SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CURRICULUM

Academic Track: Humanities and Social Sciences

Course Title: The Social Sciences in Theory and Practice (SSTP)

Course Description: The course introduces students to basic concepts, approaches, and methods in the disciplines that comprise the Social
Sciences. It discusses influential thinkers and ideas in these disciplines and relates these ideas to the Philippine setting and current global trends.
The course then introduces some Applied Social Sciences which draw their foundation from the theories and principles discussed. It highlights
the intersections between the social science disciplines and the applied social sciences while focusing on social development concerns.

FIRST QUARTER - THE SOCIAL SCIENCES AS THE STUDY OF SOCIETY

CONTENT STANDARD The learners demonstrate an understanding of the historical development, key concepts, and approaches in
the Social Sciences with emphasis on the Filipino context.

PERFORMANCE STANDARD The learner applies pre-modern, modern, and post-modern social theories to analyze a current social issue
through a multimedia presentation, infographic, or podcast, demonstrating critical thinking, comparative
analysis, and clear communication of ideas.

Learning Competencies Contents

1. Differentiate the nature and functions of Social Science disciplines with the natural 1. Social Sciences as the study of society
sciences and the humanities and their interconnections.

2. Examine the historical foundations and social contexts that led to the development of 2. Historical context of the emergence of the social
the social sciences sciences

3. The Social Science disciplines:

3.1. Anthropology
3. Compare various Social Science disciplines in terms of their fields, main areas of 3.2. Economics
inquiry, methods, theories, and approaches 3.3. Geography
3.4. History/Kasaysayan
4. Recognize the value of transdisciplinarity in understanding society.
3.5. Linguistics
3.6. Political Science
 3.7. Psychology
3.8. Sociology and Demography
4. Transdisciplinarity: Integration and Collaboration
among and beyond the Disciplines

SECOND QUARTER – Foundational Social Sciences

CONTENT STANDARD The learners demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of the major theories and approaches that form
the foundation of social sciences, enabling them to analyze and explain human behavior, social structures,
and cultural dynamics within diverse societal contexts.

PERFORMANCE STANDARD The learners shall interpret personal and social experiences using relevant approaches in the Social Sciences
presented in various multimedia formats

1. Analyze Political Science in Political Science: Exploring the Science of Politics

understanding power, governance, and
political behavior, major political Political Science is the study of power, governance, and political behavior. It examines how
theories and key methods of political decisions are made in societies, how governments function, and how individuals and groups
inquiry. influence political outcomes. This field helps us understand not only political institutions but
2. Explain diverse career opportunities in also the ideas, processes, and actions that shape political life at local, national, and global
levels.
government, law, international relations,
research, media, advocacy, and security.
The key focus areas in Political Science include:

1. Political Systems and Governance: Understanding how governments, institutions, and

political structures operate, including different forms of government like democracies,
monarchies, and authoritarian regimes.
 2. Public Policy and Administration: Examining how laws and policies are created,
implemented, and evaluated to address societal issues and manage public resources
effectively.
3. Political Behavior: Analyzing how people engage in politics through voting, activism,
political participation, and civic involvement, and what influences their political
decisions.
4. International Relations: Studying diplomacy, global conflicts, international
organizations, and cooperation between nations to understand how countries interact
on the world stage.
5. Political Theories and Ideologies: Exploring foundational ideas such as democracy,
liberalism, socialism, and nationalism, which shape political thought and guide
governance systems.

By exploring these areas, Political Science equips students with the knowledge and critical
thinking skills needed to understand complex political issues, make informed decisions, and
actively participate in civic life.

Theories in Political Science

Theories in Political Science are frameworks that help explain, understand, and predict political
behavior, events, and institutions. They analyze how power works, why governments function
as they do, and how decisions are made. Some theories focus on individual actions, like voting
behavior, while others examine larger systems, such as institutions and historical events.

These theories can be descriptive (what is happening), explanatory (why it happens), or

normative (what should happen). From global theories like Post-colonial Theory, New
Institutionalism, to Filipino concepts like Bossism and political culture, they help us make
sense of politics both locally and globally.

1. New Institutionalism

New Institutionalism focuses on how rules, traditions, and organizations shape people’s
political behavior. It’s not just about what individuals want, but how the systems around
them—like governments, laws, and social norms—guide their choices. Douglass North was a
key thinker in this area. In his book Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic
Performance (1990), he showed how institutions develop over time and influence both political
decisions and economic growth.

2. Post-colonial Theory

Post-colonial Theory looks at how the history of colonization still affects countries today, even
after gaining independence. It examines how power, culture, and identity are shaped by the
legacy of colonial rule. Edward Said pioneered this theory in his book Orientalism (1978),
where he explained how Western countries created stereotypes about other parts of the world
to justify their control and domination. His work helps us understand how these ideas continue
to influence global politics.

3. Politics of Everyday Life

The Politics of Everyday Life shows that politics isn’t just about elections or government
leaders—it’s also found in daily activities, small decisions, and even acts of quiet resistance. For
example, people may resist unfair systems in subtle ways, like through small acts of defiance.
James C. Scott introduced this idea in his book Weapons of the Weak (1985), where he studied
how ordinary people, especially the poor, push back against power without open protests,
using hidden forms of resistance like working slowly or spreading rumors.

4. Filipino Political Culture (Bayanihan and Pakikisama)

Filipino political behavior is shaped by cultural values like bayanihan (community cooperation)
and pakikisama (smooth interpersonal relationships). These values influence how Filipinos
vote, choose leaders, and engage in politics, often focusing on personal connections and
community harmony. Scholars like Prof. Felipe Miranda and Prof. Randy David have studied
how these cultural traits impact political decisions, showing that relationships often matter as
much as policies in the Philippines.
5. Bossism and Patron-Clientelism in Philippine Politics

In the Philippines, some political leaders maintain power through personal networks of favors
and loyalty, a system known as patron-clientelism or “bossism.” This means leaders (patrons)
provide resources or favors to followers (clients) in exchange for political support. John Sidel
studied this in the Philippine context, explaining why political dynasties and local strongmen
remain powerful, even in a democratic system.

6. Weak State-Strong Society Framework

The “Weak State-Strong Society” idea suggests that in the Philippines, informal groups like
families, communities, and civil society organizations often have more influence than formal
government institutions. This framework helps explain why political reforms can be challenging
when personal relationships and social networks play a bigger role than official laws. Scholars
like Julio Teehankee and Clarita Carlos have explored how this dynamic shapes Philippine
democracy.

Methods of Inquiry

While many research methods in Political Science are borrowed from other disciplines like
sociology, economics, and history, there are several methods that have been specifically
developed within Political Science to address its unique focus on power, governance, and
political behavior. Here are three key methods of inquiry that originated in Political Science:

1. Comparative Method

The Comparative Method studies politics by comparing different countries, governments, or

political systems to identify similarities and differences. It helps answer questions like why
some democracies are stable while others are not. There are two main approaches:

• Most Similar Systems Design (MSSD): Compares similar countries with different
outcomes to find key differences.
 • Most Different Systems Design (MDSD): Compares very different countries with similar
outcomes to find common factors.

2. Process Tracing

Process Tracing is like following a trail of clues to understand how and why political events
happen. It examines the sequence of events, decisions, and actions that lead to a specific
outcome. This method helps explain the causes behind political decisions, such as why a
country went to war or how a policy was created.

3. Political Game Theory (Strategic Interaction Models)

Political Game Theory studies how political decisions are made when the outcome depends on
the actions of others. It’s like a strategy game where politicians, voters, or countries make
moves based on what others might do. This method helps explain elections, negotiations, and
conflicts where strategic thinking is key.

Career Pathways for Political Science Graduates

A degree in Political Science opens doors to diverse career opportunities across various fields.
Here are some key pathways:

1. Government and Public Service (Politician, Civil Servant, Policy Analyst, Diplomat)
2. Law and Legal Services (Lawyer, Legal Researcher, Judicial Clerk)
3. International Relations and Development (NGO Worker, Foreign Affairs Analyst, UN
Staff)
4. Research and Academia (Political Scientist, Professor, Think Tank Analyst)
5. Media and Communications (Political Journalist, PR Specialist, Speechwriter)
6. Business and Corporate Sector (Corporate Affairs Manager, Market Analyst, HR
Specialist)
 7. Advocacy and Social Work (Community Organizer, Human Rights Advocate, Advocacy
Officer)
8. Security and Intelligence (Intelligence Analyst, Military Officer, Crisis Manager)
3. Evaluate economics as a social science 1. Understanding Economics as a Social Science
field including theories and methods
and career opportunities, influenced by • What is Economics?
globalization and becomes a precursor o The study of how people make choices with limited resources.
of Development Studies. o Covers microeconomics (individual decisions) and macroeconomics (economy-
wide issues).
• How Economists Study the Economy:

1. Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost-Benefit Analysis is a method used to compare the benefits and costs of a decision to
determine if it’s worth pursuing. It helps individuals, businesses, and governments make
smart choices by evaluating what they will gain versus what they have to give up. For
example, a school deciding whether to organize a big event would consider the costs
(budget, time, effort) against the benefits (student engagement, learning opportunities,
and community involvement).

2. Marginal Analysis

Marginal Analysis focuses on examining the additional benefit or cost of doing a little more
or a little less of something. It’s about making decisions based on how small changes affect
the overall outcome. This method helps determine the point where doing more is no
longer beneficial. For instance, a student might decide whether studying for one more hour
will significantly improve their test score or if it’s better to rest.

3. Supply and Demand Analysis

Supply and Demand Analysis explains how prices are determined based on the relationship
between supply (how much of a product is available) and demand (how much people want
 it). This method helps us understand why prices go up or down in different situations. For
example, the price of umbrellas tends to rise on rainy days because demand increases,
while supply may remain the same.

4. Game Theory

Game Theory is the study of strategic decision-making, where the outcome of one
person’s choice depends on the choices made by others. It helps explain how businesses,
individuals, or even countries make decisions when they must anticipate the reactions of
others. For example, two competing companies might decide whether to lower prices.
Each company’s decision affects the other’s profits, so they need to think ahead about how
the other will respond.

5. Econometrics

Econometrics combines mathematics, statistics, and economic theory to analyze real-

world data and identify patterns. It helps economists test theories, make predictions, and
understand economic relationships by using data to draw conclusions. For instance,
econometrics can be used to predict how changes in the minimum wage might affect
employment rates based on historical data.

• Careers in Economics:
o Economist, financial analyst, policy advisor, data and market analyst,
entrepreneur.
o Opportunities in government, business, research, and international
organizations.

2. How Globalization Affects Economics

• What is Globalization?
o The growing connection of economies, cultures, and people worldwide.
• Impact on Economics:
o Increases in international trade and global markets.
 o Influence of organizations like the World Trade Organization (WTO) and
International Monetary Fund (IMF).
o Challenges like economic inequality and opportunities in global business.

3. Economics as a Foundation for Development Studies

• Economics and Development:

o Helps explain how countries grow and improve people’s lives.
o Focus on economic growth, poverty reduction, and sustainability.
• From Economics to Development Studies:
o Development isn’t just about money—it includes health, education, and
equality.
o Economics works with other fields like political science and sociology to study
development.

