Color: properties

ARTS REVIEWER 1. Hue

❖ formal (symmetrical)
- bring off if the objects are similar in forms,
MODULE 6: PAINTING − literally means color appearances, and sizes at equal distances from the
What is painting? − referred to as pure color, or as the dominant color of the center.
- Painting is the art of illustrating creativity on a flat object - self-respect, seriousness, and formality
surface using colored pigments. 2. Value ❖ informal (asymmetrical)
- It conveys meaning and emotions, influenced by an − quantity of white or black that is added to a hue. - achieved by arranging the things which are dissimilar
artist’s imagination or real-life experiences. Color schemes in shapes, appearances, and sizes at equal distance
Elements of Painting Monochromatic from the center.
Line − using the same hue with different gradients of value, or - natural and relaxed
- Simplest element referring to one hue of several tones. 4. Harmony
- Defines direction and emotion Analogous - achieved if the artwork has similar or related elements.
two general categories: − involves the use of three adjacent colors in the color wheel, 5. Emphasis
- (a) straight line refers to horizontal, vertical, and diagonal or the three colors next to each other. - center of attraction of the artwork
lines. Complementary colors
- (b) curved line connotes action, energy, life, and pleasure. − consist of two colors which give a strongest contrast with WAYS OF PRESENTING ART SUBJECTS
- Line one another. 1. Realism
- Horizontal line connotes rest, calmness, and relaxation. Split Complementary − This refers to the real appearance of the major and
- Vertical line connotes poise, force and balance. − a scheme using three colors minor objects shown in the artworks.
- Slanting line or diagonal line connotes instability and Triadic 2. Abstraction
loss of control. − a scheme that uses three colors that are of equal distance − Distorted and expressive presentation
from each other a. Expressionism
Texture Square Tetradic b. Mangling
- Surface appearance (smooth, rough) − consists of four colors with equal spaced between them c. Cubism
- The application of paint may be thin and smooth, shiny or Rectangular Tetradic Techniques to show abstract subjects:
dull, and thick or rough. − similar to square tetradic scheme with four colors A. Expressionism
Value − To achieve rectangular tetradic, draw a rectangular expressionist uses distortion, swirling, and exaggeration
− Lightness and darkness of color shapeas shown in the figure below. in order to convey his feelings
• tints (lighter) Shape emphasis on emotional content.
• shades (darker) B. Mangling
− it refers to an enclosed two-dimensional area.
Space The artist presents the subject that is cut or hacked.
− Shape is formed whenever lines connect both ends. C. Cubism
- Proper object placement
Color The cubist expresses his subject with the use of cone,
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN cylinder and geometric shapes.
− Enhances the visual experience 1. Rhythm
− Gives life to any visual arts. - Repetition of elements (e.g., line, shapes, sizes, 3. Symbolism
two kinds of color: colors) - The elements of the artwork represent an idea.
(a) Warm colors 2. Proportion
- This also expresses emotions, thoughts, and fantasies.
− the advancing colors - describes the relationship of dimension of the objects 4. Fauvism
− make the objects appear larger and nearer to the viewers. when compared to another object
- characterized by vivid colors resulting to a vibrant
(b) Cool colors 3. Balance effect
− receding colors - the distribution of the visual elements in view of their
- Concern of the artist: give enjoyment that’s why
− give a peaceful effect on the paintings placement in relation to each other
depression is out of his theme.
 - He does not conform to the actual appearance of the - was the most distinguished mural painter for three - The techniques and styles of a photographer on
object pertaining to its color. decades. He used historical events as his subject. His how he will show the real world can be considered an
5. Dadaism major works are entitled First Mass at Limasawa, art.
- Shock-provoking themes Bayanihan and The Invasion of Limahong. - Aside from the fact that the artist can take a
- The concern of the artist is to show in public the photograph of his subject as it is, he may also arrange
wickedness of the society. E. Vicente Manansala: Cubist painter his subject to express his emotions or ideas and let
6. Futurism - used abstract and cubist styles. He focused on realistic the world see and understand the thoughts expressed
- The artist is concerned with the view of the modern themes. His major works are entitled A Cluster of on it.
world. Nipa Hut, Market Vendors and Madonna of the Slums. - A photograph can give us lots of meanings, and each
- His works appear worthier and more splendid with a interpretation is based on one’s field of experience or
touch of advanced technology. F. Hernando R. Ocampo: Abstract painter on one’s culture.
