prvleneoy

toth olloving
Ihe ul. Luw
ealuate.
Dednltlon
Operator Rang'
Interct
Union
Nyzalion
|Ienenlog"
Eponentialion
Multiplicationand division
"and/ |Additionand subtraction
Textconcatenation
Comparison
lible 2.31: Oerator Irnwder
It the operators are of same Precedence,they are alwaysevaluatedfrom leftto right:15/342,
..never 3, existing for.,
operation in parentheses is calculated first. To add parentheses to an
AnT
sclatthe cell containingthe formula andclick in Formula Bar. 1ype parentheses around
initial =sign.
e\pessions in the formula, but not around the
default. the aboveexample formula will be calculated in the following manner. First, Hours
Bv added to the gross pay for the secor:
willemultiplied with pav ratc. Then, Hours Weck 1will be
=(Hours Week 1 + Hours Week 2)*pavra,
week. To correct this, the formula shouldbe written as:
2.4 USING FUNCTIONS
calculate results used in statistics, finars
Excel includes hundreds of functions that can be used to
engineering, mathematics, and other felds.
Functions are structured programs that calculate aspecific result: a total, an average, the amountc:
amonthlv loan pavment, or the geometric mean of a group of numbers. Each function has aspeáî:
order or sVntax that must be used for the function to work properly.
that is the function nar:
Functions are formulas, so allfunctions begin with the equal sign (-). After parentheses.
followed bv one or more arguments separated by commas and enclosed in
Example:=SUM(D6:D11)
Excel's functions are grouped into 10 categories.
Category Examples
Financial Calculates interest rates, loan payments, depreciation amountsed
Date and Time Returns the current hour, day of week or year, time, or date.
Maths and Trignometrical Calculates absolute values, cosines, logarithms, etc. standar'
Statistical Calculates total,average, high andlownumberssin arange;
deviation etc. hyperlinks*"
Lookup and reference Searches for and returns values from a range; creates
network or Internet documents.

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 Cell Aeferencing, Ranges and Functions
Database
Calculates average, maximum, minimum etc. in an Excel database
table.
Text
Converts text to
or left end of atextupper or loWer case,trims characters from the right
Logical string, cohcaBenates text strings.
Evaluates an expression, and
totrigger other actions or returnsa valuc of TRUEor FALSE, used
Information
Returns information from tormatting.
EXCel or Windows about the current
of a cell, object, or the
environment. statuS
Engineering Included with MS-Office, but must be
Analysis Toolpak. installed separately from the
Cube Returns amember or tuple rom an
of items in a set etc. OLAPcube. calculates the number
Compatibility Contains the original statistical functions which
versions of Excel, since some of the earlier existed in
been renamed in Excel 2010. statistical functionsearlier
have
Iible24.I: Exeel Fitclions
24.1 Entering Functions
As soon as the user
Boy Butif the user types"=" into the cell, Excel shows the most
clickson the down arrow to the recently used function in the Name
rently used rightof the
an option to see"More Name Box, the user getsa list of other
functions,including SUM
Functions". (See Fig. 2.4.1)
SUM
D
HEX2DEC
CUBERANKEDMEMBER
cUBEVALUE
JSBLANK
DELTA
BINOMDIST
DATE
DATEVALUE
More Functios..

Fig. 2.4.1: Recently uscd functions displayed in Name

I the function required is on the list, Box
select it, and Excel will move the function to the
The Function Arguments dialog box (shown in Fig, 2.4.2) willappear which will includeFormula Bar.
of the function and one or more text
boxes for the function's arguments. For common adescription
se asingle range of cellsas an
argument, Excel will guess which
functions that
Sum or average and place the range in the numbers the user mightwant to
argument text box. Requirecd
Number. These text boxes must be filled in successfully., to use the arguments are bold, like
Can function.Alternatively, the user
specify cell references by clicking the cells or
chick OK to use the selecting the range with the mouse. After that,
function.

