IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. 22, NO.

12, DECEMBER 2023 2871

Active Beamsteerable Digital Metasurface Lens

Antenna for Millimeter-Wave Applications
Suchitra Tiwari , Student Member, IEEE, Amit K. Singh , Senior Member, IEEE, Ajay K. Poddar , Fellow, IEEE,
Ulrich L. Rohde, Life Fellow, IEEE, and Ankit Dubey , Member, IEEE

Abstract—A high-gain phase-graded digital metasurface lens need for beamsteering technology to enable on-the-move links
(PG-DMSL) antenna enabled with active beamsteering based on with nearby base stations. Also, satellites for terrestrial com-
reconfigurable feed source for millimeter-wave applications is pro- munication require compact and low-cost antennas employing
posed. An end loaded cross-dipole slotted structure is proposed as dynamic control of beams. Various different approaches have
a transmission-type unit cell (UC). The designed UC achieves a been adopted by researchers for 1-D/2-D beamsteering based
transmission magnitude better than −3 dB with 2-bit phase tuning
at 28 GHz. Furthermore, PG-DMSL is devised by arranging four
on mechanical/passive steering, electronic/active steering, or
sets of the proposed UCs in an array of 25 × 25 resulting in an hybrid designs. This includes mechanical steering by rotating
aperture size of 7λ0 × 7λ0 and a thickness of 0.23λ0 . On switching [3], tilting [4], or translating [5] the feed source or the lens
the states of the three p-i-n diodes, the radiating feed antennas kept along an axis; however, these approaches are not feasible when
beneath the designed PG-DMSL at an optimum focal distance of employed practically without any external mechanical control
20 mm can be switched resulting in steered beams along 0° and system. Furthermore, electronic beamsteering can be achieved
±30°. The proposed design is experimentally validated showing through piezoelectrically actuated metasurface [6], metasurface
a measured broadside gain of 19 dBi with an augmented gain of employing 1700 varactor diodes [7], liquid crystal-based re-
14.9 dB and a scan loss of 1 dB. flectarray [8], and graphene-based metasurface [9]. These ap-
Index Terms—Digital metasurface, electronic beamsteering, proaches require expensive hardware with increased complexity
high-gain antenna, lens antenna, millimeter-wave (mm-wave), at mm-wave frequency. In [10], a beamsteerable metasurface
reconfigurable antenna. lens antenna is proposed by altering the lateral feed that requires
I. INTRODUCTION a control system when deployed practically making the complete
structure inconvenient and bulkier.
IRELESS communication technologies have evolved
W rapidly over the past few decades. Various technological
barriers with conventionally used frequency bands, one of the
In this letter, a low-profile phase-graded digital metasurface
lens (PG-DMSL) excited by three microstrip patch antennas
having a reconfigurable feed network is proposed for high-gain
major being heavy loading of data traffic, led to switch to and active beamsteering applications at mm-wave frequency
communication devices that could operate on millimeter-wave band. This work presents a novel and modest approach to
(mm-wave) frequency band; however, high free-space path loss active beamsteering covering ±30° range with less number of
is a major hindrance at mm-waves. This issue at mm-wave switching elements. Also, the proposed PG-DMSL antenna is
can be alleviated by concentrating signals radiating from small simple, compact and possesses high gain and low scan loss
antennas into highly focused beams with high gain [1]. Lens characteristics compared with the state-of-the-art designs.
antennas have received great attention from researchers for
low-cost high-gain antenna design at high frequency [2]. Various II. PLANAR PG-DMSL ANTENNA DESIGN
technologies have been adopted to make lensing devices low
profile and easy to fabricate. In recent years, metamaterials have A. UC Design
provided significant advancements in the design methodology A slotted metallic structure of cross dipole terminated with
providing ultrathin designs using the subwavelength elements. arc loads on top and bottom of two Rogers RT/Duroid 5880
Metasurfaces, which are 2-D arrays formed using the meta- substrates (εr = 2.2, tanδ = 0.002, and thickness (hs ) =
material unit cell (UC), provide the best solution to produce 0.508 mm) separated by an air gap (ha ) of 1.5 mm is proposed
low-profile and low-cost 2-D lenses. as the fundamental building block for the further designing of
The spatial beam coverage of 5G mobile devices equipped 2-D PG-DMSL. The geometry of the proposed UC is shown in
with high-gain antennas is reduced; therefore, there arises a Fig. 1(a) and (b). The periodicity (p) of the UC is 0.28λ0 (λ0 is
the free-space wavelength at 28 GHz).
Manuscript received 17 June 2023; accepted 21 July 2023. Date of publication The characterization of the UC is done in CST Microwave
8 August 2023; date of current version 1 December 2023. This work was Studio (CST-MWS) software with UC boundary conditions.
supported by the Science and Engineering Research Board, Dept. of Science
and Technology, Govt. of India. (Corresponding author: Amit K. Singh.)
The simulated scattering performance of the UC is indicated
Suchitra Tiwari and Ankit Dubey are with the Indian Institute of Tech- in Fig. 2(a). A 3 dB transmission bandwidth (BW) of 4.6 GHz
nology, Jammu 18221, India (e-mail: [email protected]; ankit. (26.3–30.9 GHz) with a linear transmission phase response is
[email protected]). observed. The transmission response of the UC is analyzed
Amit K. Singh is with the Indian Institute of Technology, Patna 801106, India for TE- and TM-polarized incident waves at different angles
(e-mail: [email protected]).
Ajay K. Poddar and Ulrich L. Rohde are with the Synergy Microwave Corp.,
of incidence (AoI), as shown in Fig. 2(b). The transmission
Paterson, NJ 07504 USA (e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]). magnitude of the UC for both polarizations sustains above 95%
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/LAWP.2023.3303135 till the oblique AoI of 30° at 28 GHz and is represented by
1536-1225 © 2023 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See https://www.ieee.org/publications/rights/index.html for more information.