- The subject expresses modernization. - was known for his abstract paintings. His works - An artist can create a number of captions to a picture
featured shapes bounded with curved lines painted in as long as these support the story presented in the
7. Surrealism intense colors. photograph.
- The surrealists view the world as a magical one, or - His major works are entitled Slum Dwellers, Genesis,
beyond reality. and Ina ng Balon. TYPES OF PHOTOGRAPHY ANGLES
- He may also present his subject with violence or 1. Eye-Level Camera Angle
cruelty. G. Cesar Legaspi: Cubist artist - The simplest and most commonly used angle.
- was known for utilizing the cubism method with - By using this neutral angle, you can get a really close-
NOTABLE FILIPINO PAINTERS geometric shapes. His artworks include Morning up image of your subject.
A. Juan Luna: Spoliarium Dance, Gadgets and Reclining Nude. - The eye-level angle is perfect for conveying emotion
- won the first gold medal in the National Exposition of and picking up facial detail and expression.
Fine Arts in Madrid (1884). H. Ang Kiukok: Nationalist themes - Shooting eye-level photographs will make your
- Blood Compact won the silver medal - painted a subject about nationalism and sociological pictures appear more natural, as it’s similar to what
agenda through cubistic forms. you would actually see.
B. Fernando Amorsolo: Dalagang Bukid, The Mestiza - Some of his artworks are entitled Fisherman,
and Planting Rice Fighting Figures and Crucifixion. 2. Low Angle Photography
- was the first National Artist in the country. He - requires looking up at your subject from below their
specialized in Philippine settings and perfected I. Benedicto Cabrera (Bencab): Social themes eye level and shooting upwards (this might involve
contrasting hues for harmony. - was known as “Bencab” and he was marked as the sitting down or squatting).
- Known for using backlight technique in painting, best seller of his generation. His artwork “Sabel” is a - The low angle is great for making your subject seem
making his creation bright and cheerful. symbol of dislocation, despair and isolation bigger, closer, taller, and wider.
- It also conveys a sense of depth to your photograph.
C. Victorio Edades: Father of Modern Philippine MODULE 7: PHOTOGRAPHY This unique perspective is commonly used in films to
Painting make a character or scene seem dominating or epic.
- An art form with unique features that makes it
- The Father of Modern Philippine Painting led an different from painting.
assemblage called “The Thirteen Moderns.” 3. High Angle Shot
- Merriam Webster dictionary defines art as
- He was known for using dark somber colors. - The high angle shot is, unsurprisingly, the opposite of
“something that is created with imagination and skill
- He focused on factory workers, laborers and simple a low angle.
and that is beautiful or that expresses important ideas
town people as his subjects. or feelings.” - To achieve a high angle, either tilt your camera
downwards or make sure you’re a few inches above
- With this definition, photography can be a tool to
D. Carlos “Botong” Francisco: Muralist your subject and shoot looking down on them.
express one’s ideas creatively.
 - High- angle shots can significantly alter the - A typical close-up camera shot would include your - Write in capital letter the first letter of the first word
impression of your photos, making your subject seem subject’s face from the orehead to their chin. of your caption.
smaller and the surroundings appear vaster. - Or, it can focus on one specific detail. This type of - Caption can be written in a brief sentence or in a title
- The perspective of a high angle can result in a much shot would be taken using an eye level camera angle, case. If you need to add one or two sentences to your
more dramatic picture. to capture the facial features perfectly. caption, make sure these will support your first
sentence.
