blanc ed 3¢.4re sy6te ) («yB-N)

Wg=Vyw Iy os¢ =Vp Tph cosf

B Zpy
=3 Vph Iph cot.
VRN= VyN = Ven = Vph

Vey = Vye = VeR e VL

# 6lendel's Theoren)3
w tor a N balaneed Ay sem, if
Sepamate neutray wire tst present, then'N'ns. of
reautred for poer measurtnant -(Wo)
’ Balaned
’fregeney of wttae ’ Sene.
7 eof inpen aneea ’ ame
-paaseof împenqenes ’8ame

W=Vke. Ik cos (vRe^IR)-Ô

VRs Ng Vye Iy cos ( Vy a ^Iy) 2)

yo= VyN VsN = VyN t (-V&N)

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 (Dran t careuly yreaqint theory )

VRs

W = Vyo "1y os(Vys ^Iy ) =VIL cos (3o t9)

VLIL (2 sin ge'sin)

M-h = uI sin
wt =V3 VeIL t0s

tan
tan=s/N-W2

y 3-wattmeter7 mebod! By 2-wattmetes

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 tor 3¢4ctve pooer (P) - 3vATpy cos (Ka)

34 Apparent power (s) = 3 Vyh Tpy (KuA )

Wa = V.TL os(3o'+ )
tanp= W, -W
(
Commen t7

unty 2

30 0.866 VLIL VIL W=NI

60* 0.5 0ne of attmeter
2

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 Galvanometer:
An instrument huge to find weak elcctric current in a circuit is galvanomcter.The curTent could range
from fevw micro ampere to many nano
ampere.
Application : bridges, potent ialmeter Where its function is to detcct zero current
D'Arsonval Galvanometer: Upper
Suspension
" This kind of elevator can only
measure dc
quantity Moving Col
Mrror

This galvanometer works on the principle of Iron Core (Stationarv)

D'Arsonval movement
Construction: North
South

1. Moving coil :
ACurrent carrying element placed in between forme
Lower Permanent
Suspensi0n
two magnets is called as moving coil. Magnet

Moving coil is arranged in between uniform,

horizontal, radial line of force
There is an iron core whose reluctance is very South
North
less, therefore to produce strong magnetic field
for the coil to move properly and increases the
Permanent
deflecting torque and sensitivity of Magnet Mov1ng Coit Iron Core
galvanometer
The moving coil is either rectangular or circular in safe and contains anumber of turns of fine wire.
The shape of the soft iron core is spherical if the coil is circular but the shape of the core is
cylindrical ifthe coilis rectangular.
The coil is suspended so that it is free to turn above its vertical axis of symmetry
2. Damping:
" The eddy current damping is used as metallic former is used in side the moving coil.
Critical dunmping can be achieved by adjusting the resistance value connected across the
GaBvanometer Terminal.
3. Suspension :
The moving coil is suspended in between permanent magnets so that it is free to turn above its
vertical axis of symmetry .
moving coilsuspended using a ribbon arrangement, there is an upper and lower suspension.
The upper suspension is made of ribbon type material , it isa flat thin strip material
For the support the lower part there is a lower suspension which is supported by a coiled wire
" Add aflat strip is used so it must be handled carefully.

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4. indication :

The suspension carries a small miror upon which a beam of light is cast
The beam of light is reflected on the scale upon which deflection is measured
5. Zero setting :

Atorsion head is provided for adjusting the position of the coil and for zero setting
Torque egquation
Force = NBil sina

As Field is radial a=90degree

Force = NBil
Torque (t) = Force. d = NBild
Torque (T) = NBIA (as Í.d=Area)
ty=G.i (where G = NBA and tu damping troque)
controlling torque t. =k.0
In steady state condition Te = Tu
k.6=G.i
=(G/k). i
a i

Dynamic behavior of Galvanometer :

Whenwe pass current through Galvanometer it doesn't reach steady state immediately, But there is
a time interval or period of transition during which moving system of galvanometer deflects from
initial position to final steady state position.
Constants in Galvanometer:
1. Displacement constant :
Ta=G.i where G = displacement constant
= NBA N-m/A (unit)
2. Inertialconstant :
Aretarding torque is produced owing to inertia of the moving system, this torque is depend upon the
moment of inertia of the moving system and angular acceleration .
T, =j j-Inertia constant ,0=deflection at anytime t.
3. Damping constant :
Damping torque is assumed to be proportional to the velocity of moving system.
de
Tp = D
dt
where D = damping constant N-mrad.sec-1
4. Cont rolconstant :
T, =k.e where k=control constant N-m/rad

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 Equation of motion :
For any deflection at any time t
T, + Tp t Te = Ta