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 POfice automation-MS-Excel 2010
Vinction

dectnel Puber yo t tvert

tanrel

As with any formula, the results of the function are displayed in the active cell. The function ite.
is displayed in the Formula Bar when the cell is active.
If the function needed is not listed in the Name box list, choose More Functions at the bottom of %.
list to open the Insert Function dialog box.
Saarrh r ndhon

e patgory: Mah ATrg

Solet a functhet:
AN
|ACOS
ACOSH
AÇGKECATE
ASN
ASNH
ATAN

ANS()
Rsbens he absoe volÛ f nber, humberwovt ugn

OK

Fig. 2.4.3: luserting afunction

Alternatively, the user can also select a function by clicking on any of the icons in the Function
Library group of the Formulas Tab.
2.5 FINANCIAL FUNCTIONS
Some of the useful financial functions are:
A)NPV:It calculates the net present valueof an investment based ona discount rate and a series of
future payments (negative values) and income (positive values). Its syntax is:
NPV(rate, valuel, [value2,..)
Rate is the rate of discount over the length of one period.
Valuel, value2,...are 1 to 254 payments and income, equally spaced in time and occurring at the
end of each period. Valuel is required, subsequent values are optional.
Note: Optional arguments are shown in square brackets.
NPV uses the order of valuel, value2, ... to interpret the order of cash flows. Be sure to enter the
payment and income values in the correct sequence.

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Angumentsthat are empty cells,logical values, or text representations of numbers, erre rvalues, or
cannot
betranslated into numbers are ignored.
extthat
Ilanargument
tis an array or reference, only numbersinthat array or reference are coui ated. Empty
ells,logicalvalues,text, or error values in the array or reference are ignored.
Esample:

B
1 Data Description
2 10% Annual discount rate
-10.000
Initial cost of investment ot 1e year from
43,000
today
S_4200
Return from first year
6_6,800 Return from second year
Formula Return from third year
=NPV(A2, A3, A4, A5,A6) or NPV(A2, A3:A6) Net Description (Result)
present value of thi s investment
(1,188.44)
Table 2.5.1: Exanple of NPVfunction
In the preceding example, we
nayment occurs at the end of theincluded the initial $10,000 cost as one of the val1 ues,
first period. because the
ithe paymentwould have occurred at the
included as one of the values, and the formula beginning of the first period, the initial :ost would not be
there is aloss of $9,000 in the fourth year, the would have been =NPV(A2, A4:A6) +A3. Supposing,
formula would have been =NPV(A2,A
BIFV:It returns the future value of an 4:A6,-9000) + A3.
Constant interest rate. Itssyntax is: investment based on periodic, constanl : payments and a
FV(ate, nper, pmt, (pv] [typel)
Rate is the interest rate per
period.
Nper is the total number of payment
periods in an
Pmt is the payment made each period. If pmt is annuity.
Pvis the present value, or the
omitted, the user must include the pv argument.
Ipv is omitted, it is assumedlump-sum amount that a
to be 0(zero), and the userseries of future payments isworth right now.
must include thepmt rgument.
ype indicates when payments are due. It can
be0. take values 0 or 1. Iftype is omit ted, it is
assumed to
Set type equal to
0 If payments are d ue
At thhe end of the eriod
At the beginningiof the period
Table 2.5.2: Value of lypeargumn! in FVjumctivn
the arguments, cash paid out, such as
whereas cash reeived, such as dividend depositsisto savings, is represented by negative numbers;
cheques, representecl by positive numbers.

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Argumentsthat areempty cells, logical values, or text representations of numbers, erre or values
wtthatcannotbe translated into numbers are ignored.
argumentisan array or reference, only numbers in that array or reference are coul ated. Emnpty
|[anlogical
|values, text, or error values in the array or reference areignored.
os
Eample:
B
Data Description
1
2 10% Annual discount rate
3 -10000 Initial cOst of investment of ne year from
today
43000 Return from first year
$ 4200
6_6,800
Return from second year
Return from third year
Formula
Description (Result))
=NPVA2, A3, A4, A5, A6) or NPV(A2, A3:A6)Net present value of thi s investment
(1,188.44)
Table 2.5.1: Exanple of NPVfunction
In the preceding example, we included the initial $10,000 cost as one of
paymentoCcurs at the end of the first period. the val1 es, because the
i the payment would have occurred at the beginning of the first
included as one of the values, and the formula would have been period, the initialc ost would not be
there is aloss of $9,000 in the fourth year, the formula would have=NPV(A2, A4:A6) +A3.Supposing,
been =NPV(A2, A 4:A6, -9000) + A3.
BIFV: It returns the future value of an investment based on
Constant interest rate. Its syntax is: periodic, constant: payments and a
FV(rate, nper, pmt, (pv], (type)
Rate is the interest rate per period.
Nper is the total number of payment periods in an annuity.
Pmtis the payment made each period. If pmt is omitted, the user must include the pv
argument.
Pvis the present value, or the lump-sum amount that aseries of future
Ipv is omitted, it is assumed tobe 0(zero),and the user must includepayments is worth right now.
the pmt i rgument.
ype indicates when payments are due. It can take values 0 or 1. If type is omit ted, it is
be 0. assumed to
Set type equal to If payments are d ue
0
At the end of the eriod
Atthe beginningi ofthe period
Table 2.5.2: Value of lype argument in lVjunctiH
Whthe arguments, cash paid out, such as deposits to savings, is represented by negative numbers:
teas cash reeived, such as dividend cheques, is representecl by positive numbers.