4. Bird’s-Eye View Angle 7. Long Angle Shot - Always remember when you write caption, it should
- A more extreme version of the high angle is the - Long shots are one of the best ways to identify your be meaningful and catchy.
bird’s-eye view angle. subject in relation to their background (Showing a - You can begin your caption with a prepositional
- This is when you need to be positioned so that you’re person standing in front of a famous landmark, for phrase, participial phrase and other phrases; or a
looking down over your subject. example) clause.
- The bird’s-eye view angle works really well for - More can be included in the long shot, from
including lots of detail in your shot. surroundings to people. OTHER TIPS TO WRITE YOUR CAPTION
- However, it can be hard to get a real bird’s-eye view - The long camera shot is ideal for capturing whole- - Use a striking question that provokes emotions.
without a ladder! body images and groups of people and is great for Do you think we have enough time to save this planet?
- This angle is perfect for taking photographs of food filming action sequences. - Give extra value to the viewer.
or a still-life arrangement on a table. This is the pure definition of freedom.
8. Medium Shot Camera Angle - Use a quote or lyrics appropriately. Make credit to
5. Dutch Angle Shot - In between the long shot and the close-up, is the someone else’s quote.
- The Dutch angle is a camera shot with a tilt on the medium shot. My momma always said ‘Life is like a box of chocolate.
camera’s roll axis. - Medium shots typically show the subject from their You never know what you’re gonna get'”. Forrest Gump
- Also known as the Dutch tilt or canted angle, this shot head to their waist. - Make sure that you use the correct spelling of the
produces a viewpoint mirroring a tilt of the head. - These shots are great for capturing both the facial important person you are describing in the picture.
- The Dutch angle is a cinematic technique, used to expressions and body language of your subject. Afghan Girl/ Photo credit Steve McCurry
portray a sense of uneasiness or tension. - Medium camera shots also work well for
- With roots in German Expressionism, it’s often used photographing people alongside whatever - Consider the kind of audience in writing your caption.
in street style photography. background they’re in. Indian bride getting ready for her wedding
- As neither the subject nor the background dominates
6. Close-Up Shot the shot, it allows us to focus on both of them when - Write caption based on your purpose. This picture focuses
- Close-up photographs refer to a tightly cropped image looking at the image. more on the products but lesser than about the person.
that shows your subject up close, with much more GUIDELINES IN WRITING CAPTIONS Our Mother’s Day sales start today | Photo credit Matilda
detail than the human eye would perceive. - Use present tense of the verb to describe the picture. Bababeva
- A typical close-up camera shot would include your - Do not begin the caption with names unless this
subject’s face from the forehead to their chin. person is relevant to the picture. - Write caption with a conversational tone. It’s not a
- Close-up photographs refer to a tightly cropped image - Start identifying or describing members of the group complicated sentence but write as if you are talking with
that shows your subject up close, with much more from left to right. a friend.
detail than the human eye would perceive. - Caption should give the viewers an information When all you need is a cup of coffee before you start
- A typical close-up camera shot would include your which is not obvious in the picture. It should add working
subject’s face from the forehead to their chin. Or it information that matches the image.
can focus on one specific detail. This type of shot - Avoid using “above or pictured here”. Leaf Art
would be taken using an eye level camera angle, to - Write caption that covers the meaning of the whole - Leaf art by cutting is done by an artist by using tools
capture the facial features perfectly. photo. like cutter, scissors or any pointed instrument to
 create the desired images. Leaf carving is scratching 2. Relief Sculpture—the sculpted image is still attached to 7. Plaster. This medium is used for making mannequins,
some parts of the leaf to achieve the desired image. the whole material. Relief comes from a Latin word, models, molds, decorations, and other indoor sculptures.
relevo, meaning to raise. An example of this sculpture is 8. Clay. It is a soft material and is easy to create an artwork
MODULE 8: SCULPTURE the “Venus of Laussel” because of its plasticity. However, it is fragile.
Kinds: METHODS USED FOR SCULPTURE
− Sculpture originates from the Latin word “sculpere “,
1. Carving is removing the unwanted portion of the solid
means to carve. It is the art of expressing the artist’s ideas 2.1. Low- or Bas-Relief Sculpture. The image is slightly raised material to create artistic work.
in three-dimensional forms - has width, length, and height. above the plane.