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2872 IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. 22, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2023

Fig. 1. (a) Top view and (b) perspective and side view of the proposed UC,
where p = 3, rout = 1.28, g1 = 0.5, c1 = 0.1, c2 = 0.2, hs = 0.508, and
ha = 1.5 (all dimensions in mm).

Fig. 2. (a) Transmission and reflection performance of the UC. (b) Transmis-
sion magnitude and phase versus frequency plot of the UC for TE and TM waves
under oblique AoI condition.

Fig. 4. (a) Schematic diagram of the proposed FA, where ls = ws = 75,

lp = 3.3, wp = 4.23, lt = 1.8, wt = 0.14, lf = 34.95, wf = 0.7, and xi = 15
(all dimensions in mm) with equivalent circuit model of p-i-n diode in FB and
RB state. (b) Photograph of the fabricated feed source.

are varied in order to tune the transmission phase of the UC.

Furthermore, an array of 25 × 25 UCs is designed according
Fig. 3. Transmission phase distribution of the proposed PG-DMSL. (a) Con-
tinuous distribution. (b) 2-bit quantized distribution. to the distribution, as given in Fig. 3(b). For an offset-fed
PG-DMSL, the rays from the air-lens boundary get tilted with an
arbitrary angle θr after refraction and can be calculated by [11]
the shaded region with the rescaled version, as illustrated in
the inset of Fig. 2(b). Therefore, due to the two-line symmetric xi
tan θr = (2)
structure of the proposed UC, it possesses special characteristics f
of insensitivity to polarization and oblique AoI.
where xi is the feed source shift along the x-axis. However,
offset-fed lens designs may result in a significant amount of
B. PG-DMSL Design Considerations
comatic aberration and spillover loss due to which the radiation
The proposed PG-DMSL is designed such that each UC on its performance of the lens deteriorates. From (2), it is evident
aperture provides some change to the momentum of the wavelet that, for smaller f, the shift xi required for steering the beam
that incident on it either by accelerating/decelerating the waves. at a particular angle is small leading to reduced spillover.
For the conversion of the spherical wavefront to the planar wave- Another factor that can greatly reduce the aberration effects is
front, the time required for all the rays leaving the PG-DMSL the designing of a small UC, which can efficiently control the
aperture must be the same, which can be achieved by hyperbolic amplitude and phase of waves passing through the lens [12].
phase distribution, as formulated in the following equation:
 