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Example:
B
1 Data Description
Annual interest rate
2 6%
3 10 Number of payments
-200
Amount of the payment
Present value
5 -500
1 Payment is due at the beginning of the period
7 Formul la Description (Result)
Future value of this investment (2,58140)
-FV(A: 3/12, A3, A4, A5, A6)
Talle 2.5.3l vanpleof|VIncion
compounded monthl
In the preceding example, the annual interest rate is divided by 12 because it is
C) IRR: It returr s the internal rate of return for a series of cash flows represented by the number
annuity. However.t
in values, These cash flows donot have to be even, as they would be for an internal rate of retu
The
cash flowsmust Ccur at regular intervals, such as monthly or annually. values) and incom
isthe interest rate received for an investment consisting of payments (negative
(positive values) that occur at regular periods.
The syntax of IRR function is:
IRR(values, [gues s|])
numbers for which the user wants to calcula
Values is an array or a reference to cells that contain
the internal rate of return.
value to calculate the intern=
eValues must co ontain at least one positive value and one negative
rate of return.
enter the paymer
"JRRuses the or der of values to interpret the order of cash flows. Be sure to
and income val ues in the sequence required.
those values ar
"Ifan array or re ference argument contains text, logical values,or empty cells,
ignored.
result of IRR.
Guess is anumber t he user guesses to be close to the
" Microsoft Excel: uses an iterative technique for calculating IRR. Starting with guess, IRR cycde
through the calc ulation until the result is accurate within 0.00001 percent. If IRR can't find
result that works iafter 20tries, the #NUM!error value isreturned.
guess is omitte
"In most cases the user does not need to provide guess for the IRR calculation. If
it is assumed to b e 0.1(10 percent).
close to what is expected, try agai
"If IRR gives the #NUM! errorvalue, or if the result is not
with adifferent v. alue for guess.

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 Cell Referencing, Ranges and Functions
Example:

B
Data
|Description
-70,000 Initial costof abusiness
12,000 Nct income for the first year
15,000 Net incomefor the second ycar
18,000 Net income for the third year
21,000 Net income for the fourth year
26,000 Net income for the fifth year
Formula
-IRR(A2:A7) Description (Result)
-\RR(A2:A4, -10%)
Investment's internal rate of return after five years (9%)
10 Tocalculate the internal rate of
guess (-44%) return after two years, include a
Table 2.5.4:
Exanple of IRR fncion
n PMT: It calculates the
payment for a loan (installment) based on
constantinterest rate. Its syntax is: constant payments and a
PMT (rate, nper, pv, [fv] [typel)
Date is the interest rate per
period for the loan.
Nper is the total number of
payments for the loan.
Pris the present value, or the total
as the principal. amournt that a series of future payments is worth now; also
known
Fvis the future value, or a cash
balance to be attained after the last payment is
Tvpe (as in FV function) indicates made, 0(zero) if omitted.
when payments are due.
Example:

Data
2 8% |Description
3 10
|Annual interest rate
4
10,000 Number of months of payment
|Amount of loan
Formula Description (Result)
=PMT(A2/12, A3, A4) Monthly payment for this loan(-1,037.03)
=PMT(A2/12, A3, A4, 0, 1) Monthly payment for this loan, except
the beginning oftheperiod (-1,030.16) payments are due at
Table 2.5.5: Exanuple of PMTfuction
E) SLN: It
returns the straight-line depreciation of an asset for one period. Its syntax is:
SLN(cost, salvage, life)
Cost is the initial cost of the
asset.
Salvage is the salvage value of the asset at the end of its life.
Life is the
number of periods over which theasset is depreciated, alsocalled the useful life of the asset.
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 Ofice automation-MSExcel 2010
Example:
B
1 Data Description
2 30,000 Cost
7,500 Salvage value
Years of useful life
10
5 Formula Description (Result)
-SLN(A2 A3, A4) The depreciation allowance for each year (2,250)

2.6 MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS

Some of the major mathematical functions are as follows:
without its sign.
A)ABS: *t returns the absolute value of a number, a number
Syntax ABS(number)
value.
Number is the real number of which the user wants the absolute
Example:
Formula Description
=ABS(2) Absolute value of 2 (2)
=ABS(-4) Absolute value of 4(4)

12*3.."nur
B)FACI: It returnsthe factorial of a number. The factorial of a number is equal to
Syntac FACT(number)
the number is pCta
Number is the non-negativenumber for which the user wants the factorial. If
integer, it is truncated.
Example:
Formula Description
=FACT) Factorial of 5, 1*2*3*4*5(120)
-FACT(1.9) Factorial of the integer of 1.9 (1)
-FACT(0) Factorial of 0(1)
FACT1) Negative numbers cause an error value (#NUM!)
Table 2.6.2: Exan:scEACT i i n
C) GCD: It returns the greatest common divisor of two or more integers.
Syntax GCD(number1, [number2],..)
Number1, number2,.. are 1to 255 values. Numberl is required, subsequent numbers are optt
If any value is not an integer, it is truncated.
The arguments should be non-negative and should be less than 2^53.

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 Cell Referencing, Ranges and Functions
Example:
Formula
-GCD(24,36)
Description
|Greatest common divisor of 24 and 36 (12)
-GCD5,0) Greatest common divisor of 5and 0(1)
Table 26.3:Tples of GDnnlion
D)INT:It rounds a number downtothe nearest
srmtax:INT(number)
integer.
Numberisthe realInumber the user wants to round downto an integer.
Eample:

Data
19.5
Formula
=INT(S.9) Description (Result)
Rounds 8.9 down (8)
-INT(-8.9) Rounds -8.9 down (-9)
=A2-INT(A2) Returns the decimal part of apositive real number in cell
A2 (0.5)
Table 2.6.4:Exa1ples of INT fiunction
aLN: Itreturns the natural logarithm of a
e(271828182845904). number, Natural logarithms are based on the
constant
Syntax: LN(number)
Number is the positive real number for which the
user wants the natural logarithm.
ALOG:It returns the logarithm of a number to a
specified base.
Syntaxc LOG(number, [basel)
Number is the positive real number for which the user
wants the natural logarithm.
Base is the base of the logarithm, 10 if
omitted.
G)MOD: It returns the remainder after
as divisor. number is divided by divisor. The result has the same sign
Syntax: MOD(number, divisor)
Number is the number for which theuser wants to find the
remainder.
DiVISor is the number by which the user wants to divide the
If divisor is 0, number.
MOD returns the#DIV/0! error value.
The MOD
function can be expressedin terms ofthe INTfunction: MOD(n, d) =n-d*INT(n/ d)

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 Ofice automation-MSExcel 2010
Example:
Formula Description
-MOD(3, 2) Remainder of 3/2 (1) (1)
=MOD(-3,2) Remainder of -3by 2. The sign is the same as divisor
divisor (-1)
-MOD3,-2) Remainder of 3 by -2. The sign is the same as
(-1)
-MOD(-3,-2) Remainder of -3 by -2. The sign is the same as divisor
11t 1

the desired multiple.