It is done by using hard and soft materials such as wood, 2. Casting is a process of melting materials and pouring
2.2. High Relief or Alto Relief. The image is raised one-half or them into the mold with a hollow cavity for the desired
clay, glass, gold, silver, and others. more of the material used. image. The solidified part is known as casting, which is
− It is a functional art because its primary purpose is to 2.3. Sunken Relief or Intaglio. The material is hollowed to get broken out of the mold to get the finished product or
perpetuate memories or commemorate events. the desired image. It is usually found in Egyptian sculpture. Here, artwork.
− Moreover, sculpture is the greatest form of fine arts. It is the carving is sunk below the level of the surrounding surface. 3. Modeling is a process of manipulating soft materials such
referred to as plastic arts because of the shaping process, NEW TYPES OF SCULPTURE as clay and wax with the use of an artist’s hands or with
or plasticity, it involves. It is a three-dimensional form of 1. Assemblage or Recycled Art. This is similar to collage in that the use of metal and wood for creating and shaping a
art. Sculpture can be representational or wholly abstract. both use different or any pieces of materials that are put together three-dimensional form of art.
− *In choosing a subject for sculpture, the most important to form artistic work. The difference is that assemblage is more on 4. Fabrication is an additive process which employs joining
thing to consider is the material. the construction of three-dimensional form, while collage is a two- or fastening, such as nailing, stapling, and welding.
dimensional (width and length) form of art. FAMOUS FILIPINO SCULPTORS
FEATURES OF SCULPTURE 2. Kinetic. This is a type of art that has movements. It is operated 1. Napoleon V. Abueva was known as the “Father of
• Line by a machine or with the use of batteries to make the creative Modern Philippine Sculpture” and National Artist for
works move. Some sculptors used other techniques to produce Sculpture in 1976. He used almost all kinds of materials
• Color artistic work without using machine or batteries. Example: Wind
• Texture for sculpture. Example: UP Gateway
Chimes
• Form 3. Luminous. This is a type of sculpture that is emitting or 2. Guillermo E. Tolentino was proclaimed as National
• Style reflecting light. Artist for sculpture in 1973. He used concrete to create his
• Volume 4. Welded. This is a sculptural type in which artwork is formed artworks. Examples: UP Oblation, Andres Bonifacio
by welding techniques.
• Perspective MATERIALS FOR SCULPTURE
Monument
ELEMENTS OF SCULPTURE
1. Stone. These are normally used for gravestones in 3. Isabelo Tampinco was known for his wood carvings for
• Mass and Space. These are the two most important cemeteries and in building houses and other
elements of sculpture. churches, notably the San Ignacio church in Intramuros
establishments. and Manila Cathedral’s facade. high relief on
• Texture and Volume 2. Granite. Egyptian sculptors used granite in making the Sto.Domingo Church molave’s door.
• Surface sculptures of their pharaohs.
• Light and Shade 3. Marble. Some of the famous sculptures made of marble 4. Abdulmari Asia Imao was designated as National Artist
• Color are the internationally famous Pieta, David, and Dying of the Philippines for Sculpture in 2006. He was known
TYPES OF SCULPTURE Slave by Michelangelo. for using the okir or okil (plant-based design), sarimanok
1. Free-standing sculpture, or sculpture-in-the-round, can be 4. Jade. It was widely used in ancient China as an (sari means various or assorted; manok- chicken), and
seen on all sides, such as statues. The sculpted image is ornamental stone. People believed this material displays a naga (a Sanskrit language- serpent) as motifs in his
attached only on the base. One of the famous examples of quality of moral goodness. artworks. He was also a painter.
free-standing sculpture is the “Statue of Liberty.” 5. Ivory. Its source is the main part of the elephant tusk. This
is used in making billiard balls. 5. Arturo Rogerio Luz was known as a printmaker,
6. Gold and Silver. It is used to make pieces of jewelry. sculptor, painter, and art administrator. He received the
 award “National Artist Award” in 1997. He used • Creations that appeal to the sense of sight and are paper and plaster are some surfaces that are used to paint
hardwoods, marble, and metal for his creative works. mainly visual in nature. paintings.