4. Analyze key theories, methods and SOCIOLOGY: The Study of Society, Social Structures, and Institutions
careers in sociology and anthropology.
5. Compare sociology and anthropology in Sociology examines how individuals interact within groups, how institutions function, and how
terms of theories, methods and careers societies change over time.
in understanding societies and culture
and its application to other fields. 1. Key Theories in Sociology

• Structural-Functionalism (Émile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons) – Views society as a system

of interconnected parts working together to maintain stability.
• Conflict Theory (Karl Marx, C. Wright Mills) – Analyzes power struggles, class conflicts,
and inequality.
• Symbolic Interactionism (George Herbert Mead, Erving Goffman) – Focuses on how
individuals give meaning to social interactions.
• Feminist Theory (bell hooks, Judith Butler) – Examines gender roles, patriarchy, and
LC 1. Learners will examine key theories in
power relations in society.
Sociology and Anthropology to critically analyze • Postmodernism (Michel Foucault, Jean Baudrillard) – Challenges universal truths and
social and cultural structures. This knowledge emphasizes the fluidity of social identities.
helps develop skills for careers in social
research, community development, education, • Decolonial Theories in Sociology (examines how colonial legacies continue to shape
policy analysis, and cultural heritage work. social structures, race, class, and power dynamics) - Frantz Fanon (Black Skin, White
Masks), Boaventura de Sousa Santos (Epistemologies of the South); Topics: Structural
LC 2. Learners will analyze research methods inequalities, postcolonial identity, social movements.
like surveys, interviews, ethnography, and
fieldwork to study social and cultural practices. 2. Essential Sociological Methods
They will evaluate how these methods prepare
• Survey Research – Uses questionnaires to study social behaviors and attitudes.
them for careers in research, policy-making,
• Ethnography – Observes people in their natural environment to understand cultural
community development, and education.
norms.
• Social Network Analysis – Examines relationships and influence among people.
LC 3.Learners will evaluate career paths in • Quantitative Methods – Uses statistics and data analysis to study trends.
Sociology and Anthropology, understanding how • Content Analysis – Interprets media, texts, and cultural artifacts to understand social
skills like social research, policy analysis, and messages.
community development are used in fields such • Grounded Theory is a research method used to develop new theories based on data
as academia, government, NGOs, business, and collected from real-life situations. Instead of starting with a fixed idea, researchers
cultural institutions. gather information through interviews, observations, or surveys and let patterns and
themes emerge from the data. This helps create a theory that is deeply connected to
LC 4. Learners will compare Sociology and real-world experiences.
Anthropology in terms of theories, methods, • Phenomenology is a research approach that focuses on understanding people's
and careers. They will explore how both personal experiences and how they perceive the world around them. Researchers aim
disciplines help in understanding societies and to describe and interpret how individuals feel, think, and make sense of specific events
or situations, often through in-depth interviews.
cultures, with applications in research, public
policy, cultural heritage, and development
3. Potential Careers in Sociology
work.
• Social Researcher – Studies social trends for academic institutions or policy-making.
• Public Policy Analyst – Designs policies addressing social problems.
• Human Resource Specialist – Applies knowledge of organizational behavior in
workplace settings.
• Community Development Worker – Works with NGOs and local governments to
improve communities.
• Criminologist – Studies criminal behaviors and justice systems.
ANTHROPOLOGY: The Study of Human Cultures, Evolution, and Diversity

Anthropology explores human societies across time and space, focusing on cultural, biological,
linguistic, and archaeological perspectives.

1. Key Theories in Anthropology

• Cultural Relativism (Franz Boas, Ruth Benedict) – Argues that cultures should be
understood based on their own values, not judged by outside standards.
• Structuralism (Claude Lévi-Strauss) – Examines deep structures in human thought,
language, and culture.
• Symbolic Anthropology (Clifford Geertz, Victor Turner) – Explores how symbols shape
cultural meanings.
• Evolutionary Anthropology (Charles Darwin, E.O. Wilson) – Studies human biological
and cultural evolution.
• Decolonial Theories (Focuses on cultural imperialism, indigenous knowledge, and
how colonial structures shaped societies; Key Theorists: Aníbal Quijano (Coloniality
of Power), Linda Tuhiwai Smith (Decolonizing Methodologies); Topics: Indigenous
epistemologies, cultural resistance, ethnographic decolonization.

2. Essential Anthropological Methods

• Participant Observation – Immerses researchers in a community to understand

cultural practices.
• Ethnographic Fieldwork – In-depth study of a society through direct interaction.
• Oral Histories – Collects stories and traditions passed through generations.
• Comparative Analysis – Compares different societies to identify cultural patterns.
• Archaeological Excavation – Studies human history through material remains.

3. Potential Careers in Anthropology

• Cultural Anthropologist – Works in heritage preservation, museums, or research

institutions.
• Linguistic Anthropologist – Studies languages and their cultural impact.
 • Forensic Anthropologist – Assists in crime investigations using skeletal analysis.
• Archaeologist – Examines past civilizations through artifacts and ruins.
• Corporate Anthropologist – Applies cultural knowledge to business, marketing, and
user experience research.

Similarities and Differences Between Sociology and Anthropology

Similarities:

1. Study of Human Societies:

Both Sociology and Anthropology focus on understanding how people live, interact,
and organize themselves in societies.
2. Research Methods:
They use similar methods like interviews, observations, and surveys to study human
behavior.
3. Focus on Social Structures:
Both examine institutions like family, religion, education, and politics to see how they
shape society.
4. Cultural Analysis:
Sociology and Anthropology explore cultural practices, beliefs, and traditions to
understand how culture influences people’s lives.
5. Interdisciplinary Approach:
Both connect with fields like history, psychology, and economics to better understand
human behavior.

Differences:

• Focus:
Sociology studies modern societies, focusing on current social issues like inequality and
urban life. Anthropology looks at both ancient and modern cultures, including human
evolution and traditions across time.
• Scope:
Sociology focuses on specific social problems within societies, while Anthropology
 examines the broader human experience across different cultures and historical
periods.
• Methods:
Sociology often uses surveys and statistical analysis, while Anthropology relies more
on fieldwork and ethnography—immersing in communities to observe daily life.
• Areas of Study:
Sociology includes topics like social inequality, crime, and gender roles, while
Anthropology covers cultural practices, language, ancient civilizations, and human
evolution.
• Perspective:
Sociology tends to focus on current social structures, while Anthropology compares
different cultures to understand how societies change over time.

Explain how history helps us understand Navigating History: Theories, Perspectives, and Career Pathways
human experiences and societal
changes over time. History is the study of past events and the experiences of human societies. It explores how
cultures, societies, and individuals have evolved, and how historical events have shaped the
6. Explain the key global and Filipino present. History goes beyond facts to understand the causes, consequences, and patterns of
theories, perspectives and career past events.
pathways in history.
The focus of history's study includes:

1. Political History – The development of political systems and governance.

2. Social History – The lives of ordinary people, social movements, and class structures.
3. Cultural History – The evolution of ideas, art, religion, and cultural practices.
Discuss key global and Filipino theories
4. Economic History – The influence of economic systems and trade on societies.
in history (e.g., Historical Materialism,
5. Environmental History – The relationship between humans and the natural world.
Pantayong Pananaw) and their
influence on interpreting historical
Theories in History
events.
Theories in history help explain why and how historical events occurred, guiding historians in
Define historiography and explain how
historians use different perspectives interpreting the past.
and methodologies to interpret the Key Global Theories:
past.
1. Historical Materialism (Karl Marx):
Assess how biases and context affect Argues that economic conditions and class struggles are the primary drivers of
history writing and how debates offer historical change, shaping social and political systems.
new insights into events. 2. Great Man Theory (Thomas Carlyle):
Suggests that exceptional individuals—such as leaders and influential figures—shape
Recognize career pathways where the course of history through their decisions and actions.
historical knowledge is applied, such as 3. Cyclical Theory of History (Ibn Khaldun, Arnold Toynbee):
in education, research, and museum States that history follows a repeating cycle where civilizations rise, grow, decline, and
work. fall, influenced by internal and external factors.

Explain how historical and critical Filipino Theories of History

thinking, research, and communication
skills are important in history-related 1. Pantayong Pananaw (The "We" Perspective)
careers. Introduced by Dr. Zeus Salazar, this theory encourages viewing Filipino history from an
internal Filipino perspective, focusing on Filipino experiences and values rather than
foreign viewpoints.
2. History from Below (Kasaysayang Bayan)
Focuses on the experiences of ordinary people, especially marginalized groups, instead
of just political elites or colonizers. It emphasizes grassroots movements and the
contributions of common people to historical change. This theory is advanced by
historians like Reynaldo Ileto and Milagros Guerrero.
3. Indigenization of History (Pag-aangkop ng Kasaysayan)
This approach emphasizes rooting historical study in indigenous Filipino values,
traditions, and worldviews, challenging Western-centric perspectives. It seeks to
reclaim and integrate Filipino cultural insights to provide a more authentic
understanding of pre-colonial societies. Its key proponent is Dr. Propsero Covar.

Historiography
Historiography is the study of how history is written and how different historians interpret the
past. It examines the methods, perspectives, and biases that influence historical narratives.

Key Aspects:

1. Writing History:
Historiography involves understanding how historians select, analyze, and interpret
events, shaped by their theories, perspectives, and the time in which they live.
2. Historical Interpretation:
It examines different interpretations of the same historical events, showing that
history can be understood in multiple ways depending on the historian's viewpoint.
3. Bias and Perspective:
Historians' personal, political, or cultural biases can shape their interpretation of
history. Analyzing these helps us critically assess historical narratives.
4. Historical Debates:
Historiography also involves examining the debates among historians over
interpretations of events, which can offer new insights into well-known historical
moments.

Career Pathways for those interested in History

1. Education

• History Teacher: Teach history at various levels.

• Academic Researcher: Conduct and publish historical research.

2. Museums and Heritage Management

• Museum Curator: Manage and curate historical collections.

• Cultural Heritage Manager: Preserve historical sites and traditions.
3. Public History

• Archivist: Manage historical documents and records.

• Documentary Producer: Create historical content for public education.

4. Law and Policy

• Legal Researcher: Assist in legal case preparation with historical research.

• Policy Analyst: Use historical data to shape public policies.

5. Government and Public Service

• Diplomat: Represent the country and foster international relations.

• Cultural Attaché: Promote cultural exchange in embassies or consulates.

6. Journalism and Media

• Political Journalist: Report on political history and current events.

• Historical Writer: Write books or articles on historical topics.

7. NGOs

• Community Organizer: Advocate for social change with historical context.

• Human Rights Advocate: Support human rights causes with historical
analysis.
THIRD QUARTER – BEHAVIORAL and THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES

CONTENT STANDARD The learners demonstrate an understanding of various disciplines of applied social sciences, recognizing the
roles of professionals, while grasping the functions and impacts of these disciplines in promoting social
change and community well-being.

PERFORMANCE STANDARD The learners shall conduct an interview with a professional from an applied social science discipline (e.g.,
counseling, social work, criminology, education, communication) to gain insights into their roles and
contributions to social change, analyze the discipline’s real-world impact, and synthesize findings into a
reflective report or presentation, demonstrating effective communication and ethical awareness.