C. Reconfigurable Feed Source Design
ϕi (x, y) = φmin − k0 x2 + y 2 + f 2 − f (1)
Three feed antennas (FAs) namely, FA-1, FA-2, and FA-3
where k0 is the free-space wavenumber, φmin is the minimum placed at xi = 0 mm and ±15 mm, fed with a reconfigurable
phase on the air-lens interface, and f is the focal distance. feed network employing only three p-i-n diodes are designed as
Fig. 3(a) and (b) shows the continuous and 2-bit quantized feed source. The configuration of the proposed FA is illustrated
transmission phase distribution plotted as per (1) using the in Fig. 4(a). The substrate used for the design of feed source
MATLAB software. The 2-bit quantized phase distribution has is 0.254 mm thick Rogers RT/Duroid 5880. The states of p-i-n
four different transmission phase levels with a step size of diodes control the switching among FA-1, FA-2, and FA-3. The
90°, which require four distinct UCs for the construction of p-i-n diodes (MA4AGFCP910) from MACOM employed at the
PG-DMSL. The design parameters rout , c1 , c2 , and g1 values junction in the feed network are indicated as D1 , D2 , and D3 .
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TIWARI et al.: ACTIVE BEAMSTEERABLE DIGITAL METASURFACE LENS ANTENNA FOR MILLIMETER-WAVE APPLICATIONS 2873

Fig. 6. (a) Fabricated PG-DMSL antenna prototype. (b) Measurement setup

Fig. 5. (a) Simulated and measured reflection coefficient for diode D1 in FB and top view of fabricated PG-DMSL are shown in the inset.
state. (b) Measured reflection coefficient for diode D1 in FB, unbiased, and RB
states.