• As Collins & Riley (1931) mentioned, artists produce 2. Drawing
visual arts driven by their desire to reproduce things - The art of representing something through lines formed
that they have seen in the way that they perceived on the surface of representing an object, scene or forms of
them (cited in Caslib Jr., et.al., 2018). decorative or symbolic significance through lines,
• Some mediums of visual arts include paintings, shading, and textures. Pencil, pen, and ink, crayon, brush,
MODULE 5: ART AS EXPRESSION drawings, letterings, printing, sculpture, digital and charcoal are the mediums used.
• Collingwood as cited by Caslib Jr., et.al. (2018) imaging and more. 3. Graphic Processes
mentioned that what ART does to an emotion is not to - Multi-reproduction methods for the processing of
induce it but to express it. - Visual Art is the art we perceive using our EYES. graphical works. All processes include preparing a master
• Expression is needed for an emotion to be known. It is Architecture is a part of visual arts. image of the drawing or design on some durable material
through expression that man is able to explore his - Visual Arts do not only include painting, sculpture and from which printing is carried out, such as wood, metal,
emotions while being able to create something of beauty architecture. It also involves the clothes we wear, the or stone. Processes can be categorized according to the
and quality. household appliances we utilize, the fixtures we see inside nature of the surface on which the printing takes place:
• It is said that expressing emotions is not the same with our houses, universities, churches and in other raised (relief); depressed (intaglio); or flat (surface, plane).
describing emotions. When an individual says, “I am sad,” infrastructures. The visual arts express the ideals, despairs 4. Commercial Art
he is not expressing his emotions but describing them. and distress of the artists at that time their works were - This involves the design of books, ads, signs, posters and
• As mentioned by Caslib Jr., et.al. (2018), “description created. The ideas of the artists are inherent in their other displays to enable the product, service or concept to
actually destroys the idea of expression, as it clarifies the creations. be sold or embraced.
emotion, making it ordinary and predictable.” - Real pleasure can be obtained from the most mundane 5. Mechanical Processes
objects. Art is all around us. It is in everything we hear, - These are produced by commercial printers in order to
FORMS OF ART see, feel and smell. The assortment of objects from the reproduce words and images in one or more colors easily
There are numerous ways on how we can express ourselves functional items to the things produced only for their and in large quantities.
through art. splendor or aesthetic appeal can be considered as 6. Photography
• We are all free to express ourselves in the manner that we VISUAL ARTS. - This is a chemical-mechanical method by which images
want to. Artists are not limited to just one type of - It is the aesthetic appeal of any creation – a story, poem, are generated by the action of light on sensitized surfaces.
expression or technique. There is no specific way to dance, sculpture and painting – that constitutes ART. Reproductions can be rendered in black or white or in the
express the self. This is what constitutes art – it is a original in complete Colors.
reflection of what’s inside an individual; a reflection of VISUAL ARTS MAY BE CLASSIFIED INTO GROUPS: The Plastic Arts
one’s inner reality. 1. Graphic Arts (flat, or two-dimensional surface) The plastic arts— this group includes all fields of the visual arts
Here are the various forms of art: 2. Plastic Arts (three-dimensional) in which materials are organized into three-dimensional forms.
• Visual Arts GRAPHIC ARTS – this term covers any form of visual artistic 1. Architecture
• Film representation, especially painting, drawing, photography and the
- It is the making of beautiful buildings. Buildings should
• Performance Art like or in which portrayals of forms and symbols are recorded on
embody three important elements: plan, construction, and
• Poetry Performance a two-dimensional surface. Printers also use the term graphic arts
design.
to describe all processes and products of the printing industry.
• Architecture - Architecture is often referred to as the “Mother of the Arts”
GRAPHIC ARTS
• Dance because it houses, serves as a background.