H) MROUND: Itreturns a number rounded to
Svntax: MROUND(number, multiple)
Number is the value to round.
number.
Multiple is the multiple to which the user wants to round the
MROLND rounds up, awav from zero, if the remainder of dividing number by multiple is zrea
than or eual to half the value of multiple.
Example:
Formula Description
=MROLND(10,3) Rounds 10 to a nearest multiple of 3 (9)
=MROLND-10,-3) Rounds -10to a nearest multiple of -3 (-9)
=MROLND(1.3,0.2) Rounds 1.3 toa nearest multiple of 0.2 (1.4)
Returns an error, because 5 and -2 have different signs (#NUM!)
=\MROLND5.-2)
26.6:ExagliseYiROUNDiunction
D
POWER: It retums the result of a number raised to a power.
Syntax POWER(number, power)
Number is the base number. It can be any real number.
Power is the exponent towhich the base number is raised.
) RAND: It returns an evenlydistributed random real number greater than or equalto0 and lss
than 1. A new random real number is returned every time theworksheet is calculated.
Syntax RANDO
K RANDBETWEEN: It returns a random integer number between the numbers specified. Anaw
random integer number is returned every time the worksheet is calculated.
Syntac RANDBETWEEN(bottom, top)
Bottom is the smallest integer RANDBETWEEN will return.
Top is the largest integer RANDBETWEEN will return.
L) ROUND: It rounds a number to aspecified number of digits.
Syntax ROUND(number, num_digits)
Number is the number the user wants to round.
Num_digits specifies the number of digits towhich the user wants to round the number.

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 Cell Referencing, Ranges and Fur ictions
IÉnum_digitsis greater than 0(zero),the number is rounded tothe specified number f decimal
places.
I(num_digitsis 0, the number is rounded to nearest integer.
Ínum_digitsiss|lessthan 0, then number is rounded totheleft of
the decimal point.
Example:
Formula
=ROUND(2.15, 1) Description
=ROUND(2.149, 1)
Rounds 2.15 to one decimal place (2.2)
=ROUND(-1.475, 2)
Rounds 2.149 to one decimal place (2.1)
-ROUND(21.5, -1)
Rounds -1.475 to two decimal places (-1.48)
Rounds 21.5 to one decimal place to the left of the
Table 2.6.7: Exnples of ROUND decimal point 20)
MSIGN: It
determines the sign of a functn
number.
number is 0,and -1 if the
number is negative. Returns 1 if the number is positive, zero (0) if the
Syntax: SIGN(number)
Number is any real number.
NNSQRT:It returnsa
positive square root.
Syntax: SQRT(number)
Number isthe non-negative number for
O)SUBTOTAL: It returns a
which the user wants the square root.
subtotals by using the Subtotalsubtotal in a list or database. It is generally easier to
command in the Outline group on the Data Tab increate
subtotal list iscreated, the user can
a list with
modify it by editing the SUBTO Excel. Once the
Syntax: TALfunction.
SUBTOTAL(function_num,
Function_num is the
refl,[ref2], ...)
number 1 to 11 (includes hidden values) or 101 to 111
that specifies which function to use in calculating subtotals (ignores hidden values)
within a list.
Function num Function num Function
(includes
1
hidden values) (ignores hidden values)
101
2 AVERAGE
102
3 COUNT
103
4 COUNTA
104 MAX
5
105 MIN
6
106 PRODUCT
7
107 STDEV
108 STDEVP
9
109 SUM
10 110 VAR
11 111 VARP
Table 2.6.8: Tunctio nler in SUBTOTAL funtim
Refl is the first named range or reference for which the user wants thesubtotal.