PSYCHOLOGY
1. Examine the concepts, major Understanding Psychology: Concepts, Theories, Methods, and Career Pathways
theories, methods and career
pathways of Psychology including Psychology is a fascinating field that helps us understand how people think, feel, and behave. It
Filipino indigenous psychological explores human experiences, from emotions and thoughts to relationships and decision-making.
concepts. Psychology is not just about understanding others—it also helps us understand ourselves. It draws
from scientific research to explain behaviors and mental processes, making it a valuable
Define psychology and explain its
foundation for many careers, including counseling, education, business, and healthcare. In the
goals, focus of study, and relevance
Philippine context, psychology also embraces indigenous concepts that reflect our unique cultural
to understanding human behavior
values and social practices.
and mental processes in both global
and Filipino contexts.
Identify and compare major 1. Defining Psychology and Its Relevance
psychological theories (e.g.,
behavioral, cognitive, Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes, exploring how people think,
psychodynamic, humanistic) feel, and act in various contexts. Its primary goals are to describe, explain, predict, and influence
alongside Filipino indigenous human behavior, providing insights into why individuals behave the way they do. The focus of
psychological concepts (e.g., psychology spans key areas such as cognition, emotions, development, personality, and social
Sikolohiyang Pilipino, kapwa, loob, interactions, helping us understand both individual and group dynamics. Its relevance extends
hiya, utang na loob) in explaining beyond global applications, as it also considers the unique cultural values, traditions, and social
behavior and mental health. behaviors that shape human experiences, particularly within the Filipino context.
Describe key methods of inquiry in
psychology, including experimental, 2. Major Psychological Theories and Filipino Indigenous Concepts
observational, and survey methods,
as well as indigenous research • Major Psychological Theories:
approaches relevant to Filipino o Behavioral Theory: Explains behavior through learning from experiences (e.g.,
psychology. rewards and punishments).
Identify career pathways in o Cognitive Theory: Focuses on mental processes like thinking, memory, and
psychology, including the skills and problem-solving.
qualifications needed for various o Psychodynamic Theory: Examines how unconscious motives and early life
professional roles. experiences influence behavior.
o Humanistic Theory: Highlights personal growth, self-actualization, and the pursuit
of potential.
• Filipino Indigenous Psychological Concepts (Sikolohiyang Pilipino):
o Kapwa (Shared Identity): Emphasizes community interconnectedness and
relationships.
o Loob (Inner Self): Reflects personal values, feelings, and moral intentions.
o Hiya (Sense of Propriety): Guides behavior to maintain social harmony and
respect.
o Utang na Loob (Debt of Gratitude): A strong sense of interpersonal obligation
based on reciprocity.

3. Methods of Inquiry in Psychology

• Global Research Methods:

o Experimental Method: Tests cause-and-effect relationships through controlled
experiments.
o Observational Method: Involves observing behaviors in natural or structured
settings.
o Survey Method: Collects data from groups using questionnaires and interviews.
 • Indigenous Research Approaches (Filipino Context):
o Pakikipagkapwa (Participatory Engagement): Building genuine connections with
participants.
o Pakikiramdam (Shared Inner Perception): Being sensitive to non-verbal cues and
social dynamics.
o Pagdadalaw-dalaw (Field Immersion): Immersing in communities for deeper
cultural understanding.

4. Career Pathways in Psychology

• Key Fields in Psychology:

o Clinical Psychology: Diagnosing and treating mental health conditions.
o Counseling Psychology: Supporting individuals with personal, academic, and social
challenges.
o Educational Psychology: Enhancing learning and development in educational
settings.
o Industrial-Organizational Psychology: Applying psychological principles in
workplaces to improve productivity and employee well-being.
o Forensic Psychology: Applying psychology in legal and criminal justice contexts.
• Educational Pathway:
o Bachelor’s Degree in Psychology: Provides foundational knowledge of
psychological theories and research methods.
o Master’s Degree (Optional): Specializes in areas like clinical, counseling, or
educational psychology.
o Doctoral Degree (PhD/PsyD): Required for advanced roles in research, academia,
or clinical practice.
o Licensure and Certification: Professional licensure is required to practice (e.g.,
Registered Psychologist in the Philippines).

COUNSELING
2. Analyze the concepts, major Counseling as an Applied Social Science: Concepts, Theories, Methods, and Career Pathways
theories, methods and techniques,
and career pathways of counseling.
3. Analyze the influence of Filipino Introduction
cultural values on counseling
practices Counseling is an applied social science that helps individuals understand and manage personal,
emotional, social, and mental health challenges. It draws from the knowledge base of various
social science disciplines, including psychology (understanding behavior and mental processes),
Define counseling as an applied sociology (examining social relationships), anthropology (exploring cultural influences), and
social science that draws from
education (supporting learning and development). Counseling aims to promote personal growth,
psychology and other disciplines such
mental well-being, and effective problem-solving skills. In the Philippine context, counseling also
as sociology, anthropology, and
education, and explain its goals in integrates indigenous concepts that reflect Filipino cultural values and social practices, making it
promoting personal development more relevant and meaningful to the local setting.
and mental well-being.
Identify and compare major This content explores the foundations of counseling, focusing on its definition, key theories,
counseling theories, including methods, cultural influences, and potential career pathways for students interested in pursuing
cognitive-behavioral, humanistic, this field.
psychodynamic approaches,
alongside Filipino indigenous 1. Defining Counseling as an Applied Social Science
concepts such as Bayanihan, Kapwa,
Pakikipagkapwa, and Pakikiramdam. • What is Counseling?
Describe key counseling methods Counseling is a professional process that supports individuals in understanding and
and techniques, including active overcoming personal, emotional, and mental health challenges. It is rooted in scientific
listening, interviews, case studies, knowledge from psychology, sociology, anthropology, and education, making it an
and observation, with an emphasis interdisciplinary practice.
on ethical practices. • Goals of Counseling:
Analyze the influence of Filipino o Promote personal development and self-awareness
cultural values on counseling o Enhance mental health and emotional well-being
practices, highlighting the role of o Support effective decision-making and problem-solving
family, community, and social o Foster healthy relationships and social functioning
relationships in mental health
support. 2. Major Counseling Theories and Filipino Indigenous Concepts
Identify career pathways in
counseling, including roles, necessary • Major Counseling Theories:
skills, educational qualifications, and o Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Focuses on changing negative thought
licensure requirements for patterns and behaviors to improve emotional well-being.
counseling professionals in the o Humanistic Approach: Emphasizes personal growth, self-actualization, and the
Philippines. belief in an individual's potential for change.
o Psychodynamic Approach: Explores unconscious processes, past experiences, and
internal conflicts that influence current behavior.
• Filipino Indigenous Counseling Concepts:
o Bayanihan: Reflects the spirit of communal unity and cooperation, often
emphasized in group counseling and community support.
o Kapwa (Shared Identity): Highlights the interconnectedness between individuals,
fostering empathy and relational harmony.
o Pakikipagkapwa (Interpersonal Connectedness): Focuses on building trust and
respectful relationships in the counseling process.
o Pakikiramdam (Sensitivity): Involves being attuned to the unspoken emotions and
non-verbal cues of others, essential in understanding clients deeply.

3. Key Counseling Methods and Techniques

• Core Counseling Methods:

o Active Listening: Fully focusing on the client’s words, feelings, and non-verbal
cues to build trust and understanding.
o Interviews: Structured or open-ended conversations to gather relevant personal
and psychological information.
o Case Studies: In-depth analysis of individual cases to explore specific counseling
issues and interventions.
o Observation: Assessing behaviors, body language, and interactions to gain deeper
insights into the client’s experiences.
• Ethical Practices in Counseling:
o Confidentiality: Protecting the privacy of client information.
o Informed Consent: Ensuring clients understand the counseling process and agree
to participate.
o Non-Judgmental Approach: Offering support without bias or personal judgment.
o Professional Boundaries: Maintaining appropriate counselor-client relationships
to ensure ethical practice.
4. Influence of Filipino Cultural Values on Counseling Practices

• Role of Family and Community:

In Filipino culture, the family is the core unit of support, often playing a significant role in
decision-making and well-being. Counseling practices consider these dynamics,
emphasizing family involvement when appropriate.
• Key Filipino Values in Counseling:
o Pakikisama (Social Harmony): Promotes harmonious relationships, encouraging
cooperation and reducing conflict in counseling settings.
o Hiya (Sense of Propriety): Recognizes the influence of social expectations and the
desire to maintain dignity and respect.
o Utang na Loob (Gratitude and Obligation): Acknowledges the importance of
reciprocal relationships in Filipino society, which can impact personal motivations
and decisions.

5. Career Pathways in Counseling

• Common Counseling Roles:

o School Counselor: Supports students’ academic, personal, and social
development.
o Mental Health Counselor: Provides therapy for individuals experiencing mental
health issues like anxiety, depression, and trauma.
o Guidance Counselor: Assists students with career planning, personal
development, and educational guidance.
o Crisis Intervention Specialist: Offers immediate support to individuals in
emergency or high-stress situations.
• Key Skills for Counselors:
o Strong communication and interpersonal skills
o Empathy and active listening
o Critical thinking and problem-solving abilities
o Cultural sensitivity and ethical judgment
• Educational Qualifications:
o Bachelor’s Degree in Psychology, Education, or Behavioral Sciences
 o Master’s Degree in Counseling, Guidance, or Clinical Psychology (often required
for licensure)
o Licensure: Passing the Licensure Examination for Guidance Counselors under the
Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) in the Philippines

SOCIAL WORK
4. Explain the focus of social work as an
applied social science and its key
theories and approaches, methods Social Work as Practicing Social Science
and career opportunities.
Social work is a dynamic and impactful field dedicated to promoting social justice, human rights,
and the well-being of individuals, families, and communities. As an applied social science, social
Define social work as an applied work draws from disciplines such as sociology, psychology, political science, and anthropology to
social science that draws from understand complex social issues and develop practical solutions. It addresses challenges related
various disciplines such as sociology, to poverty, mental health, family dynamics, inequality, and community development, making it
psychology, political science, and both a compassionate and action-oriented profession.
anthropology to address social issues
and promote human well-being. 1. Understanding Social Work as an Applied Social Science
Explain the focus of study in social
work, including social justice, human
• What is Social Work?
rights, community development, and Social work is a professional practice and academic discipline focused on enhancing
the well-being of individuals, human well-being and addressing social problems. It integrates knowledge from multiple
families, and groups in diverse social sciences to understand human behavior, social systems, and the root causes of
contexts. inequality.
Identify and describe key social • Core Principles of Social Work:
work theories and approaches, such
o Social Justice: Advocating for fairness, equity, and human rights.
as systems theory, ecological
o Human Dignity: Respecting the inherent worth of every individual.
perspective, strengths-based o Empowerment: Helping individuals and communities gain control over their lives.
approach, and empowerment theory, o Service: Commitment to helping others, particularly the vulnerable and
and how they guide social work marginalized.
practice.
Describe essential methods of social 2. Focus of Study in Social Work
work practice, including casework,
group work, community organization, Social work addresses a wide range of issues that affect individuals and communities, focusing on
advocacy, and social policy analysis, both personal well-being and societal structures.
with an emphasis on ethical
practices. • Key Areas of Focus:
Identify career opportunities in o Social Justice: Promoting equality and challenging discrimination.
social work, including roles in clinical o Human Rights: Protecting the fundamental rights and freedoms of all people.
settings, community development, o Community Development: Strengthening communities through capacity-building
social policy, advocacy, and and resource mobilization.
international organizations, along o Individual and Family Well-being: Addressing mental health, family dynamics,
with the skills, qualifications, and poverty, and social support systems.
licensure requirements needed for • Social Issues Addressed:
professional practice. o Poverty and economic inequality
o Mental health and substance abuse
o Child welfare and family support
o Gender-based violence and human trafficking
o Disability rights and elder care

3. Theories and Approaches Guiding Social Work Practice

Social work practice is guided by theories that help practitioners understand the complex
interactions between individuals and their environments.

