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1 2 Guided Notes TE Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter

The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter explains that matter is composed of particles in constant motion, classified into three main states: solid, liquid, and gas. Each state has distinct particle arrangements and forces, with solids having closely packed particles, liquids having irregular arrangements, and gases having widely separated particles. Changes in state involve heat energy affecting particle movement, leading to processes such as melting, freezing, vaporization, condensation, sublimation, and deposition, while plasma is identified as a fourth state of matter formed through ionization.

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4 views3 pages

1 2 Guided Notes TE Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter

The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter explains that matter is composed of particles in constant motion, classified into three main states: solid, liquid, and gas. Each state has distinct particle arrangements and forces, with solids having closely packed particles, liquids having irregular arrangements, and gases having widely separated particles. Changes in state involve heat energy affecting particle movement, leading to processes such as melting, freezing, vaporization, condensation, sublimation, and deposition, while plasma is identified as a fourth state of matter formed through ionization.

Uploaded by

rubin2laif24
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Name: ______________________________________________ Period:______ Date:____________

Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter


Guided Notes – Teacher Edition

Matter is made up of particles which are in constant, random motion. It can be defined as anything
which has mass or occupies space. Matter is classified by its state and type, of which there are three
main types – solid, liquid and gas.

The Main States of


Matter

Liquid Gas
Solid
These substances take These substances
These substances have the shape of their spread out to occupy
their own shape. container. available space within
e.g. sulfur, copper their container.
e.g. water, alcohol,
wire, ice bromine, mercury. e.g. oxygen, carbon
dioxide and helium

Particle Arrangement in Matter


 Particles in the solid state are closely packed, in a regular arrangement, known sometimes as
a lattice.
 Particles in a liquid state are not as closely packed and are irregular in their arrangement.
 In a gas, particles are separated.

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Name: ______________________________________________ Period:______ Date:____________

Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter


Guided Notes – Teacher Edition

Forces between Particles


 In the solid state, the forces are strong enough to keep the particles in a fixed position.
Particles do, however, vibrate and rotate in their positions.

 In the liquid state, there are weak forces which hold it together. The greater energy of the
particles and the weaker forces allows for the disruption of the lattice and particles are,
therefore able to slide past one another.

 In the gaseous state, particles possess even higher energy levels and the forces which hold
the gas together are negligible. This explains why gases are able to isolate themselves
completely from one another and have no fixed size or shape.

Changes in State
Changes in state (also called phase transitions) involve
heat energy being supplied to or removed from the
substance. Increasing the amount of heat energy in a
substance increases its kinetic energy since
temperature is a measure of the amount of kinetic
energy possessed by a substance. In a solid, heat
energy causes the particles to vibrate at a greater rate
until they possess sufficient energy to break away from
their fixed position and become a liquid (known as
melting). The temperature at which this occurs is called
a substances melting point. As heat is removed from
the liquid, the particles return to their closely-packed,
fixed positions, this process is called freezing.

When heat energy is supplied to a liquid, the particles also take on more heat energy which causes
them to move around at a greater speed. Fast-moving particles at the surface of the liquid
eventually have sufficient energy to escape from the liquid and move into the gaseous state. Here,

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Name: ______________________________________________ Period:______ Date:____________

Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter


Guided Notes – Teacher Edition

these particles move rapidly, at a large distance from the other particles. This process is known as
vaporisation. The point at which a substance moves from the liquid to the gas state is known as its
boiling point. As heat is removed from the substance the particles move closer together once more,
this process is called condensation.
Some substances e.g. iodine crystals are able to change from a solid directly into a gas, without
moving through the liquid state. This process is called sublimation. Deposition is the reverse of
sublimation and occurs when a substance moves directly from a gas to a solid, omitting the liquid
state. An example of this can be seen in sub-zero temperatures, where water vapor in the air
changes directly into ice, without first becoming a liquid.

Plasma – the 4th State of Matter


Plasmas, like gases, have no fixed shape or volume. A gas can reach the plasma state when its atoms
become ionized. This occurs when the atom loses some or all of the electrons leaving a positively
charged nucleus. This process is known as ionization and explains why plasmas are able to conduct
electricity since the electrons are free to move around. Recombination occurs when plasmas return
to the gaseous state.
Neon signs are an example of plasma. The electricity flows through the glass tube containing the gas,
stripping the atoms of their electrons. The electricity promotes the electrons to a higher energy
level. As the electron returned to its former energy level the excess energy is carried away as a
photon, which we see as coloured light.

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