1. Painting
• Literary Art - Process of applying pigment to a surface to secure effects
• Theater 2. Landscape Architecture
involving forms and colors. The mediums for painting
• Applied Art - Planning outdoor areas, particularly gardens, parks,
include oils, tempera, watercolor etc. Canvas, wood,
Visual Arts playgrounds and golf courses, for the purposes of human
 enjoyment. Plants, trees, shrubs, blossoms, vines, and soil •The artist’s medium is mainly the human body which he •In its expressive aspects, dance is uniquely able to
cover are the main materials. or she uses to perform but also uses other kinds of art such intensify moods and emotions and to deepen and dignify
3. City Planning as visual art, props or sound.” the feelings of us all.
- It refers to the planning and coordination of the physical • It usually consists of four important elements: • Dance involves the movement of the body and the feet in
elements of a large or small city. Structures and areas 1. Time rhythm. Some important types include:
concerned with all phases of living and working are 2. Where the performance took place IMPORTANT TYPES OF DANCE
pleasantly and efficiently systematized and connected. 3. The performer/performer’s body 1. Ethnologic
4. Interior Design 4. Relationship between the audience - This involves folk dancing affiliated with cultural
- The word is used to designate the design and arrangement and the performers and national groups.
for ease and elegance of architectural interiors. POETRYOETRY PERFORMANCEERFORMANCE 2. Social or Ballroom dances
Backgrounds (walls, floors, ceilings), furnishings and • It is an art form where the artist expresses his emotions - Popular types of dancing generally performed by
accessories are included. Wallpaper design, furniture, through the use of words. These words are chosen pairs.
curtains and upholstery textiles are significant areas of carefully to exhibit clarity and beauty and to stimulate - They include such forms as waltz, foxtrot, rhumba,
interior design. various emotions such as joy, anger, love, sorrow and the and tango.
5. Sculpture list goes on. 3. Ballet
- This relates to the design and creation of three- • These words, combined with movements, tone, volume - The formalized style of dance that originated in the
dimensional structures that represent natural objects or and intensity of delivery add to the artistic value of the medieval royal courts.
forms that are imaginary (sometimes abstract). poem. - Either solo or concerted dances with mimetic acts
6. Crafts DANCEANCE accompanied by music may be ballet dances.
- The word applies to the designing and creating of items • It is a series of movements that follows the rhythm of the 4. Modern
for use or for enjoyment by hand. This involves areas such music accompaniment. - These are often referred to as moder or interpretative
as ceramics, jewellery, leatherwork, and weaving.
• Dancing usually has no rules – it is a creative form that dances.
- They are known as industrial design when these areas are allows people to freely express themselves. 5. Musical Comedy
mass-produced.
• Dancers are not confined to set steps and rules but are free
7. Industrial Design to create and invent their own movements as long as they LITERARY ART
- This refers to the design of objects for the machine deem them graceful and beautiful. According to Caslib Jr. et.al. (2018) in Art Appreciation:
production. The designs for automobiles and household • Artists who practice literary arts use words -- not paint or
• As mentioned by Sanchez et.al. (2012) in the book
appliances are examples. musical instruments to express themselves and
Introduction to Humanities, the dance of the ancient times
8. Dress and Costume Design is different from what is now known; the dance of the communicate emotions to the readers.
- This involves the creation of clothing of all sorts, such as barrio folks is different from the dances in the city. • Simply becoming a writer does not make one a literary
skirts, jackets, suits, ties, and the like. artist.
• The Ifugaos dance to celebrate the victory of the warriors
9. Theater Design after a fight with their enemies. • Simply constructing a succession of sentences in a
- Design of settings for dramatic productions meaningful manner is not literary art.
• The Bagobos dance to show gratitude the spirits “for
FILM • Literary Art goes beyond the usual professional, academic,
success in war or domestic affair.”
• Film is the art of putting together successions of still • The Indians dance to give thanks for a harvest; journalistic and other technical forms of writing.
images in order to create an illusion of movement. • It focuses on writing using a unique style, not following a
• The Mexicans dance to celebrate a religious festival;
• The art of filmmaking is so complex it has to take into specific format or norm.