• Key Theories:
o Systems Theory: Views individuals as part of interconnected systems (e.g.,
families, communities, institutions) that influence behavior and well-being.
o Ecological Perspective: Focuses on the dynamic relationship between people and
their environments, emphasizing how social, cultural, and physical factors affect
development.
 o Strengths-Based Approach: Encourages focusing on the strengths and resources
of individuals and communities, rather than just their problems.
o Empowerment Theory: Aims to help people gain control over their lives by
fostering self-confidence, decision-making skills, and access to resources.

4. Methods of Social Work Practice

Social workers use a variety of methods to address social issues, provide support, and advocate for
change.

• Core Methods:
o Casework (Direct Practice): Working one-on-one with individuals or families to
provide counseling, support, and resources.
o Group Work: Facilitating support groups, therapy sessions, or skill-building
workshops to address shared concerns.
o Community Organization: Mobilizing communities to identify needs, develop
programs, and advocate for systemic change.
o Advocacy: Representing the interests of vulnerable populations to influence
policies, laws, and social services.
o Social Policy Analysis: Evaluating and shaping public policies that impact social
welfare, healthcare, education, and human rights.
• Ethical Practices in Social Work:
o Confidentiality: Safeguarding client information to maintain trust.
o Cultural Competence: Understanding and respecting diverse cultural
backgrounds.
o Professional Integrity: Upholding ethical standards in all professional interactions.
o Client Empowerment: Supporting clients’ autonomy and decision-making.

5. Career Opportunities in Social Work

 Social work offers diverse career paths across various sectors, including healthcare, education,
government, non-profit organizations, and international agencies.

• Common Social Work Roles:

o Clinical Social Worker: Provides mental health counseling and therapy in clinical
settings.
o School Social Worker: Supports students with academic, behavioral, and
emotional challenges in educational environments.
o Community Development Worker: Engages with communities to promote social
change and improve living conditions.
o Child Welfare Caseworker: Protects vulnerable children and supports families
through intervention programs.
o Policy Advocate/Social Policy Analyst: Works with government and NGOs to
influence social policies and promote human rights.
o Medical Social Worker: Assists patients and families in navigating healthcare
systems and coping with health-related challenges.
• Key Skills for Social Workers:
o Effective communication and active listening
o Problem-solving and critical thinking
o Empathy and emotional intelligence
o Advocacy and leadership skills
o Cultural sensitivity and adaptability
• Educational Pathway:
o Bachelor’s Degree in Social Work (BSW): Provides foundational knowledge and
fieldwork experience.
o Master’s Degree in Social Work (MSW): Offers advanced specialization in clinical
practice, policy analysis, or community leadership.
o Licensure Requirements: In the Philippines, social workers must pass the
Licensure Examination for Social Workers administered by the Professional
Regulation Commission (PRC) to practice professionally.

5. Analyze the goals, key educational The Role of Education: Theories, Methods, and Career Pathways
theories and philosophies, methods
 of educational research and Education is an applied social science that goes beyond the simple transmission of knowledge. It is
education in the Philippines. a transformative process that shapes both individuals and societies by fostering learning, personal
6. Analyze the relationship between growth, and social development. As a powerful social institution, education draws from
education and society and career foundational disciplines such as psychology, sociology, philosophy, anthropology, and political
pathways of education. science to understand how people learn, how knowledge is constructed, and how educational
systems influence societal progress.
Define education as a process of
1. Defining Education and Its Goals
facilitating learning and personal
development, and explain its
goals and functions in promoting • Definition of Education:
individual growth, socialization, Education is a lifelong process of facilitating learning, knowledge acquisition, skill
and civic participation. development, and value formation. It occurs in formal (schools), non-formal (community
1. Identify and describe key programs), and informal (life experiences) settings.
• Goals of Education:
educational theories and
philosophies, such as o Personal Development: Fosters critical thinking, creativity, self-awareness, and
behaviorism, constructivism, emotional growth.
progressivism, and essentialism, o Socialization: Instills cultural norms, values, ethics, and interpersonal skills
and explain how they influence necessary for participating in society.
teaching and learning practices. o Civic Participation: Prepares individuals to engage as active, informed, and
2. Describe key methods and responsible citizens.
o Economic Empowerment: Equips learners with competencies needed for
approaches in education,
including direct instruction, employment, entrepreneurship, and lifelong learning.
inquiry-based learning, and o Cultural Transmission: Preserves and promotes cultural heritage, diversity, and
collaborative learning, with an identity across generations.
emphasis on student o Social Transformation: Drives societal progress by challenging inequalities,
engagement and critical thinking. promoting social justice, and fostering innovation to address contemporary global
3. Analyze the relationship issues.
between education and society,
focusing on how education 2. Key Educational Theories and Philosophies
contributes to social mobility,
cultural identity, and addressing • Educational Theories:
contemporary global issues. o Behaviorism (B.F. Skinner, John Watson): Focuses on observable behaviors and
learning through reinforcement and conditioning.
4. Identify career pathways in o Cognitivism (Jean Piaget, Jerome Bruner): Emphasizes the mental processes
education, including teaching, involved in learning, such as memory, problem-solving, and information
curriculum development, processing. It views learners as active participants in constructing knowledge
educational leadership, and through cognitive activities.
research, along with the skills o Constructivism (Lev Vygotsky, Jean Piaget): Builds on cognitivism by highlighting
and qualifications needed for how learners construct knowledge through experiences and social interactions.
professional growth. o Humanism (Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow): Centers on the holistic development
of the learner, promoting self-actualization, personal growth, and emotional well-
being.
o Educational Neuroscience/Brain-Based Learning (Eric Jensen, John Geake):
Integrates insights from neuroscience to understand how the brain learns. It
emphasizes factors like emotional engagement, the role of memory, and the
importance of active, meaningful learning experiences in enhancing cognitive
development.
• Philosophical Foundations of Education:
o Progressivism (John Dewey): Advocates for experiential, student-centered
learning that develops critical thinking and problem-solving skills.
o Essentialism (William Bagley): Focuses on core knowledge, academic rigor, and
discipline to prepare students for societal roles.
o Perennialism: Emphasizes enduring ideas, classical knowledge, and the
development of intellectual reasoning.
o Reconstructionism: Views education as a tool for social change, encouraging
critical inquiry to address social injustices and promote equity.
• Influence on Teaching Practices:
These theories and philosophies guide curriculum development, instructional strategies,
classroom management, and assessment methods, shaping how educators design
effective learning environments.

3. Methods of Educational Research

Educational research is essential for understanding learning processes, improving teaching
practices, and informing policy decisions.

• Quantitative Research Methods:

o Experimental Research: Examines cause-and-effect relationships through
controlled experiments.
o Descriptive Research: Uses surveys, questionnaires, and statistical analysis to
describe educational trends and patterns.
o Correlational Research: Identifies relationships between variables without
establishing direct causation.
• Qualitative Research Methods:
o Case Studies: In-depth exploration of specific educational settings, individuals, or
groups.
o Ethnography: Studies cultural and social dynamics within educational
environments.
o Interviews and Focus Groups: Gather in-depth insights into participants'
experiences and perspectives.
• Mixed-Methods Research:
Combines quantitative and qualitative approaches to provide comprehensive insights into
educational phenomena.
• Importance of Research in Education:
o Enhances curriculum design and instructional methods
o Informs educational policies and reforms
o Improves teacher effectiveness and student learning outcomes

4. Teaching by Key Stages in the Philippines

In the Philippine education system under the K-12 curriculum, learning is organized into four key
stages. Each key stage focuses on specific developmental needs, academic goals, and
competencies. Teachers are often specialized in handling specific key stages to address the unique
learning needs of students at each level.

• Key Stage 1 (Grades 1–3):

o Focus: Foundation in literacy, numeracy, and socio-emotional development.
o Curriculum: Basic reading, writing, arithmetic, and introduction to Filipino values.
o Teacher Specialization: Teachers are trained in early childhood education
methodologies, focusing on creating engaging and nurturing learning
environments.
• Key Stage 2 (Grades 4–6):
o Focus: Strengthening literacy and numeracy skills with the introduction of critical
thinking and basic content knowledge across core subjects.
o Curriculum: Science, mathematics, Filipino, English, social studies, and values
education.
o Teacher Specialization: Teachers specialize in upper elementary instruction,
incorporating more structured teaching methods and content-specific knowledge.
• Key Stage 3 (Grades 7–10 - Junior High School):
o Focus: Developing analytical, problem-solving, and communication skills with
specialized subject instruction.
o Curriculum: Expanded subjects including technology and livelihood education
(TLE), arts, music, physical education, and health (MAPEH), and advanced
mathematics and sciences.
o Teacher Specialization: Teachers are subject matter experts, focusing on specific
disciplines such as math, science, or language arts.
• Key Stage 4 (Grades 11–12 - Senior High School):
o Focus: Preparing students for higher education, employment, or entrepreneurship
through specialized tracks: Academic, Technical-Vocational-Livelihood (TVL),
Sports, and Arts & Design.
o Curriculum: Core subjects (e.g., communication, research) and specialized
subjects aligned with chosen tracks (e.g., STEM, HUMSS, ABM).
o Teacher Specialization: Teachers have expertise in specific tracks, often requiring
industry experience or advanced academic qualifications in their field.
• Benefits of Key Stage Specialization:
o Ensures that teaching strategies are developmentally appropriate
 o Promotes subject-matter expertise, especially in upper levels
o Supports continuous assessment and targeted interventions for student growth

5. The Relationship Between Education and Society

• Education as a Social Institution:

Education reflects and shapes societal values, structures, and norms. It serves as a key
driver of social cohesion, identity formation, and national development.
• Contributions of Education to Society:
o Social Mobility: Provides individuals with opportunities to improve their socio-
economic status through knowledge and skills acquisition.
o Cultural Identity: Preserves cultural heritage while promoting respect for diversity
and multicultural understanding.
o Global Citizenship: Prepares learners to engage with global issues such as climate
change, human rights, peace-building, and technological innovation.
o Social Transformation: Acts as an agent of change by challenging inequalities,
promoting gender equity, environmental sustainability, and democratic values.