¡+Ddt2 dt ke =Gi
This is a lincar Second order diflerential cquation
Solution Particular part (Steady state) +Complementary part ( transit)
Complementary function :
jm + Dm + k= 0

m, =
-D+/D2-4kj
2

m, = -D-JD'-4kj
2
= AemËt + Be M2

Particular solution:
At steady state condition
de
=0 so =0 and=r
dt2 dt

Gi

Sothe complete solution is :

= Aeml + Bem2 + E,
-Spring
Vibration galvanometer: Pulley
It is used with current Bridge piece
Construction: Vibrator loop
1. Moving coil :
Moving coilconsist of five bronze or silver.
Itis similar to D'Arsonval Galvanometer
moving coil
Metal former mc. wounded which is vibrating placed
Mirror
between permanent magnet.
" This wire passes over a small puley at the top
and is tight by a spring attached to the pulley.

0000
3

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2. Bridge piece :
Tvo smalbridge piece are placed at the end of the loop wire.
It is adjustable in upward and downward direction.
3. Pulley :
pulley
" For tightcning thc wirc it is uscd spring is uscd pull thc
tight to create torsion
4. Pointer and scale:
The amount by which the pointer moves gives the current on the scale.
adjusted
The scale can be adËusted or the range of the galvanometer can be
by adjusting the bridge pieces.
" Fine adjustment by changing the person:
If F, is equal to Fs then range is more
If F, is not equal to F, then range is less
Torque equation:
T; + Ip +T,= Ta
T = Gi= Gl, sin wt

j+D+
dt2 dt ke T4 = Glm sin wt
Glm sin (wt- a)
Solving equation: 0 = /(Da)-(k-jo)?
Gln
A=
/(Da)-(k-jw)?
Vibration gatvanometer range = 1000hertz to i800hertz
When an AC current is passed through the moving coil, an alternating deflecting torque produced
which makes the coil vibrate with frequency equal to the frequency of the supply.

Balistic gaivanometer :
No damping, no friction
Damping constant is ideally zero for this kind of Galvanometer.
It is used to measure the charge flown in a short duration, during aimpulse current.
Impulse current is the current which exists for a short period of time .
Two measure the charge which has flown during impulse current in a circuit ballistic
galvanometer is used.
In ballistic galvanometer D=0
GI(t) =Ta=j dt2
do,

(angular momentum)

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 Torsion
Head

G.I(t)= rate of change of angular momentum xdt Phosphorous

Bronze Wire
G.Q= Total change in angular momentum in dt time
Mirror
Q= l(t).dt =Changing flux in dt time Iron
Core
Assume that the coil is at rest before the impulse current
So initial angular momentum =0 North South

G.Q=Angular momentum after impulse current

* JW where w = Angular velocity after impulse current
C.Q
Spring
K.E. immediately after imports current = T
The current has stopped but the coil has gainedsome velocity (K.E.) and then when the current stopped,
due to inertia the coil willcontinue to move and as the coil move the angle increases, spring tries to
stop it. Depending on the inertial energy stored the coil works.
Let e, = Coil can move up to of angle with kinetic energy jw' - KE. used or converted into P.E.
Initial PE. in spring ke-jw
ke; = ju -jEy

= constant and , = measured

G

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PYOSASKED N MNO & NO SEMESTER DANATIOS
MODULEI|
ARKERK
Cuntof5mA l pasees throuah L Eyplain how the netrumont can b0 ucod tor
srodofcurrent upto 1Aand a voltage upto 5V.
4 Whats phantomloading?

QUton.
4E he woring prcipte of eectrod namometer wattmeter. Aso dero the torque
Ction
D) p o e r epression forthroe ohase load by sing twowattmetpr method.

NUMERCANSte pecial)
The metor constant of a 220 V,5A eneroy is 2000 ovolutions per kwh. The metor is
3) otod tfload at rated voltage and at uof. The meter is ound to make 34
porconsmndbyaphne lond
wepower factor 0.4.Total powe consumed by the load as ndicatecd by the
netrumt 0Kw.Find et h o v d t r n g ,
3) AzB0 V, 5A c enery Meter is tosted for its name plate ratnos, Resistance of the
pssn colcircut is 6000Qnd that of curent coll tself is 0.15 Q Calculate he

4 A230V sinoiephaewthor neter rocordiaconstnt load d5A for 6 bours atnity

Dor factor. f the metor dc mBs 2760 revolutton Quring t s period, what lsthe
power factor e
mter constantin terns of revolutions per unit? Calcudate the load4A et 230 Vfor5
unborof rovolutions made bv the mtr s1712 when recordng

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contoct your metor. brour mestor w beosned ouMOn)
*For htats& sotionser to the notes orfor detail sobton