In our work, the diode is employed at 28 GHz and, for efficient

analysis at this frequency, the design parameters are extracted
by conventional transmission line measurement approach using
equations given in [13]. The extracted parameters of the diode
from the measured S-parameters at 28 GHz for a forward bias
(FB) current Is of 10 mA are Rs = 6.95 Ω and Ls = 0.032 nH,
and reverse bias (RB) voltage VR of −5 V are Cp = 0.017 pF
and Rp = 60 KΩ. The equivalent circuit of the p-i-n diode in the Fig. 7. Simulated and measured reflection coefficient of FA-1, FA-2, and FA-3
ON and OFF states is shown in Fig. 4(a). Furthermore, a simple with the proposed PG-DMSL. (b) Simulated and measured normalized radiation
bias circuitry is designed for the RF-dc isolation, which consists patterns of FA-1, FA-2, and FA-3 with PG-DMSL in the H-plane at 28 GHz.
of a dc-block capacitor CDCB (11 pF), RF choke inductors
Lchoke (0.68 nH), and bias pads. In order to curtail the impact pattern of feed source is axisymmetric along the H-plane and
of bias lines on the radiation performance of the antenna, it is the desired −10 dB of edge taper illumination is obtained for
segmented into tiny sections and then six AVX SMD inductors α0 = 62°, where α0 is the opening angle subtended from the cen-
(L0201R68AHSTR) are employed to bridge the gaps, as shown ter of the feed to the edge of the lens aperture. Furthermore, the
D
in the inset of Fig. 4(a). The photograph of the fabricated feed focal distance f is determined theoretically by α0 = tan−1 ( 2f )
source depicting all the soldered components and bias lines for optimal η apert. , which is 20 mm. The calculated value
is shown in Fig. 4(b) with a microscopic view of RF choke of η spillover is 95.14% and η taper is 71.25% [14]. Therefore,
inductors shown in the inset. theoretically calculated η apert. for our case is 71.25%.
Full-wave simulations of the designed feed source are done
using CST-MWS by modeling the p-i-n diodes as an ideal switch
III. EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION
by a PEC strip having a length of 0.35 mm and width of 0.7 mm
for FB condition and as a vacuum for RB condition. For practical The prototype of the proposed PG-DMSL antenna is fabri-
deployment of the p-i-n diode as a switch, it is simulated in cated using the photolithography process. A 3-D printed sup-
CST cosimulator with its equivalent circuit model in FB and RB port structure to support the lens and the reconfigurable feed
conditions. Fig. 5(a) shows the simulated reflection coefficient source antenna is designed in CST-MWS and fabricated by
of ideal and nonideal conditions compared with the measured standard 3-D printing technology using PTFE material, which
reflection coefficient for diode D1 in FB state and others in RB does not influence the performance of the proposed antenna.
state making FA-1 radiate at 28 GHz. The measured reflection The schematic of the PG-DMSL antenna prototype is shown in
coefficient for diode D1 in FB, unbiased, and RB states, keeping Fig. 6(a). Measurement is performed in an anechoic chamber to
other diodes in RB state, is plotted in Fig. 5(b). This shows that verify the simulated results. The measurement setup consists
compared with diode in the unbiased state, the diode increases of a receiver (Ka-band horn) placed in the far field of the
the isolation in the RB state and reduces the insertion loss at the antenna under test (AUT), as shown in Fig. 6(b). The AUT is
operating frequency in the FB state. connected to port-1 and the receiver is connected to port-2 of the
Agilent vector network analyzer N5224B PNA. The prototype
antenna is then characterized by its reflection characteristics.
D. PG-DMSL Antenna The measured and simulated reflection coefficient of the feed
The complete PG-DMSL antenna prototype comprises a PG- source with PG-DMSL is plotted in Fig. 7. It can be observed
DMSL spatially fed with switchable FA positioned at f. It is that the measured reflection coefficient of the feed source with
very well known that f/D ratio of a spatially fed lens antenna PG-DMSL for all three cases shows satisfactory impedance
plays a vital role in determining its radiation performance. The matching at the operating frequency.
product of spillover efficiency (η spillover ) and taper efficiency The measured versus simulated normalized far-field radiation
(η taper ) results in aperture efficiency (η apert. ); therefore, first, plots for different FAs with PG-DMSL at 28 GHz are plotted in
we need to determine these two factors. For small f, η spillover Fig. 7(b). First, diode D1 is switched ON and diodes D2 and D3
is maximized, which greatly reduces the illumination efficiency are kept in RB state enabling FA-1 to radiate and radiate beam
and vice-versa for a large f. Therefore, to achieve better tradeoff in broadside direction. Furthermore, on switching the ON diode
between η spillover and η taper and maximum η apert. , an optimal D2 /D3 , steered beams along +30°/−30° are achieved. Good
value of f/D ratio should be determined, which greatly depends agreement between the simulated and measured results can be
on the radiation pattern of feed source. For our case, the power observed where the radiated beam for FA-1-fed PG-DMSL has
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2874 IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. 22, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2023