6. Career Pathways in Education

• Teaching and Instruction:

o Early Childhood Educator: Focuses on foundational learning and development in
young children.
o Primary and Secondary Teacher: Facilitates subject-specific learning and holistic
student development.
o Special Education Teacher: Supports learners with diverse needs through
individualized education programs (IEPs).
• Curriculum and Instructional Design:
o Curriculum Developer: Designs, evaluates, and updates educational programs to
meet learning standards and societal needs.
 o Instructional Designer: Develops innovative teaching materials, e-learning
platforms, and educational technologies.
• Educational Leadership and Administration:
o School Administrator/Principal: Oversees school operations, staff development,
and the implementation of educational policies.
o Education Policy Maker: Shapes educational reforms, curriculum standards, and
national education policies to improve learning outcomes.
• Research and Academic Roles:
o Educational Researcher: Conducts studies on teaching methodologies, learning
outcomes, and educational policies.
o Higher Education Faculty/Professor: Engages in teaching, research, and
mentoring at colleges and universities.
• Other Career Opportunities:
o Educational Consultant: Advises on curriculum development, teacher training,
and school improvement strategies.
o Corporate Trainer: Delivers professional development programs within
organizations to enhance employee skills.
o NGO Educator: Works in community-based educational initiatives, advocacy
programs, and international development projects.

7. Teacher Licensing in the Philippines

To ensure the quality of education, teachers in the Philippines are required to obtain professional
licensure through the Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET) administered by the Professional
Regulation Commission (PRC).

• Eligibility:
o Elementary Level Teachers: Bachelor’s degree in Elementary Education (BEEd) or
equivalent.
o Secondary Level Teachers: Bachelor’s degree in Secondary Education (BSEd) with
a specialization or a relevant degree with additional education units.
7. Examine criminology as applied Criminology: The Study of Crime, Justice, and Social Impact
social science, its areas, major
theories, methods of research and Criminology is an applied social science that focuses on understanding the nature, causes,
career pathways. consequences, and prevention of crime. It examines the behaviors of individuals and groups
involved in criminal activities, the functioning of the criminal justice system, and the broader social
Define criminology as an applied impact of crime on communities and societies. As an interdisciplinary field, criminology draws
social science that studies the
from sociology, psychology, political science, law, and anthropology to analyze crime as both a
causes, consequences, and
social phenomenon and an individual act.
prevention of crime, drawing
from disciplines such as
sociology, psychology, law, and 1. Defining Criminology as an Applied Social Science
political science.
Explain the key focus areas of Criminology is the scientific study of crime, criminal behavior, and the societal responses to crime.
criminology, including the study As an applied social science, it seeks to understand the causes of criminal activities, the
of criminal behavior, the criminal consequences for individuals and communities, and effective methods for crime prevention and
justice system, crime prevention, control.
and the social impact of crime on
individuals and communities. Criminology integrates knowledge from:
Identify and describe major
criminological theories, such as • Sociology: Analyzing crime within the context of social structures, cultural norms, and
classical theory, biological group dynamics.
theory, psychological theory, and • Psychology: Understanding individual behavior, cognitive processes, and mental health
sociological theories (e.g., strain factors related to criminal acts.
theory, social learning theory, • Political Science: Examining the role of government policies, power structures, and legal
labeling theory), and explain how systems in crime control.
they help in understanding • Law: Defining crime, legal procedures, and the administration of justice within societies.
criminal behavior.
Discuss key methods of As an applied field, criminology bridges the gap between theory and practice by developing
criminological research, strategies for law enforcement, corrections, rehabilitation, and crime prevention.
including quantitative methods
(e.g., crime statistics, surveys)
and qualitative methods (e.g.,
case studies, interviews,
ethnographic studies) used to 2. Key Focus Areas of Criminology
analyze crime trends and Criminology encompasses several interrelated areas of study that help explain the complexities of
patterns. crime and justice:
Identify career pathways in
criminology, including roles in • Study of Criminal Behavior: Investigates the psychological, social, and environmental
law enforcement, forensic factors that lead individuals to commit crimes. This includes understanding patterns of
science, criminal investigation, deviant behavior, motivations, and risk factors.
corrections, legal studies, and • The Criminal Justice System: Examines the institutions and processes involved in
crime prevention, along with the enforcing laws, prosecuting offenders, and administering justice, including the roles of
skills and qualifications needed police, courts, and correctional facilities.
for professional growth. • Crime Prevention: Focuses on strategies to reduce crime rates, including community-
based programs, public policies, educational campaigns, and environmental design.
• Social Impact of Crime: Explores how crime affects victims, families, communities, and
society at large, including psychological trauma, economic costs, and issues related to
public safety and social trust.

3. Major Criminological Theories

Criminological theories provide frameworks for understanding the causes and dynamics of
criminal behavior:

• Classical Theory (Cesare Beccaria, Jeremy Bentham):

o Views crime as a result of rational choices made by individuals based on cost-
benefit analyses.
o Emphasizes deterrence through fair, swift, and proportionate punishment.
• Biological Theories:
o Suggest that genetic, neurological, or physiological factors can influence criminal
tendencies.
o Modern approaches focus on brain chemistry, heredity, and neurodevelopmental
issues.
• Psychological Theories:
o Explore the role of personality traits, mental health disorders, cognitive
development, and emotional regulation in criminal behavior.
 o Include Freud’s psychoanalytic theory and behavioral models that examine
learned behaviors.
• Sociological Theories:
o Strain Theory (Robert Merton): Proposes that crime results from the pressure
individuals feel when they cannot achieve societal goals through legitimate
means.
o Social Learning Theory (Albert Bandura): Suggests that individuals learn criminal
behavior through observation, imitation, and reinforcement within their social
environment.
o Labeling Theory (Howard Becker): Focuses on how society’s reaction to
individuals (labeling them as “criminals”) can influence their self-identity and
perpetuate deviant behavior.
•
o Broken Windows Theory (James Q. Wilson & George L. Kelling): Suggests that
visible signs of disorder and neglect (e.g., broken windows, graffiti, public
disturbances) create an environment that encourages further crime and anti-
social behavior. The theory argues that maintaining urban environments,
addressing minor offenses, and promoting community order can prevent more
serious crimes from occurring.

4. Methods of Criminological Research

Criminology relies on scientific research to analyze crime patterns, understand criminal behavior,
and evaluate justice system practices:

• Quantitative Methods:
o Crime Statistics: Analyzing data from police reports, national crime surveys, and
judicial records to identify trends.
o Surveys: Collecting data on public perceptions of crime, victimization experiences,
and attitudes toward the justice system.
o Experiments: Testing crime prevention strategies and evaluating the effectiveness
of interventions.
• Qualitative Methods:
 o Case Studies: In-depth analysis of individual cases to explore specific aspects of
criminal behavior and justice processes.
o Interviews: Gathering personal narratives from offenders, victims, law
enforcement officials, and community members.
o Ethnographic Research: Immersing in specific communities or subcultures to
understand the social contexts that influence criminal activities.
• Mixed-Methods Research:
Combines quantitative and qualitative approaches to provide a comprehensive
understanding of crime-related phenomena.

5. Career Pathways in Criminology

Criminology offers diverse career opportunities in various sectors, including law enforcement,
legal services, corrections, research, and public policy:

• Law Enforcement:
o Police Officer: Enforces laws, investigates crimes, and maintains public safety.
o Criminal Investigator/Detective: Specializes in solving complex criminal cases
through evidence collection and analysis.
o Forensic Specialist: Applies scientific methods to analyze crime scene evidence
and support criminal investigations.
• Legal and Judicial Services:
o Paralegal or Legal Researcher: Assists in legal proceedings, focusing on criminal
law.
o Probation and Parole Officer: Supervises individuals under court-ordered
supervision, supporting rehabilitation and reintegration.
• Corrections and Rehabilitation:
o Correctional Officer: Manages incarcerated individuals and ensures security
within correctional facilities.
o Rehabilitation Counselor: Develops programs to support offender rehabilitation
and reduce recidivism.
• Crime Prevention and Community Safety:
o Community Outreach Coordinator: Designs programs to prevent crime through
education, community engagement, and youth development.
 o Victim Advocate: Supports crime victims by providing resources, counseling, and
assistance in navigating the legal system.
• Criminal Profiling and Intelligence:
o Criminal Profiler: Analyzes behavioral patterns to assist in identifying suspects and
solving crimes.
o Intelligence Analyst: Interprets crime data to predict and prevent potential
security threats.
• Research and Academia:
o Criminologist/Researcher: Conducts studies on crime trends, justice system
policies, and criminological theories.
o University Professor: Teaches criminology, criminal justice, and related disciplines
while conducting academic research.

• Educational Pathway:
o Bachelor’s Degree in Criminology or Criminal Justice: Provides foundational
knowledge in crime, justice systems, and criminological theories.
o Master’s or Doctorate in Criminology (optional): For specialized roles in research,
policy analysis, or academic teaching.

COMMUNICATION AND MULTI MEDIA STUDIES

8. Analyze communication and Communication and Multimedia Studies as Applied Social Sciences
multimedia arts as applied social
science, its key functions, major Communication and Multimedia Studies are applied social sciences that explore how messages
theories, and career pathways. are created, transmitted, and interpreted across various platforms, from traditional media to
digital technologies. This field examines the role of communication in shaping human behavior,
cultural identity, public opinion, and societal change. It integrates theoretical frameworks from
communication studies with practical applications in multimedia, covering areas like digital
Define communication and storytelling, content creation, and media production.
multimedia studies as applied social
sciences that examine how messages
are created, transmitted, and
interpreted across various platforms, By understanding both the theoretical foundations and technological innovations in
integrating traditional communication, learners can develop essential skills for navigating the dynamic landscape of
communication theories with digital modern media.
and multimedia technologies.
1. Defining Communication and Multimedia Studies
Explain the key functions of
communication and multimedia in Communication Studies focus on the process of how information is encoded, transmitted, and
shaping public opinion, cultural
decoded through various channels, such as interpersonal, organizational, and mass
identity, social relationships, and
communication.
facilitating social change in both local
and global contexts. Multimedia Studies expand this by incorporating digital technologies like text, images, audio,
video, and interactive media to enhance message delivery.
Identify and analyze major
communication and multimedia Together, they examine:
theories, such as the Shannon-
Weaver Model, Media Richness • Message Creation: Crafting content that conveys clear, engaging, and impactful messages.
Theory, Uses and Gratifications • Transmission: Utilizing platforms such as social media, television, podcasts, and digital
Theory, and Convergence Theory, marketing channels.
and explain their relevance in • Interpretation: Understanding how audiences receive, interpret, and respond to messages
understanding digital media across different cultural and technological contexts.
environments.
2. Key Functions of Communication and Multimedia
Demonstrate effective
communication and multimedia • Shaping Public Opinion: Media influences what people think about through news, social
skills by creating and presenting media trends, advertising, and public campaigns.
content that integrates verbal, non- • Promoting Cultural Identity: Communication and multimedia preserve and promote
verbal, written, visual, and digital cultural values, traditions, and narratives across generations.
elements across different media • Building Social Relationships: Facilitates connections through personal interactions, social
platforms. networking platforms, and virtual communities.
• Facilitating Social Change: Drives awareness, advocacy, and activism by mobilizing people
Explore career pathways in around social, political, and environmental issues.
communication and multimedia • Information Dissemination: Enables the rapid sharing of knowledge and real-time updates
studies, including roles in digital in local and global contexts.
marketing, journalism, public
relations, media production, content 3. Major Communication and Multimedia Theories
creation, and corporate
communication, highlighting the • Shannon-Weaver Model:
required skills, qualifications, and Describes communication as a linear process involving a sender, message, channel,
ethical considerations for receiver, and potential noise that may disrupt the message. It highlights the importance of
professional growth. clear transmission to avoid misunderstandings.
• Media Richness Theory:
Suggests that different media vary in their ability to effectively convey information. Rich
media (e.g., face-to-face, video calls) are more effective for complex messages, while lean
media (e.g., emails, text) suit straightforward communication.
• Uses and Gratifications Theory:
Focuses on how individuals actively choose media to satisfy specific needs, such as
information, entertainment, personal identity, or social interaction.
• Convergence Theory:
Explores how traditional and digital media merge, allowing content to be shared across
multiple platforms. It highlights how technology blurs the lines between producers and
consumers, enabling user-generated content.

