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1st Year Physics Chapter 11 Short Questions Notes Copy

The document contains a series of short questions and answers related to heat and thermodynamics, covering concepts such as average velocity of gas molecules, pressure changes in car tyres, internal energy changes, specific heat capacities, adiabatic processes, and the principles of heat engines. It explains the behavior of gases under various conditions and the implications of thermodynamic laws. Additionally, it addresses the relationship between mechanical energy and heat energy, as well as the concept of entropy.

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5 views4 pages

1st Year Physics Chapter 11 Short Questions Notes Copy

The document contains a series of short questions and answers related to heat and thermodynamics, covering concepts such as average velocity of gas molecules, pressure changes in car tyres, internal energy changes, specific heat capacities, adiabatic processes, and the principles of heat engines. It explains the behavior of gases under various conditions and the implications of thermodynamic laws. Additionally, it addresses the relationship between mechanical energy and heat energy, as well as the concept of entropy.

Uploaded by

itxsahil102924
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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First Year Short Questions Physics

CHAPTER NO. 11 (HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS)


Question 11.1:- Why is the average velocity of the molecules in a gas zero
but the average of the square of velocities is not zero?
Answer:- The number of molecules in a small sample of gas is very large and
they perform random translational motion. At any instant, the number of
molecules moving in any direction with certain velocity is equal to number of
molecules moving with same velocity in opposite direction. The average velocity of
molecules is zero. Suppose one molecule is moving along x-axis with velocity vx,
𝑣𝑥 +(−𝑣𝑥 )
after the collision with the wall, its velocity will be –vx and <vx> = = 0.
2

In such cases, motion is recognized by average of square velocities which is


always non-zero as given:-
𝑣𝑥2 +(−𝑣𝑥 )2
<vx2> = = <vx2> ≠ 0
2

Question 11.2:- Why does the pressure of a gas in a car tyre increase when
it is driven through some distance?
k
s.p
Answer:- When a car covers some distance on the road, its tyres have to
overcome the frictional effects of the road. The work done against the friction
te

appears as heat energy which increases the translational kinetic energy of the
no

gas molecules in the tyres. The rate of collision of molecules with the walls of the
tyre increases and hence pressure increases.
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Question 11.3:- A system undergoes from state P1V1 to state P2V2 as shown
ea

in figure. What will the change in internal energy?


Answer:- In the system represented by given diagram, we can
verify that Boyle’s law is applicable as P1V1 = P2V2.
Boyle’s law is valid when temperature is constant i.e.
isothermal process so no change in internal energy will take
place.
Change in internal energy = ΔU = 0.
Question 11.4:- Variation of volume by pressure is given in figure. A gas is
taken along the paths ABCDA, ABCA and A to A. What will be the change in
internal energy?
First Year Short Questions Physics

Answer:- In all the given systems, the system returns to its initial state which is
called a cycle. The change in internal energy will be zero in all the cases.
Question 11.5:- Specific heat of a gas at constant pressure is greater than
specific heat at constant volume. Why?
Answer:- When a gas is heated at constant volume, no work is done on the gas
by heat energy as W = P ΔV = 0. All the heat supplied to gas is utilized in
increasing the internal energy of the gas.
When a gas is heated at constant pressure, heat is utilized in increasing the
internal energy of the gas and doing work on the system.
This indicates that for same rise in temperature, more heat is required at
constant pressure than at constant volume so molar specific heat at constant
pressure is always greater than molar specific heat at constant volume.
Question 11.6:- Give an example of a process in which no heat is transferred
to or from a system but the temperature of the system changes.

k
Answer:- An adiabatic process is the one in which no heat is transferred to or
s.p
from the system but temperature of the system changes. In an adiabatic process,
Q = 0.
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First law of thermodynamics states that Q = W + ΔU


no

0 = W + ΔU
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W = -ΔU.
In an adiabatic expansion, temperature of gas decreases because gas has to do
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work on the basis of its internal energy.


In an adiabatic compression, temperature of gas increases because work done on
the system increases the internal energy and the temperature of the gas.
Question 11.7:- Is it possible to convert internal energy into mechanical
energy? Explain with an example.
Answer:- Yes, it is possible.
In an adiabatic expansion, volume is increased by decreasing the pressure and
work is done by the system by using its internal energy. Hence, we can say that
internal energy of the system is being converted into mechanical energy.
Question 11.8:- Is it possible to construct a heat engine that will not expel
heat into atmosphere?
Answer:- No, it is not possible as it is against the Kelvin statement of second law
of thermodynamics.

Shahzad Ali Nasir, Government Postgraduate College, Sahiwal ([email protected])


First Year Short Questions Physics

Heat engines absorb heat from heat reservoir, convert some of it into work and
reject the remaining heat into atmosphere i.e. cold reservoir. It is impossible to
devise a process which may convert all heat extracted from a reservoir entirely
into work without making any change in working system.
Question 11.9:- A thermos flask containing milk as a system is shaken
rapidly. Does the temperature of milk rise?
Answer:- A thermos flask is an insulated system. When milk in a thermos flask
is shaken rapidly, work is done on the system which is converted into mechanical
energy of the system (milk). This increases the temperature of the milk inside the
thermos flask.
Question 11.10:- What happens to the temperature of the room, when an
airconditioner is left running on a table in the middle of the room?
Answer:- The temperature of the room will not decrease rather it will increase.
The heat absorbed from the room is expelled in the same room plus the work

k
done by the compressor is also converted and expelled in the same room.
s.p
Question 11.11:- Can the mechanical energy be converted completely into
heat energy? If so give an example.
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Answer:- Yes, mechanical energy can be completely converted into heat energy.
no

1) During an adiabatic compression, the work done (mechanical


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energy) on the system increases the internal energy of the gas.


Hence work done is converted into heat energy.
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2) During an isothermal compression, work done on the system


(mechanical energy) appears in the form of heat energy out of
the system as W = Q in isothermal process.
Question 11.12:- Does entropy of a system increase or decrease due to
friction?
Answer:- The entropy of the system always increases due to friction. Useful
energy is always dissipated in doing work against friction. When work is done
against friction, the change in entropy ΔS = ΔQ / T is positive and entropy
increases.
Question 11.13:- Give an example of a natural process that involves an
increase in entropy.
Answer:- Melting of ice into water is a natural process that involves increase in
entropy. When ice melts at melting temperature T, some amount of heat is

Shahzad Ali Nasir, Government Postgraduate College, Sahiwal ([email protected])


First Year Short Questions Physics

transferred from surroundings to ice which is positive and change in entropy ΔS


= ΔQ / T is positive. Thus, entropy increases when ice melts.
Question 11.14:- An adiabatic process is the one in which
Answer:- a. No heat is added to or taken out of a system (Correct)
b. No change of temperature takes place
c. Boyle’s law is applicable
d. Pressure and volume remain constant
Question 11.15:- Which one of the following process is irreversible?
Answer:- a. Slow compression of an elastic spring
b. Slow evaporation of a substance in an isolated vessel
c. Slow compression of a gas
d. A chemical explosion (Correct)
Question 11.16:- An ideal reversible heat engine has
Answer:- a. 100% efficiency
b. Highest efficiency (Correct)
k
s.p
c. An efficiency that depends on the nature of working substance
d. None of these
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no
sy
ea

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