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 Cell Referencing. Aanges and Functions
Numberl, number2, are 1 to 255 arguments for which the user Wants the average of the
bsolute deviations. Numberl is required, subsequenttnumbers;aare optional, The user can also
ASe asingle aray or a r
arguments
B) AVERAGE: Returns the reference
averageto(arithmetic
an arrav instead 5eparated by commas.
mean) ofofthe arguments,
Syntax: AVERAGE(numberl, [number2),.)
enmber1, number 2,,.. are 1to 255 aTguments for whichtthe user wants the average.
The arguments can be numeric
numbers or references that contain
COUNT: Counts the number of cellsnames, arrays, or numbers.
and also numbers within the list of
arguments. Use COUNT that contain numbers
of numbers. to getthe number ofentriesin anumber neldthatisin arange or array
Syntax: COUNT(valuel, [value2],.)
Value 1, value 2, .. are 1to 255:
of data, but only arguments that can contain or reter to avariety of different types
numbers are
counted.
D) COUNTIF:It counts the
number of cells within a range that meet the given criteria.
Syntax:COUNTIF(range, criteria)
Range is the range of cells from which the user wants to count
Criteria is the condition in the form of a nonblank cells.
be counted. For example, criteria can number.expression, or text that defines which cells will
be
E COVARIANCE.!: Returns population expressed 32, "32
as
">32","apples".
covariance, the average of the products of deviations
for each data point pair in two data sets,. Use
twodata sets. For example, the user can covariance to determine the relationship between
levels of education. examinewhether greater income accompanies greater
Syntax:COVARIANCE. P (array1,
E FORECAST: Calculates, or predicts,array2) a
value is a y-value for a given x-value. Thefuture
known
value by using existing values. The predicted
values are existing x-values and y-values, and
the new value is predicted by using linear regression. The user can use this
future sales, inventory requirements, or consumer function to predict
G) FREQUENCY: Calculates how often values occur trends.
within a
vertical array of numbers. For example, use FREQUENCY range of values, and then returns a
to count the number of test scores
that fall within ranges of scores. Because FREQUENCY returns an array, it must be entered as
an array formula.
H) LARGE:Returns the k-th largest value in a data set. It can be used to
select a value based on its
relative standing.
) MAX:Returns the largest value in a set of values.
) MAXA: Returns the largest value in a list of arguments,
values. including numbers, text and logical
K) MEDIAN: Returns the median of the given numbers. The median is the
of a set of numbers; that is, half the numbers have values that are greaternumber
in the middle
half have values that are less. than the median, and
L) MIN: Returns the smallest number in a set of values.
M) MINA: Returns the smallest value in a list of arguments, including nunmbers, text and
values. logical
N) MODE.SNGL: Returns the most frequently occurring,or repetitive,value in an array or range
of data.

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O) PERMUT: Returns the nunber of permutations fora given number of objects.
P) PROB: Returns the nrobability that valuesin a range are between two limits. If upper limit is
not supplied, returns the probability that values in the range are equal to lower limit.
Q) SMALL: Returns the k-thsnallest value in a data set. It can be used to return values with a
particular relative standing ina data set. numbers, text and Ino:.
R) STDEVA:Estimates standarddeviation based on a sample, including
values. (ignores logicalvalues and te:
standard deviation based on a sample
S) STDEV.S : Estimates measure of how widely valuesare dispersed
frormu
the sample). The standard deviation is a
average valuc (the mean). includingnumbers, text and logicalvalues
T) VARA:Estimates variance based on asample, samnia
Estimates variance based on a sample (ignores logical values and text in the
U) VAR.S:
2.3 FORMULA ERRORMESSAGES error messageis displayed. Below is.
Excel worksheet, an
Ifa formula is incorrectly entered in an mearings.
list of formula error messages and their
Error Message Description the divisor isa reference to a blank cell
#DIV/0! The fornmula tries to divide by zero or
value.
which Excel considers to be zero
#NULL! Twoor more cell references are not separated correctly in a formula,
SUM(A1,A2).
e.g., SUM(A1A2) instead of Exceldoesn't recognize, such as an unknown
#NAME? The formula contains text that
instead of sumn.
function or range name, e.g., summ
(such as text where a TRUE or
#VALUE! The formula has the wrong type of argument type of operator.
FALSE value is required), or the formula contains wrong
The column is not wide enough to display the results of the calculation; or there
has been formatted for dates or times.
#####
is a negative number in the cellthat asa cell that was deleted.
#REF! Theformula refers to a cellthat doesn't exist, such
formula.
#N/A A value isnot available to a function or
numeric values.
#NUM! A formula or function contains invalid
Table 2.8.1: Forn1la errornssRe witi their desription
an error message. Usually, the
Avoid error displays in formulas: Sometimes a formula may return
now and then, the user may prefer to avoid
user may want to know when a formula error occurs. But
function to check for an error.
the messages. The user can do so by using an IF)
division results in an error.
For example, the formula below displays a blank if the
=IF(ISERROR(A1/B1), "",A1/B1)
formula serves as the argument for
The user can adapt this technique to any operation. The original function, like this,
the 1SERROR)function, and it repeats as the last argument of the IF)
=IF(|SERROR(OriginalFormula),"",OriginalFormula)

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