4. Effective Communication and Multimedia Skills

Students should develop competencies in both traditional communication and digital media
skills, including:

• Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication: Clear articulation, tone, body language, and
effective public speaking.
• Written Communication: Crafting concise, coherent, and persuasive content for blogs,
reports, social media, and academic writing.
• Visual Communication: Using images, infographics, videos, and graphic design to enhance
message impact.
• Digital Media Production: Creating multimedia content such as podcasts, videos, and
interactive presentations using tools like Canva, Adobe, or video editing software.
• Critical Thinking and Media Literacy: Analyzing media messages, identifying bias, and
evaluating the credibility of information.
 5. Career Pathways in Communication and Multimedia Studies

Graduates of communication and multimedia studies can pursue diverse career opportunities in
industries such as media, marketing, corporate communication, and creative industries.

• Digital Marketing Specialist: Manages online campaigns, SEO strategies, and social media
platforms to promote brands.
• Journalist/Content Writer: Produces news articles, blogs, and multimedia content for
traditional and digital outlets.
• Public Relations (PR) Officer: Manages organizational image, media relations, and
strategic communication campaigns.
• Media Producer: Oversees video production, podcast creation, and digital storytelling
projects.
• Content Creator/Influencer: Develops engaging content for social media platforms, blogs,
YouTube, or podcasts.
• Corporate Communication Specialist: Handles internal and external communication
strategies within businesses and organizations.

Key Skills for Career Success:

• Strong written and verbal communication

• Creativity and storytelling abilities
• Technical proficiency in multimedia tools
• Social media management and digital marketing knowledge
• Ethical awareness and cultural sensitivity in media practices

FOURTH QUARTER – THE INTERDISCPLINARY SOCIAL SCIENCES

CONTENT STANDARD The learners demonstrate an understanding of key interdisciplinary social sciences, applying theories,
concepts, and methods to analyze social issues, interpret data, and propose solutions. They explore diverse
career pathways, showcasing critical thinking and problem-solving skills for real-world applications.

PERFORMANCE STANDARD The learners shall select a societal issue, analyze it from multiple social science perspectives (e.g.,
sociology, political science, psychology), and identify a profession that can address the issue. They shall
present an evidence-based argument through formats such as debates, multimedia presentations, position
papers, panel discussions, or project proposals, demonstrating the profession's role and impact in solving
the issue.

GEOGRAPHY

1. Analyze geography as an interdisciplinary Geography as an Interdisciplinary Social Science: Understanding People, Places, and
social science to understand people, Environments
places and environments.
2. Analyze key theories and concepts, Geography is an interdisciplinary social science that studies the relationships between
methods of inquiry, interdisciplinary people, places, environments, and the spatial patterns that shape our world. It examines
nature and career pathways of how human societies interact with their natural surroundings and how both human and
geography.
physical processes influence the development of landscapes, cultures, economies, and global
systems.

Geography is inherently interdisciplinary because it connects knowledge from various fields,

including:
Define geography as the study of spatial
relationships between people, places, and • Social Sciences (e.g., sociology, political science, economics) to explore human
environments. activities, cultural patterns, and social structures.
• Natural Sciences (e.g., climatology, geology, environmental science) to understand
Explain key geographic theories and physical landscapes, ecosystems, and natural phenomena.
concepts, such as spatial interaction, • Technology and Data Science through tools like Geographic Information Systems
human-environment interaction, and (GIS), remote sensing, and spatial data analysis.
globalization.
Apply methods of geographic inquiry, This integration allows geographers to address complex issues such as climate change,
including map reading, Geographic urbanization, resource distribution, and globalization, providing a holistic understanding of
Information Systems (GIS), and spatial how the world works.
data analysis.
1. What is Geography?
Analyze human and environmental
interactions to understand issues like Geography is the study of the Earth’s landscapes, environments, people, and the
urbanization, climate change, and
relationships between them. It seeks to answer two fundamental questions:
sustainability.
• Where? — Identifying the location of places, people, and phenomena.
Identify career opportunities in
• Why there? — Understanding the reasons behind their distribution and how they
geography, such as urban planning, GIS
interact with each other.
analysis, environmental management,
and disaster risk reduction.
Geography bridges the gap between the physical world (natural environments) and the
human world (societies, cultures, and economies), helping us understand how spatial factors
influence global and local events.

2. Key Theories and Concepts in Geography

• Spatial Interaction: Examines how people, goods, and ideas move across space,
influencing economic activities, migration patterns, and cultural exchanges.
• Human-Environment Interaction: Explores how humans adapt to, modify, and
depend on their natural environment.
• Cultural Landscape Theory (Carl Sauer): Analyzes how human activities shape the
physical environment over time, creating distinctive cultural landscapes.
• Globalization: Studies the increasing interconnectedness of people and places
through economic, political, and cultural exchanges.
• Location Theory: Explains how the geographical positioning of cities, industries, and
resources influences development and growth.

These concepts help geographers understand how and why places are connected, both
locally and globally.
3. Methods of Inquiry in Geography

Geographers use a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods to study spatial

relationships and environmental processes:

• Field Observation: Collecting first-hand data through surveys, observations, and site
visits.
• Mapping and Cartography: Creating maps to visualize spatial data, such as
population distribution, climate zones, or transportation networks.
• Geographic Information Systems (GIS): Analyzing and visualizing complex spatial
data to understand patterns and trends.
• Remote Sensing: Using satellite imagery and aerial photography to monitor
environmental changes, such as deforestation, urban expansion, or climate shifts.
• Spatial Analysis: Examining the relationships between places to identify patterns in
economic activities, migration, urbanization, and environmental changes.
• Statistical Analysis: Applying statistical methods to analyze demographic data,
economic trends, and environmental factors.

These methods allow geographers to study both physical environments and human societies
from multiple perspectives.

4. The Interdisciplinary Nature of Geography

Geography intersects with various disciplines, making it uniquely positioned to address

complex, real-world issues:

• With Sociology: To study population dynamics, cultural diversity, and urbanization.

• With Economics: To analyze trade patterns, resource distribution, and the impacts of
globalization.
• With Political Science: To understand geopolitics, territorial conflicts, and governance
of spaces.
• With Environmental Science: To explore climate change, sustainability, and natural
resource management.
 • With History: To examine historical geography, exploring how past events have
shaped current landscapes and societies.
• With Technology: Through the use of GIS, remote sensing, and spatial data analysis
for urban planning, disaster management, and environmental monitoring.

This interdisciplinary approach helps geographers understand how different factors interact
to shape the world, making geography relevant to a wide range of academic and professional
fields.

5. Career Opportunities in Geography

Because of its interdisciplinary nature, geography opens the door to diverse career paths:

• Urban and Regional Planner: Designs sustainable cities and communities, focusing on
land use, transportation, and environmental planning.
• Cartographer: Creates maps for navigation, research, environmental management,
and digital platforms.
• GIS Analyst: Uses geospatial technology to analyze data related to urban planning,
natural disasters, environmental conservation, and more.
• Environmental Consultant: Assesses environmental risks, plans conservation
strategies, and advises on sustainable development.
• Geopolitical Analyst: Examines how geography affects global politics, security, and
international relations.
• Climatologist: Studies weather patterns, climate change, and their impacts on human
and natural systems.
• Disaster Risk Manager: Develops strategies to reduce the impact of natural hazards
and improve emergency responses.
• Transportation Planner: Designs efficient transportation systems to improve urban
mobility and reduce environmental impacts.
• Sustainability Specialist: Works on projects related to renewable energy, sustainable
agriculture, and resource management.
• Educator or Researcher: Teaches geography or conducts research in academic
institutions, think tanks, or government agencies.
 Key Skills for Geographers:

• Spatial Thinking: Understanding how space, place, and environment influence people
and events.
• Data Analysis: Interpreting and visualizing data to identify trends and patterns.
• Technical Proficiency: Using GIS, remote sensing, and mapping software.
• Critical Thinking: Analyzing complex issues from multiple perspectives.
• Communication: Presenting geographic findings clearly through reports, maps, and
presentations.

DEMOGRAPHY

3. Analyze the key concepts, theories, Demography as an Interdisciplinary Social Science: Understanding Population Dynamics
interdisciplinary nature, methods of
inquiry and career pathways in Demography is an interdisciplinary social science that studies population dynamics, focusing
demography. on the size, structure, distribution, and changes within human populations over time. It
examines key factors such as birth rates, death rates, migration, aging, and fertility,
providing insights into how populations grow, decline, or shift geographically.

Demography is considered interdisciplinary because it integrates concepts, theories, and

methods from various fields:

• Sociology: To understand social structures, family patterns, and cultural influences on

Define demography as the study of
population trends.
population dynamics, including size,
• Economics: To analyze the relationship between population changes and labor
structure, and distribution.
markets, economic development, and resource distribution.
• Political Science: To study the political implications of demographic trends, such as
Explain key demographic theories, such
electoral dynamics, migration policies, and governance.
as the Demographic Transition Model,
• Geography: To examine how population distribution affects urban planning, resource
Malthusian Theory, and migration
management, and environmental sustainability.
theories.
• Public Health: To explore the impacts of demographic factors on health outcomes,
disease patterns, and healthcare systems.
Use demographic methods of inquiry, • Statistics and Data Science: To analyze large datasets, model population trends, and
including census data analysis, population predict future demographic changes.
projections, and statistical modeling.
This interdisciplinary approach allows demographers to address complex global challenges,
Analyze the impact of demographic including urbanization, migration, aging populations, public health crises, and climate
trends on social, economic, and political change impacts on human settlements.
development.
1. What is Demography?
Identify careers in demography, such as
population analyst, urban planner, public Demography is the scientific study of human populations, focusing on:
health specialist, and policy advisor.
• Size: How many people live in a given area.
• Structure: The composition of populations based on age, sex, ethnicity, and other
characteristics.
• Distribution: Where people live and how populations are spread across regions.
• Change: How populations grow, decline, or shift due to factors like birth, death,
migration, and aging.

Demographers seek to answer questions such as:

• How is the global population changing?

• What are the causes and consequences of population growth or decline?
• How do migration and urbanization affect societies?
• What demographic trends influence social, economic, and political systems?

2. Key Theories and Concepts in Demography

• Malthusian Theory (Thomas Malthus):

Argues that population growth will outpace food production, leading to resource
shortages unless controlled by natural or social limits (e.g., famine, disease).
• Demographic Transition Theory:
Explains how countries move from high birth and death rates to low birth and death
rates as they develop economically, often in four stages:
 1. High Birth/Death Rates (pre-industrial societies)
2. Declining Death Rates (due to improved healthcare)
3. Declining Birth Rates (due to urbanization and education)
4. Low Birth/Death Rates (stabilized population growth)
• Population Pyramid:
A graphical representation showing the age and sex distribution of a population,
useful for understanding population trends like aging or youth bulges.
• Dependency Ratio:
Measures the ratio of dependent individuals (young and elderly) to the working-age
population, affecting economic productivity and social services.
• Migration Theories (Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration):
Explains patterns and causes of migration, including push factors (conflict, lack of
jobs) and pull factors (better opportunities, safety).

