Scribd
Upload
3 views39 pages

Diseases

Plant pathology is the study of crop diseases caused by various pathogens such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes, focusing on their causes, effects, and management strategies. The disease cycle consists of stages including inoculation, penetration, infection, and dissemination, which lead to the development of plant diseases. The disease triangle illustrates the interaction between host, pathogen, and environment, which is crucial for understanding disease occurrence and management.

Uploaded by

shdhakal4
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
3 views39 pages

Diseases

Plant pathology is the study of crop diseases caused by various pathogens such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes, focusing on their causes, effects, and management strategies. The disease cycle consists of stages including inoculation, penetration, infection, and dissemination, which lead to the development of plant diseases. The disease triangle illustrates the interaction between host, pathogen, and environment, which is crucial for understanding disease occurrence and management.

Uploaded by

shdhakal4
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 39

❑ Plant Pathology

✓ It is the branch of agricultural science that


deals with the cause, etiology, resulting losses,
and management of crop diseases.
✓ It is a branch of agricultural science that deals
with the study of fungi, bacteria, viruses,
nematodes, and other microbes that causes
diseases in plants.
❖ Objectives of Plant Pathology

✓ To study the living, non-living, and environmental


causes of plant diseases.
✓ To study the mechanism of disease development by
pathogens.
✓ To study the interaction between the plant and the
pathogens.
✓ To develop methods of controlling diseases and
reducing the losses caused by diseases.
❖ Diseases:
✓ Any abnormal condition that alters the
appearance or functioning of a plant is called a
disease.
1. Powdery mildew
✓ Whitish powdery growth is seen on the surface of the
leaf.
2. Downy mildew
✓ Yellow to brown colored spots on the lower surface of
leaves.
3. Anthracnose
✓ Reddish brown, dry leaf spots are formed in leaves.
4. Rust
✓ Small brown, yellow, or black pustules of spores are
formed on the leaf, stem, etc.
5. smuts
Black powder like
substance in the ear
instead of flower.
6. Blight
✓ Rapid burning of leaves, stem, etc.
7. Damping off
✓ Stem near soil weakens and is unable to bear the load and
topple down.
8. Mosaic
✓ Alternate green and yellow coloration on leaves.
❑ Disease Cycle
✓ The chain of events that leads to the
development of disease in host crops is known
as the disease cycle.
Steps in a disease cycle

1.Inoculation
2.Penetration
3.Infection
4.Incubation
5.Invasion
6.Colonization
7.Dissemination
8.Over-wintering and over-summering
Inoculation

✓ Inoculation is the first contact of a pathogen with its host.


✓ It occurs in a place where the infection is possible.
✓ Most pathogens rely on rain, wind, insects, or humans to
carry them to their host plants.
Penetration

✓ Pathogens penetrate plant surfaces by direct penetration


of cell walls, natural openings, or thorough wounds.
Infection
✓ When the inoculum starts procuring nutrients from the
susceptible tissues of the host, the infection starts.
✓ This is the first stage from where the disease starts to
develop.

✓ As the pathogen devours soluble products from the cell,


various symptoms start appearing.
incubation
✓ The time interval between inoculation and the appearance
of disease symptoms is called the incubation period.
✓ During this period, the pathogen reproduces, builds up its
population, and damages the plant’s tissues.
Invasion
✓ It is a later stage of infection.
✓ In this stage, the pathogen tries to expand greatly inside
the host cell to fulfill the nutrient demand for
reproduction.
Colonization
✓ After the establishment of the pathogen into the host, they
reproduce inside the host in great numbers.
Dissemination
✓ Generally indirect dissemination occurs with the help of
winds, water, insects, human beings, animals, etc.
Over-seasoning/ over-wintering
✓ Over-seasoning is the process in which pathogens survive
the adverse period of their life cycle.
✓ Pathogens have developed this so that they can complete
their life cycle and spread their infection in the next year.
✓ The pathogens may survive this harsh period either as
spores, sclerotia-like hard over-seasoning structures, or as
a whole.
❑ Plant pathogen
❖ They are the living agents that causes diseases in plant.
1) Fungi:
✓ They are eukaryotic, spore bearing organisms which
reproduce by asexual means.
✓ They lacks chlorophyll and hence cannot make their
own food.
✓ Examples: Late blight, early blight, white rust,
damping off, rusts, etc.
2) Bacteria:
✓ They are prokaryotic organisms which reproduce by
asexual means by binary fission.
✓ They don’t contain nucleus.
✓ Examples: fire blight, wild fire, soft rot, crown gall,
citrus canker, etc.
3) Nematodes
✓ They are thread-like unsegmented worms with
elongated and cylindrical shapes.
✓ They reproduce by sexual reproduction or
parthenogenesis.
✓ Examples: root knot, ear cockle, golden nematode,
citrus nematodes, burrowing nematodes, stem
nematodes, etc.
4) Virus
✓ They are obligate parasite i.e. they can only replicate
inside the host cell.
✓ They cannot be grown in artificial culture.
✓ They possess only one type of nucleic acid, either DNA
or RNA.
✓ Examples: cucumber mosaic, potato virus, leaf curl
virus, citrus decline, bunchy top, etc.
5) MLOs
✓ They are similar to virus in size but can be grown in
artificial culture unlike viruses.
✓ Examples: little leaf of brinjal, citrus greening, grassy
shoot of sugarcane, rice yellow dwarf, sesamum
phyllody, etc.
❖ Disease Triangle
✓ The triangular representation of interaction of
host, pathogen, and environment which causes
diseases is known as disease triangle.
✓ The 3 components of disease triangle includes
host plant, environment, and pathogens.
✓The disease triangle is a conceptual model
that shows the interactions between the
environment, the host, and a pathogen.
✓It helps to predict the likelihood of the
occurrence of diseases.
❑Host Factor:
✓For the occurrence of diseases, the host
must be susceptible.
✓The susceptibility of the host plant depends
upon the age of the plant.
✓Rice seedlings up to the age of 21 days are
highly susceptible to rice blasts.
❑Pathogen Factor:
✓For the occurrence of diseases, the host
must possess virulent genetic character.
✓Other pathogen factors like high birth rate,
rapid dispersal ability, adaptability, etc. also
make the pathogen virulent.
❑Environment Factor:
✓For the occurrence of diseases, the condition must be
suitable.
✓The virulent pathogen cannot cause disease to
susceptible hosts unless there is a suitable environment
for the pathogen to grow well and also to attack the
host.
✓Temperature and moisture
✓Late blight in potatoes develops when the night
temperature is 10 degrees Celsius and the day temp. of
10-20 degree Celsius and the occurrence of light rain
followed by cloudiness.
Thank You!

You might also like