• Teenagers dance at parties; both young and old go to disco
account many important elements such as lighting, • It may include both fiction and non-fiction such as novels,
bars; and children everywhere dance because it
musical score, visual effects, direction and more. biographies and poems.
pleasurable to express happiness through bodily
PERFORMANCE ART As mentioned in the book Introduction to Humanities by Sanchez
movements.
• It is a live art. et.al. (2012), literature is the art of combining spoken or written
words and their meanings into forms which have artistic and include drama, musical, tragedy, comedy and 2. Site/location
emotional appeal. improvisation. 3. Climate
4. Materials
LITERATURE APPLIED ARTS TYPES OF ARCHITECTURE
1. Dance 1. is incorporating elements of style and design to everyday Alan Gowans categorized these
- A tale that was recreated in front of an audience by actors items with the aim of increasing their aesthetical value.
1. Monuments or Tombs
on stage. Some of the most prevalent forms of drama 2. Artists in this field bring beauty, charm and comfort into
many things that are useful in everyday life (Collins & - This type of architecture commemorates the past of
include tragedy, melodrama, and comedy.
Riley, 1931). a society such as the Iwo Jima monument at
2. Essay
3. Industrial design, interior design, fashion design and Arlington National Cemetery or the rants tomb in
- This is nonfiction, expository writing that ranges from
graphic design are considered applied arts. NewYork.
casual, personal subjects to objective treatments of
significant subjects that are closely reasoned. 4. Through exploration and expression of ideas, 2. Shrines and Sanctuaries
consideration of the needs and careful choice of materials - These are places of ceremonies and rituals, binding a
and techniques, artists are able to combine functionality community together such as the National Cathedral
3. Prose fiction and style.
- This includes narratives (stories), as distinguished from in Washington D.C, on your hometown, or church or
true accounts, generated by the author. The term fiction synagogue.
comes from the Latin word that means “to form,” “to MODULE 9: ARCHITECTURE 3. Walls and Forts
invent,” or “to feign.” Traditionally, fiction is split into Architecture - They serve as protection against attacks like the
types of novels, novelette, and short story. A novel or - Comes from the Latin architectura and that from Greek “Great Wall of China”.
short story defines the characters and incidents that have (architecton), “master builder” from the combination of 4. Shelters
been invented by the author. (archi-), “chief” or “leader” and (tekton), a builder or - They provide the basic protection against the
4. Poetry “carpenter“. elements such as sun, rain and wind (e.g., barn for
- Highly expressive literature that uses unique forms and - Architecture is the art of making beautiful buildings.
animals, bus shelter or grain silo)
the choice of words and emotional images. Poetry, like Buildings should embody three important elements: plan,
construction and design 5. Homesteads
epics, romances, and ballads, is narrative (storytelling). - They provide an individual an ideal space to raise
The sonnet, ode, elegy, and song are among the lyric - Architecture is the art of designing and constructing
buildings and other types of structures. Varied materials family, your family’s house.
forms.
used include stone, concrete, brick, wood, steel, glass, and 6. Palaces
5. Miscellaneous
plaster. - These are the living and the working space for rulers
- History, biography, letters, journals, diaries, and other
works not formally classed as literature often have - Architecture is often referred to as the “mother of the such as the Buckingham Palace, Versailles or the
arts” because it houses, serves as background for, or United States Capitol; a place where government
definitive literary appeal and status due to the high quality
occurs in relation to other fields of art such as painting, meets the people.
of the writing.
sculpture, interior design, landscape architecture, and city 7. Public Works
planning.
- These are foundations of civilized life, such as
- De Architectura-earliest written work on the subject of
THEATER windmills, roads, bridges, water works the railroads
architecture by the Roman architect VITRUVIUS.