These theories help demographers explain how populations change and how these changes
affect societies.

3. Methods of Inquiry in Demography

Demography relies heavily on quantitative research methods to analyze population data, but
also uses qualitative approaches for deeper insights:

• Census Data Collection: National population counts conducted regularly to gather

comprehensive demographic information.
• Vital Statistics: Data on births, deaths, marriages, and annulments collected from
civil registration systems.
• Surveys: Large-scale demographic and health surveys (e.g., DHS, labor force surveys)
to collect data on fertility, mortality, migration, and living conditions.
• Population Projections: Using mathematical models to predict future population
trends based on current data.
• Statistical Analysis: Applying demographic techniques such as life tables, fertility
rates, mortality rates, and migration statistics to analyze trends.
 • Geospatial Analysis: Mapping population distribution and migration patterns using
Geographic Information Systems (GIS).

Demographers often use tools like Excel, SPSS, R, and GIS software to process and visualize
population data.

4. The Interdisciplinary Nature of Demography

Demography intersects with multiple disciplines to understand the causes and consequences
of population changes:

• With Sociology: To study family dynamics, gender roles, and social inequalities
related to population trends.
• With Economics: To explore the impact of population growth on labor markets,
economic development, and resource allocation.
• With Political Science: To analyze how demographic shifts influence electoral
outcomes, migration policies, and political stability.
• With Public Health: To assess how population factors affect health outcomes, disease
spread, and healthcare systems.
• With Geography: To understand spatial distribution, urbanization, and the effects of
environmental changes on populations.
• With History: To examine historical population trends, such as the impact of
pandemics, wars, or migration waves.
• With Environmental Studies: To analyze the relationship between population
growth, resource consumption, and environmental sustainability.

This interdisciplinary approach makes demography essential for addressing global issues
such as climate change, migration crises, aging populations, and public health emergencies.

5. Career Opportunities in Demography

• Demographer/Population Analyst: Works with government agencies, NGOs, or

research institutions to analyze population data and trends.
 • Data Analyst: Uses demographic data to inform business strategies, market research,
and policy development.
• Urban Planner: Applies population data to design sustainable cities, transportation
systems, and housing projects.
• Public Health Specialist: Analyzes population health data to develop health policies,
monitor disease outbreaks, and improve healthcare systems.
• Policy Analyst: Evaluates demographic trends to inform social policies related to
aging, migration, education, and labor markets.
• Migration Specialist: Studies migration patterns and helps develop policies on
immigration, refugees, and labor mobility.
• Social Researcher: Conducts demographic and sociological research in academic
institutions, think tanks, or international organizations.
• Environmental Demographer: Examines how population changes affect
environmental sustainability, resource management, and climate adaptation.
• Market Research Analyst: Uses demographic insights to identify consumer trends
and target audiences in business and marketing.
• International Development Specialist: Works with organizations like the UN, World
Bank, or NGOs to address global development challenges related to population
growth, health, and education.

Key Skills for Careers in Demography:

• Data Analysis: Proficiency in statistical software (e.g., SPSS, R, Stata) and data
visualization tools.
• Quantitative Research: Strong foundation in demographic methods, statistics, and
mathematical modeling.
• Critical Thinking: Ability to interpret complex data and identify trends affecting
societies.
• Communication: Skills to present demographic findings clearly through reports,
presentations, and policy briefs.
• GIS and Mapping: Knowledge of geospatial tools to analyze population distribution
and migration patterns.
 • Interdisciplinary Knowledge: Understanding how demographic trends intersect with
economics, health, politics, and the environment.

GENDER STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT

4. Examine gender studies and Gender Studies and Development as Interdisciplinary Social Sciences
development including its theories and
concepts, methods of inquiry, Gender Studies and Development are interdisciplinary social sciences that explore the
interdisciplinary nature and career complex relationships between gender, society, culture, politics, and economic
pathways. development. These fields examine how gender identities, roles, and relations are
constructed, maintained, and challenged within different social, cultural, and historical
Define gender studies and development contexts. They also analyze how gender intersects with other social categories such as race,
as the analysis of gender roles, identities, class, ethnicity, sexuality, and disability, influencing power dynamics, access to resources,
and their influence on social and and opportunities for development.
economic systems.
Both fields are inherently interdisciplinary, drawing from:
Explain key gender theories, including
feminist theory, intersectionality, and • Sociology: To understand social structures, norms, and inequalities related to gender.
gender and development (GAD) • Anthropology: To examine cultural practices and beliefs that shape gender roles.
approaches. • Political Science: To study gender in governance, political participation, and policy-
making.
Apply methods of gender analysis, such • Economics: To analyze how gender affects labor markets, economic development,
as qualitative interviews, participatory and resource distribution.
research, and gender audits. • History: To explore how gender roles and identities have evolved over time.
• Law and Human Rights: To address gender-based violence, discrimination, and legal
Assess the role of gender in protections.
development, focusing on equity, • Development Studies: To focus on gender equity in sustainable development,
empowerment, and social justice. poverty reduction, and social justice.

Identify career opportunities, including This interdisciplinary approach helps address critical issues such as gender inequality,
roles in advocacy, social research, policy women's empowerment, LGBTQ+ rights, gender-based violence, and inclusive development
analysis, and development organizations.
in both local and global contexts.
1. What are Gender Studies and Development?

• Gender Studies is the academic field that examines how gender shapes individual
experiences, social relationships, cultural norms, and power structures. It challenges
traditional ideas about masculinity and femininity, focusing on how gender identities
are socially constructed and how they intersect with other identities.
• Development Studies focuses on the process of social, economic, and political
development, particularly in addressing issues like poverty, inequality, and
sustainability. When combined with gender analysis, it emphasizes the importance of
gender equality in achieving sustainable development goals.

Together, Gender Studies and Development seek to:

• Understand how gender affects access to resources, education, healthcare, and

political participation.
• Promote gender equality as a key factor in social justice and economic growth.
• Analyze policies and practices that either reinforce or challenge gender-based
discrimination.
• Empower marginalized groups, including women, LGBTQ+ communities, and gender
minorities.

2. Key Theories and Concepts in Gender Studies and Development

• Feminist Theory:
Analyzes the historical and structural causes of gender inequality, advocating for the
political, economic, and social rights of all genders. It includes various strands such as
liberal feminism, radical feminism, intersectional feminism, and postcolonial
feminism.
 • Intersectionality (Kimberlé Crenshaw):
Examines how overlapping social identities (e.g., gender, race, class, sexuality) create
unique experiences of discrimination and privilege.
• Gender and Development (GAD) Approach:
Focuses on how development policies and programs can promote gender equality,
moving beyond simply targeting women to addressing power relations between
genders.
• Masculinity Studies:
Explores how societal expectations shape male identities and behaviors, and how
these norms impact both men and women.
• Queer Theory:
Challenges traditional ideas about gender and sexuality, emphasizing the fluidity of
identities and questioning rigid categories.
• Empowerment Theory:
Focuses on increasing individuals’ and communities’ ability to make decisions, control
resources, and influence social and political change.

These theories help explain how gender operates within societies and how it affects
development outcomes.

3. Methods of Inquiry in Gender Studies and Development

Gender Studies and Development use a mix of qualitative and quantitative research
methods to analyze gender-related issues:

• Qualitative Methods:
o Interviews and Focus Groups: To gather personal narratives and explore lived
experiences related to gender.
o Ethnographic Research: In-depth observation of cultural practices to
understand how gender roles are performed and maintained.
o Content and Discourse Analysis: Examining media, literature, and political
texts to understand how gender is represented and discussed.
 o Case Studies: In-depth analysis of specific events, communities, or
organizations to explore gender dynamics.
• Quantitative Methods:
o Surveys and Questionnaires: To collect data on gender-related issues such as
income inequality, educational attainment, and political participation.
o Statistical Analysis: To measure gender gaps in areas like health,
employment, and governance.
o Gender Audits: Assessing policies, programs, and institutions to evaluate
their impact on gender equality.
• Participatory Research Methods:
Involve communities in the research process to ensure that their voices and
perspectives shape the analysis and outcomes.

4. The Interdisciplinary Nature of Gender Studies and Development

These fields intersect with multiple disciplines to provide a comprehensive understanding of

gender and development:

• With Sociology: To study how social norms and institutions shape gender roles and
relations.
• With Political Science: To analyze women’s political participation, representation,
and leadership.
• With Economics: To explore gender wage gaps, labor force participation, and
economic empowerment.
• With Law and Human Rights: To address gender-based violence, legal protections,
and reproductive rights.
• With Health Sciences: To examine issues related to sexual and reproductive health,
maternal care, and access to healthcare.
• With Environmental Studies: To explore how environmental challenges, such as
climate change, disproportionately affect women and marginalized groups.
 • With Media and Cultural Studies: To analyze how media shapes and reflects gender
norms, stereotypes, and activism.

This interdisciplinary approach helps to address complex issues like gender inequality,
poverty, political exclusion, and climate justice, promoting inclusive and sustainable
development.

5. Career Opportunities in Gender Studies and Development

• Gender and Development Specialist: Works with NGOs, international organizations,

or government agencies to design and implement gender-sensitive policies and
programs.
• Human Rights Advocate: Focuses on promoting gender equality, LGBTQ+ rights, and
combating gender-based violence.
• Social Researcher: Conducts gender-related research in academic institutions, think
tanks, or advocacy organizations.
• Policy Analyst: Evaluates public policies to assess their impact on gender equality and
social justice.
• Community Development Officer: Works with grassroots organizations to empower
marginalized communities, particularly women and girls.
• Gender Advisor in International Organizations: Provides expertise to agencies like
the United Nations (UN), World Bank, or Asian Development Bank on gender
mainstreaming.
• Program Manager for NGOs: Oversees projects focused on gender equity, women’s
empowerment, and social inclusion.
• Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) Specialist: Works in the corporate sector to
promote workplace diversity and gender equity.
• Public Health Advocate: Focuses on reproductive health, sexual rights, and gender-
sensitive healthcare services.
• Journalist or Media Specialist: Reports on gender-related issues, promotes gender-
sensitive storytelling, and supports advocacy campaigns.
 Key Skills for Careers in Gender Studies and Development:

• Critical Thinking: To analyze complex social issues and power dynamics.

• Research and Data Analysis: Using both qualitative and quantitative methods to
study gender-related issues.
• Policy Analysis: Understanding how laws and policies affect gender equality.
• Advocacy and Communication: Promoting gender issues through writing, public
speaking, and campaigns.
• Project Management: Planning, implementing, and evaluating gender-focused
programs.
• Cultural Sensitivity: Working effectively with diverse communities across different
cultural contexts.

SOCIAL INNOVATION AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP

5. Analyze social innovation and Social Innovation and Entrepreneurship as Interdisciplinary Social Sciences
entrepreneurship as interdisciplinary
social science including its key concepts Social Innovation and Entrepreneurship are interdisciplinary social sciences that focus on
and theories, methods of inquiry, creating innovative solutions to address social, economic, and environmental challenges.
interdisciplinary nature and career These fields combine principles from business, sociology, political science, economics,
pathways. psychology, and development studies to drive positive social change while promoting
sustainability and impact-driven growth.