TABLE I
PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF THE PROPOSED PG-DMSL ANTENNA WITH STATE-OF-THE-ART DESIGNS

and −30° directions, respectively. The simulated 3 dB gain BW

is 2.7, 2.5, and 2.5 GHz for PG-DMSL fed with FA-1, FA-2,
and FA-3, respectively. However, for measurement, it is 1.9,
2.1, and 1.9 GHz. This discrepancy between the simulated and
measured results is due to the ideal case of diode considered in
the electromagnetic (EM) simulator and the practical application
of the diode to obtain the measured results. The performance
of the proposed antenna can be characterized by calculating
the theoretical limit of maximum broadside gain using Gmax =
( 4π
λ20
)Aeff Ef , where Aeff is an effective radiating aperture size
of lens and Ef is the radiation efficiency [15]. On comparing
Fig. 8. Simulated and measured copolarization and cross-polarization nor-
malized radiation pattern for PG-DMSL fed with FA-1 at 28 GHz. (a) E-plane.
the measured gain of the proposed PG-DMSL antenna with its
(b) H-plane. theoretical limit (Gmax ) for the effective radiating aperture size
of 75 mm × 75 mm, it can be concluded that the designed lens
is 71% efficient.
Table I presents the comparison of the proposed PG-DMSL
antenna with the performance metrics of the state-of-the-art
planar lens antenna structures. It can be observed that the pro-
posed antenna is low profile due to the lower f/D ratio with
respect to the overall aperture size compared with the other
works in the literature. This work presents an extension of the
author’s previous work [10], where Tiwari et al. have proposed
a mechanically beamsteerable metasurface lens antenna. The
designed PG-DMSL antenna operating in mm-wave regime to
Fig. 9. (a) Simulated and measured far-field radiation plot of FA-1 without the best of the author’s knowledge is first of its kind and is found
and with PG-DMSL in the H-plane at 28 GHz. (b) Comparison of the simulated to be novel in terms of designing and developing a prototype,
and measured gain over frequency of FA-1, FA-2, and FA-3 with PG-DMSL.
which is proficient for active beamsteering utilizing only three
p-i-n diodes for switching the beam along 0° and ±30° with
half-power beamwidth (HPBW) of 11° and 11.7° and sidelobe an η apert. of 71%. Therefore, it is a low-cost solution to other
level (SLL) of −13 and −11.8 dB for the simulated and mea- complex designs in the literature for active beamsteering.
sured results, respectively. For FA-2-fed PG-DMSL the beam is
directed toward + 30° with HPBW of 15° and 16.2° and SLL
IV. CONCLUSION
of −13.2 and −11.7 dB for the simulated and measured results,
respectively. A low-profile PG-DMSL antenna comprising a 2-bit quan-
The measured copolarization and cross-polarization normal- tized PG-DMSL and a reconfigurable feed source is designed,
ized radiation pattern is compared with the simulated radiation developed, and validated experimentally for high-gain active
pattern for FA-1-fed PG-DMSL in the E-plane and H-plane beamsteering applications at the mm-wave band. Compared with
at 28 GHz, as shown in Fig. 8. A consistency can be seen the conventional electronic beamsteering approaches, the pro-
in the measured results with the simulated results with the posed PG-DMSL antenna employs an uncomplicated approach
cross-polarization levels below −10 dB. The measured 3 dB to achieve active beamsteering of ±30° with gain tolerance of
beamwidth in the E-plane and H-plane is 9.9° and 11.7°, respec- 1 dB with only three switching elements. The beam coverage
tively, at 28 GHz. A simulated and measured far-field radiation range can be further extended with 2-D beamforming in both
plot of FA-1 without and with PG-DMSL in the H-plane at E- and H-plane through a similar approach of designing switch-
28 GHz is shown in Fig. 9(a). The maximum gain enhancement able feed source with more numbers of elements. This antenna
(G.E.) of 14.9 dB is achieved with a maximum broadside gain is a promising candidate for 5G and beyond communication,
of 19 dBi. Fig. 9(b) shows the comparison of the simulated and defense, satellite communication, and other applications em-
measured gain over frequency for the proposed PG-DMSL fed ploying beamsteering in real time at the mm-wave frequency
with FA-1, FA-2, and FA-3 realizing a beam along 0°, +30°, band.
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TIWARI et al.: ACTIVE BEAMSTEERABLE DIGITAL METASURFACE LENS ANTENNA FOR MILLIMETER-WAVE APPLICATIONS 2875

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