• This art form uses live performers to present accounts or According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three and subways, airport, terminals and etc.
imaginary events before a live audience. principles: 8. Mansions
• Theater art performances usually follow a script, though 1. Durability - They are large homesteads that include servants.
they should not be confused with literary arts. 2. Utility 9. Shops and Offices
• Similar to performance art, since theater is also a live 3. Beauty - These structures facilitate for distributing goods or
performance, the participation of the viewer is an In planning any building, consider the following: services such as Village’s general store to the mall of
important element in theater arts. Some genres of theater 1. Purpose or functions
 America outside Minneapolis, or the Chicago 8. Environment hardens rapidly by chemical combination to a stone
mercantile exchange. - The architect aims to create harmonies with like, water and fire-resisting solid of great
preexisting elements in the landscape and townscape. compressive (but low tensile) strength.
10. Amenities The natural environment is at once a hindrance and a FAMOUS FILIPINO ARCHITECTS
- They are places for community welfare and help, and the architect seeks both to invite its aid and ➢ Juan F. Nakpil
recreation, such as hospitals, orphanages, libraries, to repel its attacks. - The son of veterans of the Philippine Revolution,
museums, institutional housing like nursing homes, 9. Form Juan Nakpil was committed to the belief that
fairgrounds, or union hall. - Form is not only the physical shape, size, and mass architecture built in the Philippines should reflect
ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE of a work are meant, but also all the elements that its culture and people.
1. Content contribute to the work’s aesthetic structure and - Major Works: Rizal Shrines, Quezon Hall, UP,
- This element is the subject matter of architecture. composition. Gonzales Hall, Philippine Village Hotel, Manila
2. Space and Mass ARCHITECTURAL MATERIALS Rizal Theaters, Makati SSS Building, Quezon
- The two arts in which space is of great importance 1. Stone City Rufino Building and etc.
are architecture and painting. Architecture is - Its advantages are durability, adaptability to ➢ Pablo S. Antonio
primarily an art of space. sculptural treatment, and the fact that it can be used - One of the first exponents of modernist
3. Composition in modest structures in its natural state. architecture in the Philippines, Pablo Antonio is
- The organization of the whole out of its parts, the 2. Brick revered as a pioneer and the foremost architect of
conception of single elements, the interrelating of - Compares favorably with stone as a structural his time.
these elements, and the relating of them to the total material for its fine and weather resisting qualities - Major Works: FEU, Life Theater in Quezon,
form. and for the ease of production, transportation, and and Galaxy Theater
4. Scale and Proportion laying. ➢ Idelfonso P. Santos Jr.
- Both have to do with size. Scale means size in - Maybe used in construction only in conjunction with - The father of Philippine landscape architecture,
relation to a standard or “normal” size. Proportion mortar, since the unit is too small, too light and too Ildefonso Paez Santos, or IP Santos as he was
refers to size relationships between parts of a whole, irregular to be stabilized by weight. known, created some of the best-loved urban
or between two or more items perceived as a unit. 3. Wood spaces in the Philippines.
5. Light - It’s easier to acquire, transport, and work than other - Major Works: Cultural Center of the
- It is a necessity for sight and, in architecture, a utility. natural materials. All parts of a building can be Philippines (landscape architecture), Manila
But light is also a powerful, though ephemeral, efficiently constructed of wood except foundations; Hotel, San Miguel Cooperation Building,
vehicle of expression. its disadvantage is susceptibility to fire, mold, and Nayong Filipino, Paco Park, Rizal Park, Loyola
6. Texture termites. Memorial Park and Tagaytay Highlands Golf and
- It refers to the way objects feel to the touch. Texture 4. Iron and Steel club.
plays a dual role in architecture: it expresses - The most important innovation in architecture since
something of the quality of materials and it gives a ancient times. These methods provide far stronger
particular quality to light. and taller structures with less expenditure of material
7. Color than stone, brick, or wood and can produce greater
- It is a constant feature of architecture. It includes unsupported spans over openings and interior or
pigments which usually preserve the texture of the exterior spaces.
original surface, and veneers of wood and a variety 5. Concrete
of manufactured product that entirely alter the - Concrete is a manufactured mixture of cement and
surface character. water, with aggregates of sand and stones, which