• Social Innovation refers to the development of new ideas, strategies, products,

services, or models that meet social needs more effectively than existing solutions.
• Social Entrepreneurship involves individuals or organizations that identify social
problems and apply entrepreneurial principles to create and manage ventures that
generate both social impact and financial sustainability.

These fields are inherently interdisciplinary because they draw from:

Define social innovation and
entrepreneurship as the creation of
• Business and Management: For entrepreneurial skills, strategic planning, and
resource management.
• Economics: To analyze market dynamics, sustainability, and social value creation.
sustainable solutions for social, economic, • Sociology: To understand community needs, social structures, and human behavior.
and environmental challenges. • Political Science: For knowledge about public policy, governance, and advocacy for
systemic change.
Explain key theories, such as the Theory • Development Studies: To address global challenges like poverty, inequality, and
of Change, Triple Bottom Line, and environmental sustainability.
Systems Thinking. • Psychology: To understand leadership, motivation, and social behavior in driving
change.
Apply methods of inquiry, including
design thinking, impact assessment, and Through this interdisciplinary lens, learners can explore how to develop innovative solutions
participatory research. to pressing issues such as climate change, poverty, education inequality, healthcare access,
and sustainable development.
Analyze social issues to propose
innovative, impact-driven entrepreneurial
solutions.
1. What are Social Innovation and Social Entrepreneurship?
Identify career pathways, such as social
entrepreneur, impact consultant, program • Social Innovation is about finding creative and sustainable solutions to social
manager, and sustainability strategist. problems. It focuses on improving well-being through new ideas in areas like
education, healthcare, environmental sustainability, and community development.
• Social Entrepreneurship is the process of creating and running organizations (for-
profit, non-profit, or hybrid models) that focus on solving social issues while ensuring
financial sustainability.

Key characteristics include:

• Mission-Driven: Focused on creating a measurable social or environmental impact.

• Innovative: Uses new approaches, technologies, or business models to solve complex
problems.
• Sustainable: Aims for long-term impact through financial viability and community
engagement.
• Scalable: Solutions can be expanded or adapted to address issues on a larger scale.
2. Key Theories and Concepts in Social Innovation and Entrepreneurship

• Theory of Change:
Describes how specific actions lead to desired social outcomes, helping organizations
plan and measure their impact effectively.
• Triple Bottom Line (People, Planet, Profit):
A framework that emphasizes the importance of balancing social, environmental,
and economic goals in business practices.
• Social Capital Theory:
Focuses on the value of relationships, networks, and trust within communities to
drive social change and collaboration.
• Effectuation Theory (Saras Sarasvathy):
Explains how entrepreneurs create opportunities by leveraging available resources
rather than relying on predictive strategies.
• Systems Thinking:
Encourages understanding how different parts of society (economy, environment,
politics) are interconnected, allowing for solutions that address the root causes of
social problems.
• Shared Value Theory (Michael Porter):
Proposes that businesses can generate economic value while addressing social issues,
creating benefits for both the company and society.

These theories help entrepreneurs understand how to design impactful solutions and sustain
them over time.

3. Methods of Inquiry in Social Innovation and Entrepreneurship

Social Innovation and Entrepreneurship rely on research, analysis, and design thinking to
identify problems and create solutions:
 • Design Thinking: A human-centered, creative problem-solving process that involves
empathizing with the target audience, defining the problem, ideating solutions,
prototyping, and testing.
• Participatory Action Research (PAR): Involves engaging communities in the research
process to co-create solutions based on their needs and experiences.
• Impact Assessment: Evaluates the effectiveness of programs or initiatives using
qualitative and quantitative data to measure social outcomes.
• Business Model Canvas: A strategic tool used to design and visualize how an
organization creates, delivers, and captures value.
• Social Network Analysis: Examines relationships and collaborations within and
between organizations to understand how networks influence social change.
• Lean Startup Methodology: A method focused on rapid prototyping, testing ideas
quickly, and iterating based on feedback to develop scalable solutions.

These methods help entrepreneurs develop solutions that are innovative, sustainable, and
impact-driven.

4. The Interdisciplinary Nature of Social Innovation and Entrepreneurship

These fields integrate knowledge from various disciplines to address complex societal
challenges:

• With Business and Economics: To create sustainable business models, manage

resources, and understand market dynamics.
• With Sociology and Anthropology: To analyze cultural, social, and community
dynamics that influence social behavior and change.
• With Political Science: To understand policy-making, advocacy, and the role of
government in enabling social innovation.
• With Environmental Studies: To develop sustainable solutions addressing
environmental issues such as climate change, renewable energy, and conservation.
• With Technology and Data Science: To leverage digital tools, platforms, and data for
scaling social impact and optimizing operations.
 • With Education: To foster innovative learning environments, educational equity, and
capacity-building initiatives.

This interdisciplinary approach allows social innovators to design solutions that are holistic,
inclusive, and capable of driving systemic change.

5. Career Opportunities in Social Innovation and Entrepreneurship

Social Innovation and Entrepreneurship offer diverse career paths across sectors such as non-
profit organizations, businesses, government agencies, and international development:

• Social Entrepreneur: Starts or leads a venture focused on solving social or

environmental challenges.
• Impact Investor: Invests in businesses or organizations that generate measurable
social and environmental impact alongside financial returns.
• Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Manager: Develops strategies for companies to
operate ethically and contribute positively to society.
• Innovation Consultant: Advises organizations on designing innovative strategies,
programs, or business models.
• Program Manager for NGOs or Social Enterprises: Oversees projects that address
community development, health, education, or environmental issues.
• Policy Advocate: Works with government or advocacy groups to influence policies
that promote social equity and sustainability.
• Sustainability Specialist: Focuses on creating environmentally responsible business
practices and programs.
• Design Thinking Facilitator: Leads workshops and training sessions on creative
problem-solving techniques.
• Data Analyst for Social Impact: Uses data to evaluate and improve social programs,
ensuring measurable outcomes.
 • International Development Officer: Works with global organizations like the United
Nations, World Bank, or NGOs to address global challenges such as poverty, health
crises, and education access.

Key Skills for Careers in Social Innovation and Entrepreneurship:

• Entrepreneurial Mindset: Creativity, risk-taking, and problem-solving.

• Leadership and Management: Ability to inspire, manage teams, and lead change.
• Strategic Planning: Designing effective strategies for growth and impact.
• Financial Literacy: Managing budgets, funding, and resource allocation.
• Social Impact Measurement: Evaluating the effectiveness of initiatives and programs.
• Communication and Advocacy: Persuasive communication for mobilizing support
and resources.
• Collaboration and Networking: Building partnerships across sectors to maximize
impact.

Conclusion

Social Innovation and Entrepreneurship empower individuals and organizations to create

sustainable solutions for the world’s most pressing problems. As interdisciplinary social
sciences, they combine insights from business, economics, sociology, politics, and technology
to drive transformational change. By studying these fields, learners gain the knowledge,
skills, and mindset needed to become changemakers, contributing to a more equitable,
sustainable, and inclusive world.

COMPUTATIONAL AND ANALYTICAL SOCIAL SCIENCES

6. Analyze computational and Computational and Analytical Social Sciences: Understanding Society Through Data
analytical social science including its
concepts and theories, methods of Computational and Analytical Social Sciences (CASS) combine social science theories with
data analysis and technology to study human behavior, social trends, and societal issues. This
inquiry, tools for data analysis and field helps us understand complex topics like politics, economics, social networks, and public
career opportunities. health by analyzing data, creating models, and using technology.

CASS is interdisciplinary because it brings together:

• Social Sciences (like sociology, political science, and economics) to explain human
behavior.
Define computational and analytical • Computer Science for data processing and analysis.
social sciences as fields that integrate • Mathematics and Statistics to find patterns and trends in data.
social science theories with data-driven, • Data Science to manage big data and visualize information.
computational, and analytical methods to
study complex social phenomena. This mix allows us to solve real-world problems, such as predicting election results,
understanding social media trends, or tracking the spread of diseases.
Explain key theories and concepts that
underpin computational and analytical 1. What Are Computational and Analytical Social Sciences?
social sciences, such as social network
theory, agent-based modeling, systems • Computational Social Sciences (CSS): Use computer tools like data analysis,
theory, and causal inference. simulations, and algorithms to study social behavior.
• Analytical Social Sciences (ASS): Focus on using math, statistics, and logical thinking
Demonstrate an understanding of to understand and explain social issues.
methods of inquiry used in these fields,
including data collection, statistical Together, they help us:
analysis, mathematical modeling, social
simulations, and machine learning
• Analyze large datasets (like social media or economic data).
techniques for analyzing large datasets.
• Predict outcomes of events (like elections or public health trends).
• Simulate human behavior in different situations.
Apply basic computational and analytical
tools (e.g., spreadsheets, data
2. Key Theories and Concepts
visualization software, simple coding
environments) to analyze social data,
• Social Network Theory: Studies how people are connected and how information
interpret trends, and present evidence-
spreads (like how news goes viral on social media).
based conclusions.
• Agent-Based Modeling: Simulates how individual actions can create larger social
patterns (like how traffic jams form).
Explore career opportunities in • Systems Theory: Looks at society as a system where everything is connected (like
computational and analytical social how politics, economy, and culture affect each other).
sciences, including roles in data analysis, • Causal Inference: Helps find cause-and-effect relationships (like how education can
social research, policy development, affect job opportunities).
digital marketing, urban planning, and
artificial intelligence, highlighting the skills These theories help us understand the “why” behind social behaviors and events.
and qualifications needed for these
professions. 3. Methods of Inquiry

• Data Collection: Gathering information from surveys, social media, government

reports, etc.
• Statistical Analysis: Using numbers and statistics to find patterns and trends.
• Mathematical Modeling: Creating formulas to represent real-world situations (like
predicting population growth).
• Simulations: Using computer programs to model real-life scenarios (like predicting
the spread of a virus).
• Machine Learning: Teaching computers to find patterns in big data (used in things
like recommendation systems on Netflix).

4. Applying Tools for Data Analysis

Students can use simple tools to analyze data:

• Spreadsheets (Excel, Google Sheets): For organizing data and making basic graphs.
• Data Visualization Tools (Tableau, Power BI): To create charts and dashboards.
• Basic Coding (Python, R): For analyzing large datasets and automating tasks.
• Network Analysis Tools (Gephi): To study connections in social networks.

These tools help students understand real-world issues through data.

5. Career Opportunities in CASS

 With CASS skills, students can pursue careers in:

• Data Analysis: Making sense of data to help companies or governments make

decisions.
• Social Research: Studying human behavior and societal trends.
• Policy Analysis: Using data to recommend solutions to social problems.
• Digital Marketing: Analyzing online behavior to improve marketing strategies.
• Urban Planning: Using data to design better cities and public spaces.
• AI and Technology: Working with artificial intelligence to analyze social data.
• Public Health: Tracking health data to improve public health responses.

Key Skills Needed:

• Data analysis and critical thinking

• Basic programming
• Strong problem-solving skills
• Knowledge of social science concepts
• Good communication to explain data findings

SYNTHESIS: The Interdisciplinary Lens: Viewing Society Through Multiple Social Science Fields